Elias Canetti

Louis XV known as the Beloved , born the February 15th 1710 and dead the May 10th 1774, was King de France of 1715 with 1774.

Childhood

Wire of France

Born on February 15th 1710 with Versailles. Third wire of the " small dauphin" the duke of Burgundy and Marie-Adelaide of Savoy, grandson of the Large Dolphin, great-grandson of Louis XIV, it was titrated with its birth duke of Anjou , title which to his birth his/her uncle carried the king of Spain Philippe V in war against his competitor the Austrian applicant. In accordance with the habit, it was high until its 7 years by a woman, the Controlling royal children, since 1704 the duchess of Ventadour, assisted by Madam of the Moor, under-controlling.

The April 14th 1711, it lost his/her grandfather, then in February 1712, his/her two parents. In March of the same year, the two children of the late couple contracted the same disease, a form of Rougeole. The doctors baited themselves on the older brother, in the past duke of Brittany, which died the March 8th. The duke of Anjou was saved by his controlling which tore off it with the doctors and refused vigorously that it was bled. At 2 years, the duke of Anjou became new the dolphin.

In 1714, it accepted a teacher, the Perot abbot. This one learned how to him to read and write, as well as rudiments of history and of geography and, of course, a religious teaching impresses sulpicism. In 1715, the young prince also accepted a Master to be danced, then a Master to be written. It is M {{me}} of Maintenon which was behind all these nominations. It supervised in the shade the education of the prince. In February 1715, it took part in its first ceremony, the reception of a Ambassadeur of Perse to Versailles. At 5 years, one judged it beautiful child, gifted of a sharp intelligence and a good memory, merry and joker. It was particularly attracted by the Histoire and the Géographie. Survivor of a decimated family, it found in Madam de Ventadour his only source of affection, calling it “Ventadour Mom”, even “mom” very short.

September 1st 1715, Louis XIV died, not without him to have delivered its last opinions, mainly against the war, “the ruin of the people”. The duke of Anjou found king at five years, under the name of Louis XV. The following day, the duke of Orleans, nephew of fire king, was named regent.

The regency of the duke of Orleans

The 3 and September 4th 1715, Louis XV initially achieve his first acts of king while going to the mass of requiem celebrated for fire king, with the vault of Versailles, then by receiving the assembly of the clergy come to celebrate her advent. The 12, it connected on a Lit of justice, one of the most solemn ceremonies of monarchy, the 14, on the harangues the Large Council, University of Paris and French Academy, the following days, on the receptions of ambassadors come to present their condolences, etc In spite of his young age, it had to yield with the mechanics of the government and the court and to play its part of representation.

It continued to be high by Madam de Ventadour, which gave him like playmates the son of a Parisian cobbler, and a young person Iroquois. In 1717, having reached the Age of Enlightenment, it left its border (kind of leaves used to guide the infants) and the hands of the women. Its education from now on was entrusted to a governor, the duke of Villeroy, and a tutor, André Hercules de Fleury, bishop of Fréjus. One taught him from now on the Latin , the Mathématiques, the Cartographie, the Dessin, of the rudiments of Astronomie, but also with Chasse R. manual education was not neglected either: in 1717, it learned a little Typographie, and in 1721, it was initiated to turn wood. Since 1719, it had Masters of music. Contrary to Louis XIV, it had only few affinities for the music, and sang false.

As of 1721, one thought of marrying it. Philippe V, his uncle, king of Spain, proposes his/her daughter, the infante Marie Anne Victoire, hardly 3 years old - Louis XV itself by having only 11. Nevertheless, the Régent accepted, and the January 9th 1722, both promised in marriage met on the Bidassoa, like had made Louis XIV and Marie-Therese of Austria in 1660. That which one called from now on the “Infante-Queen” installed with the Château of Versailles. In August 1722, Louis XV accepted the Confirmation. Villeroy, which tried to protect the king from the Regent, was congédié shortly after and replaced by the duke of Charost. It was from now on with him that it fell to give to the king concepts of Finance and of military Stratégie.

