Enver Hoxha

This page relates to the year 1581 Calendrier Julien.

Events

Africa

the Morocco ains start to penetrate in the the Sahara.

America

September 25th: Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa, with a squadron of 23 vessels ordered by Diego Florez Valdez, leaves Seville with a thousand of people in the intention to buckle and strengthen the Magellan Strait and to install a colony there. A storm destroys several ships and obliges the others to take refuge in roads of Cadiz, delaying the departure until in December. With broad of the Patagonie, a heavy weather disperses the buildings, which are driven out Magellan Strait by the winds and must take refuge on the coasts of the Brésil. Florez Valdez turns over to Spain, while Sarmiento de Gamboa perseveres vis-a-vis the natives and at the bad weather and provides the foundations of a fort and a colony. During its return in Spain, it is made prisoner by the English. The small colony, called Extremely-Famine, will have to be repatriated in 1587.

Of the French merchants organizes forwardings in the search of furs in the gulf of the the St. Lawrence. These forwardings will spread out until in 1584.

Asia & Indian world

Akbar subjects the Afghanistan.
Died of the king of Burma Bayinnaung. His/her son Nandabayin succeeds to him, but the country falls into anarchy (rebellion My, 1581 - 1613).

Europe

January 16th: The Parlement anglai S prohibits the Catholic religion. Imprisonment and execution of many catholic priests in England (fine in 1586).
February 7th: Peace is signed between the Spain and the Ottoman Empire.
Mars: The Swedes enter in Livonie. The pope Gregoire XIII, solicited by the Tsar, proposes his mediation.
April 4th: Francis Drake is armed knight by the queen Elisabeth Ire with England.
April 17th: Philippe II of Spain is recognized king of the Portugal by the Cortes with Tomar (fine in 1598). A series of agreement defines the reports/ratios of king d' Espagne with his Portuguese subjects: the administration will be ensured by the Portuguese, the currency would be struck with the weapons of Portugal, the colonial empire will be respected and all its officers will be Portuguese and sail on Portuguese vessels. When it is not in Portugal, the king will be surrounded by a council of Portugal from which all the members will be Portuguese.

In the fact, the Council of Portugal will become the most important body of the kingdom. The advised Castilian ones will be introduced, but with always a Portuguese majority. It sits near the king, generally with Madrid, which implies a loss of contact with the Portuguese opinion and a great slowness in decision makings. In Portugal, the king is represented by a viceroy or a governor, who have only one role reduced by the Council of Portugal and his secretary, resident with Lisbon.

May 27th: Sigismond Báthory (1572 - 1613) becomes prince of Transylvania (fine in 1602). It will lose and recover its throne with five recovery.
July 26th: The State-Generals of the Seven Provinces in revolt (the Union of Utrecht) proclaim the the Act of Abjuration of $the Hague , they abjure the king of Spain Philippe II like their sovereign and they declare the independence of the République of the Seven Netherlands Unies. It offer sovereignty to the duke of Anjou, younger brother of Henri III. The union of Utrecht gives the command of its troops to William of Orange. The Netherlands of the south remain under Spanish domination.
September 6th: Pontus Of Gardie takes Narva on behalf of the Sweden, which becomes an important force, even beyond the Baltique.
September 1st: The Russian conquest of the Western Siberia starts with the forwarding of Yermak Timofeyevitch, hetman of the Cosaque S of the Don (fine in 1582) to the call of Yadigar, khan of Sibir, and on behalf of the rich person Stroganov family. Six hundred Cossacks go up the river Outka and take Tiumen. The qân Chaybanide Koutchoulou which refused to pour tribute with Russian is crushed. The Samoyèdes and the Khantys (Ostiaks) are subjected and pay the iassak , a tax in Zibeline.
September 8th: New countryside of Etienne Ier Báthory in Livonie. Sit of Pskov (fine the February 8th 1582).

November 9th: Ivan the Terrible kills his oldest son Ivan Ivanovitch in an access of fury.

