Engineer

General information

Beyond historical military gasoline references, the engineer appears, in his modern version, essentially as from the 19th century (1e industrial revolution), where it is confirmed like an actor of foreground of industrial development. The engineers, of which the number increases consequently regularly, constitute themselves thus like groups social recognized in France within the population of the executives. The consideration granted to the engineers varies despite everything appreciably according to the countries: it is thus very high in France and Germany. It is less in the Anglo-Saxon countries where the engineers have a profile more specialized.

By his field of competence, an engineer can be mechanic, metallurgist, hydraulician, electrician, electronics specialist, “data processing specialist” (the term is too vague today), agronomist, chemist, topographist, etc… An engineer intervenes mainly on the level of the Recherche and development and/or of the Fabrication of products. He brings his technical Expertise and his creativity by taking account of regulation and respect of the environment and ergonomics, innovation, resource, time constraints, and will exert mainly one of the following functions:

Engineer Research and Development (R & D), for example while working at the development center and of optimization of new engines at large a car manufacturer;

Engineer Originator, for example while being responsible for a team of data processing specialists working with the definition of and the architecture schedule of conditions of a new computer software;

Engineer of Tests, for example while being responsible for measurements and tests in a team for in-flight tests for a new prototype for plane;

Engineer Methods, for example while being responsible for the industrialization (definition of the means of manufacture) of whole or part of a Photocopier color;

Engineer of Production, for example while being director of a manufacturing plant of automobile seats;

Engineer Maintenance, for example by managing the maintenance and the maintenance of the equipment of Production of factory;

Engineer Quality, for example while being manufacturing director quality of a factory of the medical breathing apparatuses and while constantly seeking to improve the quality and the reliability of the products and the manufactoring processes;

Engineer of Businesses, for example while being engineer of businesses in a large company of civil engineering and by proposing the most adapted technical solutions holding account and going to the front of the customer requirements (State, local government agencies, etc);

Engineer Safety, for example while being responsible for the reliability of a Nuclear plant;

Engineer the Council, for example by creating its own cabinet where it gives councils to companies, draws up and manages projects, follows work, carries out expertises…

In 2006:

France forms 30.000 ingénieurs/an.
China or India forms 700.000 ingénieurs/an.
Morocco forms 4200 ingénieurs/an (10 000 ingénieurs/an envisaged as from 2010).

In an aged direction, this term thus indicates that which built or invented Machine S of war or conceived and carried out Ouvrage S of Fortification or of seat of fortified towns. Thus, Vauban and Léonard de Vinci were engineers .

In the Encyclopedia of Diderot and Alembert , the article concerning the engineer distinguishes three types from them:

ones for the war; they must know all that relates to construction, the attack & the defense of the places. The seconds for the marine, who are versed in what has report/ratio with the war & the service of sea; & third for the bridges & roadways, which are perpetually occupied perfection of the main roads, construction of the bridges, embellishment of the streets, control & repair of the channels.

In the 6th edition of the dictionary of the French Academy (1832-5), the article concerning the engineer, speaks, in addition to the engineer of the military fortifications, of:

That which leads some other works or public works, such as the construction and the maintenance of the roads, the exploitation of the mines, etc Civil engineer. Mining engineer. Naval engineer or maritime. Engineer-manufacturer of vessels. Engineer-geographer, That which draws up charts of geography. Engineer for the instruments of mathematics, That which makes instruments of mathematics. Engineer-optician, That which makes optical instruments.

Lastly, the term genius gathers the processes and methods of invention of solutions and technical coordination making it possible to lead - by successive syntheses and multidisciplinary approach - to complex technical objects. In practice, one uses, the terms of Génie of the air, Marine engineering, Agricultural engineering, Civil engineering, genetic Engineering, Chemical engineering, software Génie, mechanical Engineering, Industrial engineering , etc in the meanings (??) where in English one uses the term engineering . Besides the dictionary Hatchet-Oxford gives well genius like correct translation of the term engineering .

