Extreme right-hand side

The extreme right-hand side indicates a whole of movements and political parties which defends of the values and the classified ideas with right, in the fields economic and Religieux, being able to rest on a marked Nationalisme, a thorough Traditionalisme or Idéologie S fascistic and in their giving a radical formulation, in particular in the hostility with the socialist political tendencies or liberal of the company.

Among these movements, a great number cultivates various forms of Xénophobie or, in other cases, forms of Bellicisme and Racisme, the ideological aspects sometimes bringing to the refutation of whole or part of the democratic values (the Parlement arism for example), considered as corrupted and unsuited. These movements, in the name of the Community property, are opposed to all Secret society which, in the name of private interests, would come to derogate from this principle. In particular, they are opposed to the Franc-maçonnerie and alleged “a Jewish lobby”, which are used as goat-emissary and are regularly denounced by the extreme line for aimings conspirationnists.

The definition even of the extreme right-hand side is the subject of debates insofar as many movements and parties usually classified in this one refer to a definition which includes necessarily the concept of rejection of the Démocratie, then refusing this qualification in their connection, considered to be pejorative. The “extreme” adjective would indeed make think of “extremist”, and in fact certain left reject this name.

These movements also affirm as the term “extreme right-hand side” is very ambiguous, being used by majority media and political parties to classify a great number of movements, currents and parties which have, according to them, few things jointly as well with regard to the ideas as the means of applying them.

It exists not definition which makes unanimity, so that one finds under this name of the parties which are in favor of totalitarian modes or on the contrary parliamentary, as well as revolutionary movements or counter-revolutionaries.

Vis-a-vis this situation, good number of parties refuse this label “extreme right-hand side”. They consider that it is allotted arbitrarily by political adversaries which benefit from powerful means of communication to disparage them. They show them to want to make them pass for fascistic parties or Nazis without taking account of their real political doctrines.

However, some of these movements of extreme right-hand side concern clearly the Néonazisme and of the militants of the extreme right-hand side refer to the Third Reich. That appears, for example, during arrests of persons in charge of Profanation S of Jewish cemeteries, where one finds mixed, of the propaganda of parties of extreme right-hand side and of the symbols of the Nazism.

General characteristics

Starting from the case of the France, Michel Winock (2004) gives the nine following characteristics to the movements of extreme right-hand side which rise from the speech of the decline, “old song which the French hear since the Révolution”:

“the hatred of the present”, considered as one period of decline;
“the nostalgia of a golden age”;
“the praise of the immobility”, consequence of the refusal of the change;
“anti-individualism”, consequence of individual freedoms and the vote for all;
“the apology for the companies élitaires”, the absence of elites being regarded as a decline;
“the nostalgia of crowned”, whether he is monk or moral;
“fear of the genetic interbreeding and demographic collapse”;
“censure of manners”, in particular sexual freedom and homosexuality;
“anti-intellectualism”, intellectuals not having “any contact with the real-world” (Pierre Poujade).

Interpretations that it gives some are of four orders:

Within the framework of the Class struggle, it acts of the revenge of the losers against gaining modernity. Thus are explained the aristocratic elitism of the extreme-right-hand side of the XIXe century, the aristocrats being the losers of the French revolution, then of the Industrial revolution, the Poujadisme of the small shopkeepers against the rise of large surfaces and left for account of the current crisis, easy prey for FN.
“interpretation conjoncturalist” insists on the big role of the crisis situations in the rise of these ideologies. An economic crisis and social is driven then in a political crisis, real or supposed.
It also indicates the passage of the “tribal, rural, patriarchal company” at the “urban, industrial and liberal company”, resulting in a series of fear and in particular “the fear of freedom” (Karl Popper).
anthropological interpretation assimilates the speech on the decline of the country with the nostalgia of the growing old man in front of childhood, this “protected world”.

Movements known as of extreme right-hand side

The term “extreme right-hand side” is, in fact, used for four types of visions or mobilities:

the whole of the movements and the parties sitting, when they have elected officials, at the extreme right-hand side of the hemicycle (on the right and in top of the steps), it is then appropriate to speak about “the extreme line of the political chessboard or extreme parliamentary right-hand side”;
a whole of revolutionary bunches outdistancing clearly Parliament arism by their ideology;
a whole of insurrectionary bunches, really extremists and being able to be violent one.