The reign

The ministry for the duke of Bourbon

The October 25th 1722, the king entering his thirteenth year, age of the majority (since an ordinance of 1374 of Charles V), it was crowned and crowned with Rheims. It is the end of the Régence, but the duke of Orleans remained the most important character of the kingdom after the king. The cardinal Dubois was confirmed in his function of Prime Minister, but he died in August 1723. The duke of Orleans followed it little time afterwards. It is then the duke of Bourbon which replaced it near the young king. To distract itself, like had almost made all the members of his family, Louis XV threw itself to body lost in the drives out. The November 3rd 1724, the royal hunting of the Saint-Hubert thus gathered a hundred bell ringers of horn, more than 900 dogs and a thousand of horses.

The king becoming adult, and ready to procreate, put the question of the heir to the throne. The Infante-queen did not have whereas six years. In 1725, one made the decision to return it in Spain, and to seek a promised in marriage news. Hundred names of European Princesses were presented and one retained of it that eight. It was, for want of anything better, and with the great disappointment of the court, Marie Leszczyńska, the girl of the détrôné king of Poland Stanislas Leszczyński. The marriage was celebrated the September 5th 1725 with Fontainebleau. The two young grooms appeared very attached one then to the other, and the marriage was consumed the night even.

As of the re-entry of the court with Versailles, Louis XV decided to get rid of the duke of Bourbon, which was extremely unpopular. M {{gr.}} of Fleury left the court then, decided well to be recalled. Indeed, a few days later, Louis XV made it recall, and exiled the duke of Bourbon on his grounds, with Chantilly. The June 16th 1726, Louis XV took Fleury like Prime Minister.

The ministry for the cardinal of Fleury

Of 1726 until its death in 1743, the cardinal directed France with the agreement of the king. It is the most peaceful and prosperous period of the reign of Louis XV, in spite of some disorders with the Parlement of Paris and the Jansenists. After the human losses and financial undergone at the end of the reign of Louis XIV, the government of Fleury was often described as “repairer”. It is difficult to determine with exactitude the degree of intervention of the king in the decisions of Fleury, but it is certain that Louis XV supported his former tutor against the intrigues of the court and the conspiracies of his ministers.

With the assistance of the general inspectors of finances Michel Robert the Furrier of the Forts (1726 - 1730) and especially Philibert Orry (1730 - 1745), Fleury managed to stabilize the French currency (1726) and ends up balancing the budget of the kingdom in 1738. The economic expansion was in the middle of the concerns of the government. The transportation routes were improved, with completion in 1738 of the Canal of Saint-Quentin, connecting the Oise to the Somme, extended later on towards the the Scheldt and the Netherlands, and mainly the systematic construction of an highway network on the whole of the national territory. The body of the engineers of the Bridges and Chaussées built a whole of modern roads, on the basis of Paris according to the star diagram which still forms the framework of the current trunk roads. In the middle of the 18th century, France had obtained the most modern road infrastructure and most extended with the world. The trade was also stimulated by the Office and the Council Commercial. The maritime trade external of France climbed from 80 to 308 million books between 1716 and 1748. However, the rigid laws enacted before by Colbert did not make it possible industry to fully benefit from this economic progress.

The capacity of the absolute monarchy was exerted during the repression of the oppositions Jansenists and gallicanes. The agitation caused by enlightened cemetery Saint M3edard's Day in Paris (the Convulsionnaires of Saint M3edard's Day a group of Jansenists which claimed that miracles occurred in the cemetery) ceased in 1732. On another face, after the exile of 139 members of Parliament in province, the Parlement of Paris had to record the papal bubble Unigenitus and was henceforth interdict to deal with the religious affairs.