Some famous engineers

Some famous achievements engineers

the Airbus A380,
the scanner,
LEM,
the Television,
the Thermal engine,
TGV,
PC,
the Photocopier,
PDA,
the Electric bulb,
the Computer
the precursory Minitel of the Internet

Training of the engineers

Training of the engineers in France

In France, the title of engineer is reserved to the graduate pupils of schools of engineers. These universities (which exist only in France) propose a training in three years after two years of preparatory class after the vat. These the first two years can be realized inside even of the school ( prépa integrated ).

Training of the engineers in the USA

With the the United States, the engineers can be titular of an active diploma of the baccalaureat science (4 years of higher learning) to the control science or in genius which adds 1 to 2 years of specialization according to the universities after the baccalaureat, and which is recognized on the American job market as engineer with 2 years of experiment.

The doctors are trained at the university and are recognized as engineer with several years of experiment if they exert in company. Certain American universities are known on a worldwide scale (Harvard, Yale, MIT, Cornell, Princeton, Standford, UCLA, etc…).

Unless obtaining a purse of a federal institution, of State, deprived or university, the studies in American university are expensive (approximately 20.000 USD/an of education rights known as " Tuition Fees").

The American engineers are specialized generally and more practices that in France. The diploma for the occupation of engineer general practitioner does not exist. Their training or experiment in company evolves/moves according to a scale which human resources will evolve/move of the level Engineer I known as " Entry Level" in Engineer IV, level II being usually known as " Junior" , level III, known as also " Senior" , being atteignable after a few years of experiment.

Training of the engineers in England

In England, as with the the United States, the engineers are trained in the universities of which some are universally known (Oxford, Cambridge…) and can off have an active level of studies of the Bachelor (3 years of higher learning, equivalent of the French license) to the Master Science (5 years of study higher, equivalent of the French master).

Training of the engineers in Germany

In Germany, the diploma for the occupation of engineer is historically delivered by Fachhochschulen. These establishments are independent of the universities and intermediate size. That offers to them a reactivity and an exemplary flexibility on the level of the relations with the companies. The German trainings of engineers last 4 years and are applied, more technological, than the French formations. The holders of a university Master off Science can also exert functions of engineers in the companies.

Training of the engineers in Canada

With the Canada engineering is a regulated profession. That means that, according to the law, no one cannot follow the occupation of engineer without a license of exercise. The attribution of the licenses is carried out by 12 provincial and territorial associations/order engineers, which set the standards and regulate the profession. A license of engineer is valid only in the jurisdiction where it was emitted. There exists however an agreement determining of equivalences in order to facilitate the Mobilité between the provinces and territories. Each association/order serves and protects the public interest in the name of its provincial government or territorial.

For example, with the Quebec, the admission with the occupation of engineer, therefore the entry with the Order of the engineers of Quebec, can be done only after obtaining an university degree of first cycle in genius (named baccalaureat in a university recognized by the order, normally in 4 years of university), one period of experiment supervised by an engineer of experiment (2 to 3 years) and the success of a professional examination.

Training of the engineers in Belgium

In Belgium, the diploma for the occupation of civil engineer (title Ir not to be confused with the Ing title., industrial engineer) is defended and promoted by the royal Federation of Belgian associations civil engineers and agricultural engineers (FABI). The title of civil engineer is protected by the Belgian law.

This diploma is delivered by the following universities:

*La Faculty of Science applied of the catholic University of Leuwen (Leuwen-the-New).

* the Polytechnic school the Universit3e libre de Bruxelles.

*La Faculty of Science applied of the University of Liege.

* the polytechnic Faculty of Mons.

*La Faculty of Science of the engineer of the University of Ghent.

*La Faculty of Science of the engineer of the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven.

*La Faculty of Science of the engineer of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel.