Contemporary use of the term

The extreme line is made up of very diverse currents, among which one usually quotes:

the fascistic parties néo- :

the party Social movement - Flame tricolor of Italy.

the national-Socialists or Nazis: groups néo-Nazis claiming Left national-Socialist the German workers of Adolf Hitler and preaching the supremacy of the “Aryan Race”.

racist : the Ku Klux Klan preaches to him also the supremacy of the “white Race”. Other parties preach the supremacy of the “black Race” with the the United States (Nation off Islam, Black Panther Party, etc), in France (Tribu Ka, in particular) or with the Zimbabwe (Zimbabwe African National Union).

certain religious parties traditionalists, holding of a policy which can be described as clerical like the Christian extremists , certain religious parties in Israel the Shaas, Kipot srugot , A' Hihud Ha' Leumi , like in the parts of the world cash a strong Jewish community. One can also count very many islamist parties . To note that the current national-catholic is represented within many nationalist parties , for example in France the National front of which many Lefebvristes is sympathizers, in particular Bernard Antony.

Moreover, the Religion is a topic of cleavage within the extreme line. It is in particular advisable to distinguish the Christian currents , of the atheistic and the néo-pagan , for example, in France, the nationalist druidists.

the populist parties , nationalist and souverainists: the Dansk Folkeparti (Danish Popular party in French) with the Denmark, the Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs (Left Austrian freedom in French) in Austria, the National front for the French unit and National republican movement in France, the Democratic Swiss and the National Partei Orientierter Schweizer (Left nationalist Switzerland in French) in Swiss, Die Republikaner (Republicans in French) in Germany, the Vlaams Belang (“Flemish Interest” in French) in Flanders, the National front in French-speaking Belgium, the Party of the popular orthodoxe Coalition in Greece, etc

Other formations according to certain observers are regarded as extreme line, but this classification can be more discussed by those which estimate that the same political positions would not have necessarily a connotation extremist, in other times or other places. Among these last formations, one can quote:

the monarchists, in favor of the real royal capacity, or at least, in the republics, of a re-establishment of the royalty.

nationalist revolutionists and the national-Bolshevists or “eurasists” inspired by the theories of Jean Thiriart and Alexandre Douguine. The term “national-Bolchevism” was employed wrongly to designate former members of the will nomenkatura communist being reconverted into nationalism, the such party of Slobodan Milošević in Serbia.

Parties and movements

South Africa

In South Africa, nationalism afrikaner was represented during nearly 80 years by the national Parti which, in 1948, founded the system of Apartheid. The extreme line was sometimes expressed within the National Party but generally by the means of fundamentalist dissidences (“New Order” with Oswald Pirow, the “Sentinel of the oxcarts” ( Ossewa Brandwag ) in the years 1940, HNP as from 1969) or preserving (Conservative party of South Africa).

As from the years 1970, paramilitary groups of inspirations néo-Nazis were formed. More symbolic system and representative of them was the Resistance movement afrikaner (AWB) of Eugene Terreblanche.

In 1994, the Front of freedom is a new party resulting from the right-hand side and extreme South-African line which refuses the recourse to violence and takes part in the first multiracial elections of the country. With 4 more deputies in 2005, it vampirisé its political space and became a sizeable and respected party whereas the old national Party finishes its career while amalgamating with ANC in 2004.

Germany

In Germany, there exist at least three parties of extreme right-hand side:

NPD (“Left national democratic German”, approximately: 5000 members, 9,2% of the voices at the time of the elections in Saxony in 2004);
the Deutsche Volksunion (DVU) (“Union of the German people”, 6,1% of the voices at the time of the elections of the Brandebourg 2004);
Die Republikaner (“Republicans”), 1,9% of the voices at the time of the European elections of June 2004.

Actions extreme German line

Meetings and speech: the July 31st 2004, between 300 and 400 Skinheads, on the initiative of German movements, had rented the rooms of the football club of Hipsheim (in Alsace, the Low-Rhine). The participants had deployed struck flags of the Croix-gammée and eagle imperial, and uttered songs and slogans Nazis.
February 13rd 2005: at the time of the commemorations of the allied bombardment of Dresden in 1945, between: 3000 and: 5000 demonstrators of extreme right-hand side expressed before the Parliament of Saxony. 70 people were challenged following confrontations.

England

National British Party (BNP, Parti national British) whose current leader is Nick Griffin.