With regard to the foreign affairs, Fleury sought peace at all costs, as a practitioner a policy of alliance with the Great Britain all while being reconciled with the Spain. In September 1729, after its third pregnancy, the queen gave rise to finally a boy, Louis de France, which became dolphin at once. This arrival of a male heir, who ensured the perenniality of the dynasty, was accommodated with an immense joy and was celebrated in all the spheres of the French company, and also in the majority of the courses European. The royal couple was at the time very plain, appeared a reciprocal love and the young king was extremely popular. The birth of a boy also eliminated the risk of a crisis of succession and the probable confrontation with Spain which would have resulted from it.

In 1733, in spite of the pacifist policy of Fleury, the king, convinced by his Secretary of foreign affairs German Louis Chauvelin (1727 - 1737), intervened finally in the War of succession of Poland, to try to bring back his/her father-in-law Stanislas Leszczynski on the throne of Poland. The intervention without conviction of France did not make it possible to reverse the course of the war, and Stanislas did not find his throne. In parallel, France decided to recover the Duché of Lorraine, the duke François III being had a presentiment of to marry the girl of the Empereur Holy roman Empire: Charles VI, which would have brought the Austrian power to the doors of the kingdom of France. The French troops occupied quickly the Lorraine and peace returned as of 1735. By the treated of Vienna (November 1738), Stanislas obtained the Duché of Lorraine in compensation of the loss of its Polish throne (with the objective which the duchy is integrated into the kingdom of France to its death by the means of his/her daughter), while the former duke François III became heir to the Grand-Duchy of Toscane. This inexpensive war, compared to the human and financial punctures exorbitant of the campaigns of Louis XIV, was one big hit for the French diplomacy. The annexation of the Lorraine , effective in 1766 with died of Stanislas, constitutes the last territorial expansion of the kingdom of France on the continent before the Révolution.

Shortly after this result, the French mediation in the conflict between the Holy roman Empire and the Ottoman Empire leads to the Traité of Belgrade (September 1739), which put an end to the war with an advantage for the Othomans, traditional allies of the French against the Habsbourg S since the beginning of the 16th century. Consequently, the Ottoman Empire renewed the French Capitulations, which affirmed the commercial supremacy of the kingdom to the the Middle East. After all these successes, the prestige of Louis XV, referee of Europe, reached his top.

In 1740, the death of the emperor Charles VI and the advent of his/her daughter Marie Therese started the War of succession of Austria. The old cardinal of Fleury did not have any more the force to be opposed to it and the king succumbed to the pressure of the party anti-Austrian of the court: he entered in war in 1741 while being combined to the Prussia. This conflict was to last seven long years. France had again entered a typical warlike cycle of the reign of Louis XIV. Fleury died before the end of the war, in January 1743. The king, finally following the example of his predecessor, then decided to control without Prime Minister.

First signs of unpopularity

With died of the cardinal of Fleury in 1743, the king was 33 years old. He had known happy years with his Polish queen, who adulated it and was entirely devoted for him. A child had been born almost each year. However, the queen ends up tiring these pregnancies with repetition, as much as the king wearied unconditional love of his wife. Moreover, the majority of their children were of female sex, which ends up upsetting the king. On their ten children, it had only two boys, and only one survived, the dolphin. In 1734, for the first time, the queen complained with her father about the inaccuracies about the king. The king fell in love with Madam de Mailly, then of his young sister Madam de Vintimille, then with his death of another their sisters, Madam de Châteauroux. The queen took refuge then in the religion and charity works.

One year after the death of Fleury occurred an event which was going to mark the personality of the king and the continuation of the French political life. Louis XV had left to direct his armies engaged on the face of the east in the Austrian war of succession. In August 1744, to Metz, it fell seriously sick and its doctors forecast an imminent death. The people, which adored his king, gave him the nickname of “Beloved”, and the prayers multiplied through the country for its safety. Its mistress, Madam de Châteauroux, which had accompanied it, had to leave it while the queen arrived in haste.