The various graduates are the following:

civil *Ingenior architect.

civil *Ingenior of constructions.

civil *Ingenior chemist.

civil *Ingenior electrician.

civil *Ingenior electrical engineer.

civil *Ingenior in data processing.

civil *Ingenior in data processing and management.

civil *Ingenior mécanicen.

civil *Ingenior in mathematics applied.

civil *Ingenior metallurgist.

civil *Ingenior of the geologist.

civil *Ingenior of the mines.

civil *Ingenior physicist.

civil *Ingenior in sciences of materials.

civil *Ingenior polytechnician.

civil *Ingenior in biomedical genius.

In French-speaking Belgium, the access to the studies of civil engineer is subordinated to the success of an examination of entry. This formation comprises 5 years of studies: 3 years of graduate and 2 years of control known as of specialization. The 3 years of graduate constitute the 1st cycle, the 2 years of control, the 2nd cycle.

The success of the basic studies of first cycle confers the academic rank of Graduate or Bachelor off Science. The success of the basic studies of the 2nd cycle confers the academic rank of civil engineer or Master off Science in engineering. According to the speciality chosen, a qualification can be associated with this academic rank.

Caution: the Belgian term of civil engineer lends to English confusion. Indeed, civil engineer means engineer in construction or civil engineering!

Training of the engineers in Sénagal

Training of the engineers in Switzerland

See also: Trainings of engineers in Switzerland

In Switzerland, there exist 2 dies of trainings of the qualified engineers:

federal polytechnic schools (EPF or ETH)
high specialized schools (HES) (professional training)

The training of engineers EPF is carried out in one of the two federal polytechnic schools, FPSL (Lausanne) or EPFZ (Zurich). The course lasts 4,5 or 5 years according to the dies. The studies concentrate mainly on fundamental sciences and a theoretical approach of the engineerings.

The training of engineers HES is carried out, in general, after an initial professional training and obtaining a professional Maturité technical. The new students in engineering thus have already good basic knowledge with regard to the technique. This formation is directed thus towards the practice. The title of engineer HES is obtained in 3,5 years. Three years of formation and 6 months of work of diploma.

NEW: (For the students returning in the formation for the academic year 2006-2007 and next) the schools of engineers HES do not offer any more a diploma HES, but a " bachelor off applied sciences" who is obtained in 3 years, work of diploma included. This makes it possible the student to continue directly in the process of master. The first master HES will be able to leave since 2011.

It should be known that the HES belong to the agreements of Bologna, which gives to the students the possibility of travelling and/or of going to follow their specialization in a school of engineer more suited to the latter.

The title of engineer is protected by the Federal law. Any contravener is liable to continuation.

Training of the engineers in Morocco

In Morocco there are plusieures schools of engineers, among the principal ones, one can quote: ENIM (National school of Mineral Industry), ENSEM (3Ecole Nationale Sup3erieure of Electricity and Mechanics), EMI (Mohammedia School of engineer), Hassania School of public works, ENSAs, supMIT (the University of Management, Data processing and Telecommunication) etc the majority of these schools proposes a training in three years after two years of preparatory class after the vat. Today, one finds universities modern (university Hassan 2) which prepare diplomas (IA: engineer of application) an equivalent formation of the French universities.

Training of the engineers in Poland

In Poland the rank of engineer ( inzynier ) is obtained after 3 or 4 years of higher learning.

Training of the engineers in Finland

The diploma for the occupation of engineer is called diplomi-insinööri in Finnish and diplomingenjör in Swedish. It is about a diploma obtained after 6 years of higher learning. Within the framework of the process of Bologna, an intermediate diploma of candidature was introduced to sanction the first 3 years of studies.

There exists also another diploma for the occupation of engineer called insinööri (amk) in Finnish and ingenjör (YH) in Swedish or amk (YH) is the abbreviation of Ammattikorkeakoulu ( yrkeshögskola ) indicating a technical establishment of higher education to vocation professional comparable with the Fachhochschule German. It is an initial diploma obtained after 4 years of studies.

Notes and references of the article

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