Belgium

Vlaams Belang (old Vlaams Blok ), left Flemish Xenophobe and Independence.
National front, left French-speaking Xenophobe and unitarist, directed by Daniel Féret.
new Face of Belgium, directed by François-Xavier Robert. Appeared officially in 1996, it was rested by dissidents of Front National de Daniel Féret led by the federal deputy frontist Marguerite Bastien.
National Force, founded in 2004 by the senator frontist Francis Detraux following multiple conflicts with the president of Front National.
Nation, founded in Brussels in 1999 by Herve Van Laethem, directing young people of the New Face of Belgium until in 1997, and Michel Demoulin, a former parliamentary attache of Marguerite Bastien, the president of the time of the New Face of Belgium.
civic Movement of action (MAC), movement of the Years 1960.
Face of Youth, movement of the Years 1970.
Left the new forces (the NFP), left the years 1970.

Canada

Adrien Arcand (Left national social Christian) and Paul Bouchard (founder of the newspaper the Nation ) represented bunches of extreme right-hand side fascisants to the Quebec during the Années 1930. Young person-Canada, movement of young people of the same decade, were also close to these ideas. Bouchard was director of a nationalist periodical tried by the independence of Quebec and inspired by the ideas of Salazar and Mussolini. Arcand founded as for him various newspapers anti-semites where it defended of the ideas supporters of corporatism all while asserting Hitler and certain English movements with fascistic claim like that of Oswald Mosley. The activities of many militants were stopped abruptly at the beginning of the Second world war, whereas one made imprison many fascistic sympathizers under the terms of the law of measurements of war. Adrien Arcand has always active admirors who republish his booklets regularly.

Several representatives of the Canadian clergy carried out a fight supported against Communism and founded various periodicals Anticommuniste S during the Cold war. Adrien Arcand was recycled with this task during the Années 1950.

the Party of the Christian Heritage of Canada (in English the Christian Heritage Party off Canada ) remains marginal. Dependant at all with the Conservative party of Canada, he asserts in a more categorical way of the preserving values shared by several North-American political mobilities, inter alia as a militant against the rights granted or recognized with some sexual and religious minorities.

the Heritage Face, nationalist movement of extreme right-hand side credit in Ontario and in the Canadian West. Its activities are concentrated in the area of Toronto.

the Canadian policy being often at the center left, the Conservative party of Canada just like several independent politicians are sometimes described wrongly as being of extreme right-hand side, although they at all support the ideologies of the extreme right-hand side, neither in their programs, nor in their rows not more than in their values. Indeed, in Canada, there does not exist any line party extreme organized comparable with the National front French, for example.

the Ku Klux Klan (which includes/understands several divide in the Canadian west in particular) and Aryan Nations are established especially in English Canada, but their influence is very restricted.

the negationnist Ernst Zündel who lived a long time in Canada still has several disciples in the area of Toronto who perpetuate his leading activity and revisionist.

Denmark

Between 2001 and 2004, the country was controlled by Anders Fogh Rasmussen Party Libéral ( Venstre ), which profited from the support of the left Populiste extreme right-hand side Danish Popular party ( Dansk Folkeparti in Danish). He was re-elected in 2005. At the time of these elections, the qualified movements of extreme right-hand side progressed while obtaining 24 seats to the Folketing and while adding up 13,2% of the voices.

The United States

Some small parts classified with the extreme right-hand side exist with the the United States but have only one very limited influence. Most important, the Constitution Party (Left constitutionnalist), nationalist and populist, are opposed basically to the foreign politics followed by the White House these last years and attach a very great importance to the defense of the national identity and the fight against immigration. Other formations of less scale come to compete with the Constitution Party : the Christian and ultra-conservative American Heritage Party (Left the American Heritage) as well as the very nationalist American Patriot Party .

Many racist groups and neofascists also exist, the Constitution guaranteeing a very broad freedom of expression to them. It is obviously the case of famous the Ku Klux Klan, of the American Nazi party, the National Socialist Movement (Movement national-Socialist) as of the National alliance but also of a whole series of bunches whose influence is often only local.

At the time of the presidential election of 2008, the National Socialist Movement will introduce a candidate, John Taylor Bowles, which claims White Power .

France

Hungary

The Party of justice and the Hungarian life (MIEP) was created in 1993 by dissidents of the principal party of right-hand side, the Hungarian democratic Forum (MDF). One of its leaders was already condemned in 2002 for matter anti-semites.

It makes alliance with the Hungarian line of Viktor Orban, the Jobbik, on the “problems” of the Jewish minorities and gypsies and request which Hungarian nationality is immediately granted to all the Hungarian ethnos groups from abroad, initially with the Magyar S of Slovakia, Romania, Serbia and Ukraine. The initiative was rejected by referendum in 2004.

The Jobbik is a party of extreme right-hand side which has a movement militiaman and paramilitary, the Hungarian Garde, which wants to be the heiress of the Parti the fléchées Crosses.