Under the pressure of the devout party, Monseigneur of Fitz-James, first chaplain of the king, refused to give him the Absolution without a public confession of its fished, in which the king seemed an immoral person, unworthy to carry the title of Christian King Très. Hawked in all the country by the clergy, the royal confession tarnishes the prestige of monarchy. The king escaped death, but its culpability still more pushed it towards adultery.

The marchioness of Pompadour

Madam de Pompadour, met in 1745 in a Ball masked given at the time of the marriage of the dolphin, became the most famous mistress of its reign, and most honourable. Girl of a financial agent, it rather beautiful, was cultivated, intelligent and sincerely attached to the king, but presented the disadvantage of being commoner, of middle-class origin, which the court and the people did not forgive in Louis XV. The mistresses of Louis XIV, selected in the higher realms of the aristocracy, had been generally well accepted, the more so as they did not exert any influence on the government, except for Madam de Maintenon. The fact that the king compromises himself with a commoner made scandal. One saw soon appearing songs and abusive lampoons called “poissonades” (the family name of the marchioness of Pompadour being Poisson), which brocardaient it as in the following example:
“Girl of leech and leech it même
Poisson of an arrogance extrême
Slack in this castle without fear and effroi
Substance of the people and the shame of the King” In spite of these criticisms, the Marquise of Pompadour had an undeniable influence on French artistic blooming during the reign of Louis XV. True patron, the Marchioness piled up an imposing collection of pieces of furniture and objets d'art in his various properties. It was responsible for the development of the porcelain factory of Sevres, and its orders ensured their subsistence many artists and craftsmen. She also played a big role in architecture, being at the origin of the construction of the place Louis XV (today Place of the Harmony), and of the Military academy of Paris, carried out by Angel-Jacques Gabriel, one of its protected. The Marchioness also defended the project of the Encyclopédie against the attacks of the Church. With its manner, it was representative of the evolution of mentalities at the time of this Age of Enlightenment, although it does not completely manage to convert the king at his sights. The display of all this luxury in its properties was worth to him many reproaches, although its family, very rich, also provided an financial aid to the government and saved the monarchy of the bankruptcy.

The marchioness of Pompadour was officially placed on the third level of the Château of Versailles, with the top of the apartments of the king. It organized there intimate suppers with guests chosen, where the king forgot the obligations of the court which annoyed it. Of health fragile, and presumedly ice-cold, the Marchioness became starting from 1750 a simple friend and confidante, after having been amante. She however managed to preserve her privileged relations with the king, until her death, which is exceptional in annals of the royal mistresses.

After 1750, Louis XV engaged in a series of sentimental and sexual stories of the short duration, most known being that with Marie-Louise O' Murphy. A house in the Parc with the stags of Versailles was used to shelter these transitory loves. The popular legend exaggerated the events which occurred there, contributing to obscure the reputation of the sovereign. This image of king monopolized by his female conquests will not leave it any more and will sully its memory, although it was hardly different from or Henri IV from this point of view.

