Filippo Turati

Filippo Turati (born with Canzo in Lombardy the November 26th 1857 and died with Paris the March 29th 1932) is a lawyer, Politician and Journaliste Italy N.

Biography

Filippo Turati is pupil with the college Ugo Foscolo of Pavia and young person, it collaborates in various democratic reviews of orientation and radical.

Its political line is mainly given by Marxist ideas of his/her Russian partner Anna Kuliscioff and relationship with the workmen Milan board. In 1886, it openly supports the Parti working Italian, created with Milan in 1882 by the Artisan S Giuseppe Croce and Costantino Lazzari, for after creating in 1889 the Milanese socialist Ligue , inspired by a dogmatic Marxism not which refuses the Anarchie openly. Of 1891 with 1926 it directs the review social Critique ( Critica social ). He thinks of a body where all the popular organizations would join, working and country: its ideas are accommodated with the congress of Genoa (1892) where Parti the Italian workers is born the , become the Italian Socialist party in 1895, a formation of print reformist which uses the parliamentary fight to satisfy the trade-union aspirations .

Whereas Francesco Crispi tries to banish all the left organizations, Turati - elected official appointed in 1896 - is in favor of an opening towards the republicans of Giuseppe Mazzini and towards the radical . In 1898, it is stopped with the charge having to carry out the Protestation of the stomach of Milan, but it is released the following year thanks to a handing-over of sorrow and he makes obstruction against the government reactionary of Luigi Pelloux.

In 1901, agreement with the options " minimalistes" PSI, Turati supports the moderate liberal government chaired by Giuseppe Zanardelli then in 1903 that of Giovanni Giolitti which in 1904 approves important social measures (laws on the work of the women and children, accident, disability and old age; advisory committee for work; opening towards the co-operatives). But the selective liberal policy implemented by Giolitti, which excludes from the reforms the peasants and the workers pauper of the South, reinforces the left of the party, represented by the intransigents of Enrico Ferri and the revolutionists of Arturo Labriola: at the congress of Bologna of 1904, the current reformist of Turati is put in minority.

Thanks to a coalition, the current reformist reinstates the direction of the party in the congress of 1908. But it will become definitively minority as from 1912. With the courses of the following years Turati represents the main character of the group socialist member of Parliament, generally more reformist that the party itself. In this quality, it finds being the privileged interlocutor of Giolitti, which follows a policy of monitoring of the rise of the left forces. The crisis of the war of Libya of 1911 causes the irremediable fracture between the government of Giolitti and the PSI. In 1917, after the defeat of Caporetto, Turati favorable to the intervention is convinced that the defense of the fatherland in danger is more important than the Class struggle.

After the Revolution of October, the PSI moves always more towards the revolutionary positions, marginalizing the reformists; in 1922 Turati is expelled of the party and it gives rise to the unit Socialist party.

Following the assassination of the deputy Giacomo Matteotti, it takes part in the act of protest which brings together various parliamentary members (Sécession aventiniana), and in 1926 because of persecutions of the fascistic mode, it is obliged to flee in France with the assistance of Carlo Rosselli and Sandro Pertini, where it undertakes an intense activity antifascist.

In 1930 it collaborates with Pietro Nenni in the reunification of the PSI.

The political thought

Turati is defined Marxist, interpreting the nondogmatic doctrines of manner; the emancipation of the proletariat constitutes the objective which must be obtained through the reforms.

All that little to lead to an improvement is a good thing; the Socialisme is the pole star of the company but until its advent, the co-operation with the Capitalisme is necessary. There has situations for which the Socialists should not refuse the co-operation, the reforms can be more positive than the class struggle; there are several socialisms which can and must adapt to the various situations and the various times.

The socialism of Turati refuses all suggestions of the all and immediately . Turati is, despite everything, a Socialist because it has like objectives it transfer of the property of the means of production in the hands of the authorities. The proletariat cannot émanciper of a blow, one cannot believe it revolutionary” illumination”: no the " révolution" but a gradual evolution .

Socialism requires made time of meditation and reason: the proletariat will obtain maturity through the reforms; the Réformisme is the instrument to arrive at the conscience and it must accustom the proletariat to its future evolution. The duties of reformism are those to educate the conscience, to create a real solidarity between the classes subordinates.

For Turati, if the proletariat is still immature, the revolution would be detrimental: the Maximalisme means dispute, it does not improve the condition of the proletariat and it is not known as that to evoke a wild class struggle gives results; moreover, one such class struggle could carry to the destruction of the economy, obliging the proletariat with a crueler misery.

Turati is a pacifist thinker: the war cannot solve any problem. It is an adversary of Fascism but also of the Russian Révolution, which is a geographically limited and nonexportable phenomenon and which does not show of intelligence, freedom and good citizenship.

For Turati, the Fascisme is not only the absence of freedom but also a threat for the world order: it highlights the common elements between Fascism and the Soviet Communisme because it repudiate the values of parliamentarism. Accordingly, he thinks that it is worth to realize a piece of road with liberalism to defend freedom. These theses were in opposition with the doctrines of the Socialfascisme adopted until 1935 by the Comintern and thus by the Communist party of Italy.

Internal bonds

Reformism
Antifascisme

External bonds

Official site of the social review '' Critica ''

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