First coalition
The First Coalition is a coalition formed between 1793 and 1797, by the European powers against the revolutionary France.
It was formalized after the beginning of the conflict: declaration of war in Austria the April 20th 1792, then invasion by Prussia following the Proclamation of Brunswick (July 25th 1792).
After the goal acknowledged of the convention to export the revolution, the execution of Louis XVI in January 1793 and the French offensive on the the Scheldt, a military coalition is formed:
- the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia,
- the Kingdom of Spain,
- the Kingdom of Naples,
- the Kingdom of Prussia,
- the Archduchy of Austria,
- the United Provinces,
Prussia and Austria attack since the Austrian Netherlands and the the Rhine. England supports the revolts of the French provinces.
France undergoes a reverse with the battles of Neerwinden the March 18th 1793, and of the internal revolts (Vendean revolts), which she answers by extreme measurements: The Committee of public hello, formed the April 6th 1793, issues a levy in masse of all the old men from 18 to 25 years (August 1793). The new French Armies counter-attack and push back the invaders beyond the borders, establishing in the tread the Batavian République, State satellite of France (May 1795).
The Traité of Basle grants France the the Prussian Rhineland.
Spain makes a separate peace (second treaty of Basle). The Directoire beat plans to conquer territories in Germany and in the north of Italy (1795).
In the north of the Alps, the Archiduc Charles of Austria tries to rectify the situation in a little 1796, but Bonaparte gains the battles of Pont of Lodi (May 10th 1796), of the Pont of Arcole, (November 17th 1796), and of Rivoli (14 and January 15th 1797).
After the Préliminaires of Léoben, which lead to the Traité of Campo-Formio (October 1797), the first coalition crumbles.
Only England remains in war against France.
Chronology
- April 20th 1792: The Royaume of French declares the war with the Archiduché of Austria.
- April 20th 1792: The Royaume of Prussia declares the war with the Royaume of French
- 1793: The French Republic declares the war with the Royaume of Great Britain and the United Provinces.
- March 1793: Beginning of the War of the Vendée and the Chouannerie
- March 7th 1793: The French Republic declares the war with the Royaume of Spain.
- June 2nd 1793: Beginning of the federalistic Insurrections.
- December 1793: The last Fédéraliste S are overcome.
- January 19th 1795: End of the United Provinces which becomes the Batavian République, allied of the French Republic.
- April 5th 1795: Treaty of Basle, the Kingdom of Prussia and the French Republic sign peace.
- July 22nd 1795: Second Traité of Basle, peace treaty enters the Royaume of Spain and the French Republic.
- May 15th 1796: Treaty of Paris, the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia and the French Republic sign peace.
- July 1796: The Vendean and the Chouans capitulate.
- August 18th 1796: The Royaume of Spain is combined with the French Republic.
- October 17th 1797: Treaty of Campo-Formio, France annexes the Austrian Netherlands, and signs peace with the Archiduché of Austria and the Royaume of Portugal. The Royaume of Great Britain continues the fight only. End of the first coalition.
See too