First attempt at reform

All these stories in love did not prevent Louis XV from working, but it missed the inexhaustible energy of its back grandfather. During the 17 years of the government of Fleury, it had formed its judgment but had not been able to forge its will. Decided to direct only the kingdom, it was évertuait to follow the instructions of its grandfather: “Listen to, consult your Council, but decide”. However, it did not rely enough on him to apply this precept effectively. Its political correspondence reveals its deep knowledge of the public affairs and the accuracy of its reasoning. It tested on the other hand difficulties of deciding, and when it was obliged there, showed itself then brutal. Friendly and understanding with its ministers, at least seemingly, his disgrace fell suddenly, without preventing, on those which it estimated to have served it. Its direction was flexible, the ministers having a great independence, but it was difficult for them to know if their actions were appropriate to the sovereign. The majority of governmental work were carried out in committees in which the king did not take part, this last sitting in the Conseil of in top, created by Louis XIV, responsible for the secrecies of State relating to the religion, the diplomacy and the war. Various parties clashed, that of the excessively pious people, directed by the count d' Argenson, Secretary of State to the war, opposed to that of the philosophical party taken along by Jean-Baptiste de Machault d' Arnouville, general inspector of finances, and supported by the marchioness of Pompadour, which acted like a minister without portfolio. Supported by the powerful financial ones (Pâris-Duverney, Montmartel…) it obtained from the king the nomination of certain ministers (Bernis, secretary of foreign affairs in 1757) as much as their revocation (Orry, general inspector of finances in 1745; Maurepas, Secretary of State to the navy in 1749). On his council, the king approved the policy of tax justice of Machault d' Arnouville. In order to make up the deficit of the kingdom, which rose to 100 million books in 1745, Machault d' Arnouville created a tax taking a Twentieth incomes, which also concerned priviligiés (edict of Marly, 1749). This breach in the privileged statute of the Nobility and the Clergy, normally exempted tax, was a first in the French history, although it was already considered by visionaries spirits like Vauban at the time of Louis XIV. This new tax was accommodated with hostility by the provincial states which still had the capacity to decide on their fiscal policy. The clergy and the Parliament opposed the new tax also violently. Pressed by his entourage and the court, Louis XV gave up the part and the clergy in of it 1751 exempted. Finally, “twentieth” ends up melting itself in an increase in the size, which did not touch the privileged classes. It was the first defeat of the “war of the tax” engaged against the privileged people.

Following this attempt at reform, the Parliament of Paris, seizing the pretext of the quarrel between the clergy and the Jansenists, addressed remonstrances to the king (April 1753). The Parliament, made up privileged aristocrats and commoners anoblis, proclaimed there the “natural defender of the fundamental laws of the kingdom” against the arbitrary one of monarchy.

Foreign policy

Abroad, the policy of the king became incoherent. This period was dominated by the War of succession of Austria (1740-1748) which had begun under the government from Fleury. This war opposed the Prussian French and the against the Autrichiens, the Britanniques and the Dutch. The last part of the war was marked by a series of French victories: Battle of Fontenoy (1745), Battle of Rocourt (1746), Battle of Lauffeld (1747). In particular, the battle of Fontenoy, gained by the marshal of Saxony, is regarded as one of the brightest victories of the French against the British. Following this episode, France at that time occupied all the territory of current the Belgium (the most prosperous area of Europe), and Louis XV was not far from carrying out the old French dream to establish the septentrional border of the country along the the Rhine.

However, with the treated of Aachen in 1748, France returned all its conquests to Austria, the amazement of the people and surprised European powers. Louis XV, who did not have the quarrelsome temperament of his predecessor, was satisfied of a hexagonal kingdom, which it called pre square his . He preferred to cultivate his pre square rather than to seek to extend it. Louis declared that he had concluded peace “as a king and not as a merchant”. Its gesture was greeted in Europe, from which he became the referee. However, in France its popularity largely suffers from it. The people had forgiven in Louis XIV his taxes, his mistresses and his extravagant expenditure, as long as it was victorious with the war. In the same way, for Louis XV, the incident of Metz (1744) counted little with the eyes of the population compared to the victories of the Austrian war of succession. But the news of the abandonment of the south of the Netherlands in Austria was accommodated with incredulity and bitterness. The Parisian ones then used stupid expression the “like peace”. One can for this reason consider that 1748 were marked by the first demonstration of a French public opinion, carried by a emergent Nationalisme that the monarch had not included/understood. After this year, its popularity did not cease decreasing.