Prise Turned and of Audenarde (1582) by Alexandre Farnèse.
First “year prohibited” in Russia: the duties of the peasants to leave the field are suspended for one year. Measurement is renewed until in 1587.
Russian Protectorate on the Georgia.
Plague with Rome.
Jean III of Sweden makes Finland a Grand Duchy.

the Portuguese Inquisition decides the behavior of more than 50 Autodafé S between 1581 and 1600 under control of the inquisitor and governor Albert of Austria. The Portuguese converted Jews take refuge in Spain.

France

Plague with Marseilles.
January 5th: Flood of the the Rhone and the the Durance to Avignon. Recrudescence the February 6th.
Philippe Hurault de Cheverny (1528-1599), becomes Chancelier of France (fine in 1599).
Meeting of the Protestant Churches of France to Montauban which recognize Henri de Navarre like their guard.

Religion

February 9th: Claude Acquaviva becomes Préposé general of the Society of Jesus (fine in 1615).

India: Akbar tries to draw a synthesis from the various religions, the DIN-I-Ilâhî .
Italy: Measurements against the community Marrane judaïsante with Ferrare.
In Scotland, the general meeting of the presbytériens obtains the recognition of the rights of the Church like superiors to those of the king.
Charles Borromée founds the congregation of the Oblat S, priests secular intended to help it in its work of reform.
the Habsbourg require a catholic profession of faith for all the teachers.
has Geneva, a group of pastors (Goulard, Chandieu, Daneau, Bèze, Salvart) joins together the various Protestant confessions in only one volume, Harmonized it Confessionum fideï and establishes agreements between them.
First Bible Slavon printed, with Ostrog, in Volhynie, by Ivan Fedorov.
the Truth of the Christian religion enters the atheists, the epicureans, the pagan ones, the Jews, the mahometists and other infidels , of Philippe Duplessis-Mornay.

Arts & cultures

April 19th: Michel de Montaigne and its travelling companions, his brother Bertrand de Mattecoulon, Charles d' Estissac, Mr Cazalis and Mister of Hautoy, leaves Rome where they are since November 1580 for the north of the Italy.
September 12th: Michel de Montaigne, which is with Rome, learns that the jurats of Bordeaux named it mayor of their city. He prepares his return to Bordeaux by the shortest way to take his functions. (end in 1585).
September 18th: comic Ballet of the queen , given to Paris for the marriage of Anne of Merry with Marguerite de Vaudémont, sister of the queen of France (Lambert of Beaulieu and Jacques Salmon writes the music, Baldassare de Belgiojoso makes the setting in scene, Chesnaye the argument, Jacques Patin the costumes, of many authors take part of which Agrippa of Aubigné).

Publication of the the First poetic Works of MaDamoiselle Marie de Romieu Vivaroise .

Sciences & technology

Robert Norman discovers the Magnétisme.
the Italian scientist Galileo discovers the regularity of the beats of a pendulum.
With Pleskau, in the Baltic States, first use of an explosive device.
Description of the Netherlands , the geographer Guichardin.

Economy & company

France: Protective customs tariff. With Paris, doubly of the import duty on the wines (from 5 to 10 grounds). Edict regulating the trades and the techniques of manufacture.
England: Creation of the Company of Raising which trades in the Mediterranean. It settles with Constantinople.

Births in 1581

October 2nd: Juan Ruiz de Alarcón, Mexican playwright of Spanish ascent († August 4th 1639)
October 21st: Domenico Zampieri known as '' Dominiquin '', Italian painter († April 16th 1641)
Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft, Dutch playwright († 1647)

Death in 1581

September 30th: Hubert Languet, diplomatic protesting French (° 1518)

nonwell informed or unknown Dates :

Bayinnaung, Burmese king of the Dynasty Taungû
Guillaume of the Furnace bridges, poet of the Pleiad (° 1529)

Be-X-old: 1581 Map-bms: 1581 Simple: 1581

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