Japan

The Japanese line mobility extreme is primarily related on the militarism and nostalgic of the expansionism shôwa.

These nostalgic, represented in particular by the Uyoku Dantai , challenges the validity of the international courts of war like the Tribunal of Tokyo and constitutes the visible part of the many groups directing the ideology of the democratic Liberal party, in particular as for the revisionism of the school handbooks.

Eager not to alienate a good portion of their base, the politicians of this party frequently put forth declarations with content negationnist on the War crimes Japanese; last declarations of the Prime Minister Shinzo Abe refuting the implication of the Armed imperial Japanese woman and the Japanese imperial Navy in the file with the Women of comfort by constituting the most convincing example.

The Sanctuaire of Yasukuni where are honoured with the war criminals of the mode shôwa constitutes one of the principal points of rallying of the extremists. The Prime Minister Koizumi raised the anger of his Asian neighbors by his many pilgrimages at this place.

Several Japanese politicians implied within the dictatorship shôwa, suspectés of war crimes and imprisoned by the occupying forces occupied thereafter of the important political offices, most famous being Nobusuke Kishi, Prime Minister in 1957. For the historian John Dower, “Even pacifist Japanese who endorsed the ideals of Nuremberg and Tokyo, and which worked to document and with publiciser the atrocities of the mode shôwa, cannot justify the American decision to exonerate the emperor (Hirohito) of his responsibility for the war and then, at the top of the cold war, to release and to bind shortly after to war criminals of extreme right-hand side shown like the future Prime Minister Nobusuke Kishi. ”

Poland

Młodzież Wszechpolska ( Polish Youths ) is a group of extreme right-hand side which exists since 1922, dissolves in 1945, and recreated in 1989. At the time of the Parade of equality of the gay liberation movement of the June 11th 2005, its members threw stones, bottles, paving stones and eggs against the participants of the parade.

the May 5th 2006, in dissension with center-must, Worse creates a coalition with the very preserving Roman Giertych, directing Ligue of the Polish families (LPR), named at the minister of education. This last for insisting in the school programs on “the Christian values of eternal Poland”. This cabinet of coalition, negotiated by Jaroslaw Kaczynski, raises the concern of part of the Poles.

Switzerland

In Switzerland, the extreme line is currently made up mainly of two formations:

Swiss Democrats (DS), extremists on the level of the ideas, but in spite of very democratic and political.
the Left nationalist Switzerland ( Partei National-Orientierter Schweiz , PNOS, in German).

The Swiss Democrats are the descendants of the National action, founded in 1961 by James Schwarzenbach. One of its first engagements was the launching of the initiative “against the foreign overpopulation” which saw Schwarzenbach, only against all at the Parliament, to fail in front of the people (54% of not). Currently, this party asserts, in addition to the usual theses of extreme right-hand side (sovereignty, vital space, etc), an ecological component, considering that Switzerland would be over-populated and that would harm the environment. Since the elections of November 2007, they are not represented any more at the Parliament, but are on the other hand represented in some cantons, all Germanic. The presence of the DS in French-speaking Switzerland is practically null.

The PNOS, whose emblem is a bearing Swiss flag overloads of it a Morgenstern , is a party definitely more extremist and close to the mediums néonazis, more directed towards the demonstrations than towards the traditional policy. Members of the PNOS presented themselves to local elections and cantonal (BE, AG). Important characters of the PNOS were already condemned to fines and/or custodial sentences for incentive to racism or aggressions.

Turkey

The party of the nationalist action (MHP) and its private militia, the “gray Loups” are the main organizations Turkish extremists since 1969. An national-islamist ideology is at the base of their violent actions (the “gray Wolves” are regarded as persons in charge of the assassination of some 700 people, during the “Years of lead” 1974-1980). They are opposed to any concession on the rights of the Kurds like to the entry of Turkey in Europe. They also maintain the close links with political and military circles Turkish (one of the “clandestine” chiefs of the militia was killed in an car accident in company of a Minister for the State).

Ukraine

The party social-national and the preserving Republican party can be comparable with parties extremists, but the principal organization is the Ukrainian national Self-defense (UNA-UNSO), left which openly supports Ioulia Tymochenko and which was pointed out by the expulsion of the Russian priests of orthodoxe churches, the intimidation of the Hungarian, Polish and Rumanian minorities of the west of the Ukraine to the elections of 2004 and requires it rehabilitation of the combatants anticommunists who took part beside the S in the invasion of Russia.

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