Reversal of alliances

Moreover, in 1756, the king operated a reversal of alliance impromptu in rupture with alliance traditional free-Prussian. A new European conflict was in preparation, the peace of Aachen constituting only one kind of truce. The British and the French fought already in North America, without declaration of war. In 1755, the British seized 300 French trading vessels violating international treaties. A few months later, the January 16th 1756, the United Kingdom and Prussia signed a treaty of “neutrality”. In Paris and Versailles, the philosophical party and the marchioness of Pompadour were disappointed of this treason of the king Frederic II of Prussia, which was regarded before as a lit sovereign, friendly of the Philosophe S. Frederic II had even accommodated Voltaire with Potsdam when this last had been found in disgrace following the operations of the devout party. But it seems that Frederic II was animated by political reasons with an aim of consolidating the Prussian power. It had already given up its French allies by signing a treaty separated with Austria in 1745. The marchioness of Pompadour did not appreciate Frederic II, who held it in the greatest contempt, going until calling one of her dogs “Pompadour”. For the same period, the French persons in charge started to perceive the relative decline of the Austrian Empire, which did not represent any more the same danger but at the beginning of the Habsbourg dynasty, with 16th and 17th centuries, whereas they controlled Spain and most of Europe. Prussia seemed the emergent power now more threatening. It is in this context that the marchioness of Pompadour and the philosophical party convainquirent the king of the interest of this reversal of alliances. By the treaty of Versailles signed on April 1st 1756, the king, against the opinion of its ministers, was combined with Austria while putting an end to two centuries of conflict with Habsbourgs.

At the end of the month of August 1756, Frederic II invades the Saxony without declaration of war and easily overcame the armies saxonnes and Austrian, badly prepared. The fate reserved for the électrice family of Saxony was particularly brutal, the électrice Marie Joseph succumbing to ill treatments. These exactions shocked Europe and particularly France. The woman of the dolphin, girl of the voter and the électrice of Saxony, made a miscarriage by learning the news. Louis XV was constrained to enter in war. Meanwhile, Great Britain had already declared the war in France the May 18th 1756. It will be the Guerre Seven Year old (1756-1763), which will have important consequences in Great Britain and France.

Attempted murder

Inside the kingdom, dissatisfaction developed, supplied with the way of life of the court and what was perceived like an incompetence of the king to control. While being replaçant from the historical point of view, it appears that Louis XV was not inefficient, although it missed certainly will. In addition, the expenditure of the court was not especially raised, was not compared with those of the preceding French monarchs, or of other courses European, as that of Russia which spent of the astronomical sums to build the palates of Saint-Pétersbourg. However, such was perception that the people of France had some, also influenced by the violent countryside against the marchioness of Pompadour.

Perhaps this is this context which pushed Robert François Damiens to be tried to kill the king. The January 5th 1757, Damiens entered to the palate of Versailles, among the thousands of people who tried to obtain royal audiences. Around 6 p.m., the king returned to visit his daughter and was on the point of entering its fits with body to turn over to Trianon, when Damiens crosses the hedge of guards and struck it with a penknife. Louis XV wore thick winter clothings and the blade penetrated only of one centimetre, between 4th and 5th coasts. However, a possible poisoning was feared. One tortured Damiens on several occasions, to know if it had accomplices, but it appears that this man, servant of members of the Parlement of Paris, one was unbalanced which had especially understood many critical speeches against the king.

Louis XV was rather inclined to forgive, but it was about the first attempted murder of a French monarch since the assassination of Henri IV by Ravaillac in 1610, and he had to accept a lawsuit for Régicide. Judged by the Parliament of Paris, Damiens was carried out the March 28th 1757 on the Place of Strike, under appalling conditions. The hand which had held the penknife was burned with sulfur, one notched then the members to him and the chest before introducing lead there melted, its four members were torn off by horses (quartering) and its trunk finally thrown to the flames. An huge crowd attended this spectacle, the balconies of the houses of the place of Strike were rented up to 100 pounds (more than 500 euros current) with the women of the aristocracy.

The king was already so unpopular that the dash of sympathy caused by this attempted murder disappeared quickly with the execution from Damiens, whose inhumanity was condemned hard by the philosophical party. Louis XV itself was not there for large-thing, the details of this horrible setting to dead having been worked out by the Parliament of Paris, perhaps with the concern of reconciling itself with the monarch. But more than all, the people did not forgive the king not to be themselves separate of Pompadour. The ambassador from Austria wrote in Vienna: “public dissatisfaction is general. All the conversations turn around the poison and of death. Along the gallery of the ices posters appear threatening the life of the king”.

Louis XV, who had preserved calm royal day of the attempted murder, appeared deeply affected and depressed in the weeks which followed. All the attempts at reforms were abandoned. On the proposal of the marchioness of Pompadour, it returned two of its décriés ministers, the count d' Argenson (Secretary of State to the war) and Machault d' Arnouville (Minister of Justice and previously general inspector of finances), and introduced Choiseul into the government.

End of the war

The rise of Choiseul, under the influence of the marchioness of Pompadour, marks a certain victory of the philosophical party. Even fact of France, the new strong man of the government authorizes the publication of the Encyclopedia and contributes to the dissolution of the Jesuits. It reforms the structure of the navy and the army and tries to extend the French colonies in the Antilles.

With the disaster of Rossbach and the many defeats in the colonies, Choiseul, successively with the head of the diplomacy and the ministry for the war and the marine, seeks to stop the war quickly. The Treated of Paris (1763), recognizes an important French defeat, with the loss of the News-France and the India to the profit of the British.

Dissolution of the Jesuits

The opposition to the Jesuits was fed as much by the Jansenists, the gallicans that the philosophers and encylopedists. After the bankruptcy of the Jesuit establishment of the Martinique, directed by the father Antoine Valetta, the Parliament, seized by the creditors, in call the May 8th 1761 confirmed a judgment ordering the payment of the debts under penalty of seizure of the goods of the Jesuits.

It followed a whole series of actions which were going to lead to their disappearance. Under the direction of the Chauvinistic abbot, the April 17th 1762, the constitution of the order was peeled by the Parliament, one put forward writings of theologists Jesuits, in order to show them to teach all kinds of errors and immoral considerations. August 6th, a stop ordered the dissolution of the order, but a eight month deadline was granted to them by Louis XV. After having refused a compromise, they were constrained to close their colleges on April 1st 1763, then, the March 9th 1764, they had to give up their wishes under penalty of banishment. At the end of November 1764, Louis XV signed an act of dissolution of the order in all the kingdom.

End of reign

The end of the reign of Louis XV was marked by the arrival of Madam of Barry, her favorite news, officially submitted to the court in 1769. The Choiseul minister openly showed his hostility for the royal mistress. The king, convinced of the incapacity of Choiseul to face the sling of the Parliament, ends up returning it in 1770. He was replaced in fact by Rene Nicolas de Maupeou, become Minister of Justice of France in 1768, which endeavoured to restore the royal authority. The members of the Parliament being put in strike, Maupeou made them stop by musketeers by requiring that they take again their service. In front of their refusal they were exiled. He undertook a fundamental structural reform then. The Justice, hitherto managed by magistrates whose load was hereditary, became an public institution, with civils servant paid by the State.

The April 26th 1774 declared the symptoms of the Petite pox, whereas Louis XV was with Small the Trianon.

The Parliament of Paris sent the Sunday the 1st er May 1774, Nicolas Felix Vandive, adviser notary Maison secretary and Crown of France, clerk to the Grand the Council, to enquérir itself of the health of the king, as we learns it in his famous newspaper the Parisian bookseller Siméon-Prosper Hardy: “the new court of the Parliament had not missed, according to the ordinary use, to appoint named Vandive, one of the first principal clerks at the clerk's office of Large the Room and its notaries secretaries, to go to Versailles to know of the news of the health of the King. But this secretary pouvoit to give an account of its mission to the irremovable company only next Tuesday, awaited accustomed vacancy of the Monday, May 2”.

He died of these continuations (Septicémie worsened pulmonary complications) the May 10th 1774, at 3 p.m. 30, Versailles, in the indifference of the people and the rejoicing of part of the court. He left the throne to his grandson, the future Louis XVI.

Posterity

Legitimate children

Marie Leszczyńska gave to Louis XV ten children, of which three died in low-age:

August 14th 1727: Louise '' Elisabeth '' (1727 - 1759) and Anne '' Henriette '' (1727 - 1752), binoculars, called respectively Madam (as an oldest daughter of the king) or Mrs First (then Mrs Infante) and Mrs Second (then Mrs Henriette)
July 28th 1728: Marie Louise , Mrs Third (then Mrs Louise) († February 19th 1733)
September 4th 1729: Louis-Ferdinand, dolphin († December 20th 1765)
August 30th 1730: " Philippe" Louis, duke of Anjou († April 7th 1733)
March 23rd 1732: Marie '' Adélaïde '', Mrs Fourth (then Mrs Third, then Mrs Adélaïde then Madam) († February 27th 1800)
May 11th 1733: Victoire Louise Marie Therese, Mrs Fourth (then Mrs Victoire) († June 7th 1799)
July 27th 1734: '' Sophie '' Philippe Elisabeth Justine, Mrs Fifth (then Mrs Sophie) († March 3rd 1782)
May 16th 1736: '' Therese '' Congratulated, Mrs Sixth (then Mrs Therese) († September 28th 1744)
July 15th 1737: '' Louise '' Marie, Mrs Seventh (then Mrs Louise), in religion Marie-Therese sister of Saint-Augustin († December 23rd 1787).

Favorite, main and hybrid children

Louis XV, like Louis XIV, also had a certain number of hybrid children of many mistresses. Its first four mistresses were four sisters, four of the five girls of Louis III of Mailly, Marquis de Nesle and of Mailly, Prince d' Orange.

All his/her hybrid children, others that Louis de Vintimille, were born nonmarried young girls, called the “small mistresses”. Haunted by the bad memories related to bastard of his great-grandfather, Louis XV always refused to legitimate them. He provided for their education and arranged himself to give them a honourable place in the company, but never met them at the court.

Only were legitimated Louis de Vintimille and the Abbot of Bourbon.

Its Main S and Favori your were:

Louise-Julie de Mailly-Nesle , countess of Mailly (1710-1751), wife in 1726 her cousin Louis-Alexandre, count de Mailly. She becomes main in 1733, favorite in 1736, and is supplanted in 1739 by her Pauline sister. She returns in grace in 1741, but is returned court in 1742 at the request of her sister Marie-Anne;
Pauline Congratulated on Mailly-Nesle , countess of Vintimille (1712-1741), mistress of Louis XV it marries in 1739 Jean-Baptiste, Count de Vintimille (1720-1777). She is mother of:

Charles de Vintimille (1741-1814) known as the Ten-franc piece because it resembled Louis XV much. Marquis of the Luc, Madam de Pompadour held so much for policy-holder who it was of royal birth that, suffering not to have not children with the king and eager to carry joint small children, she nourishes into 1751 to marry it with her Alexandrine daughter; he will marry (1764) Adelaide de Castellane (1747-1770), of which posterity;

Diane Adelaide de Mailly-Nesle , duchess of Lauraguais (1713-1760);
Marie-Anne de Mailly-Nesle , marchioness of the Small tower, duchess of Chateauroux (1717-1744).
Hortense de Mailly-Nesle, marchioness of Flavacourt, during a time was also suspected of intimate connection with the king, but this assumption was quickly isolated with the profit of his/her four sisters.
the Marchioness of Pompadour of its true name Jeanne Antoinette Poisson, (1721-1764), girl of a véreux financier exiled in 1725. She marries in 1741 Charles-Guillaume Normalizing It of Étiolles and has two children of which Alexandrine Normalizing It of Étiolles (1744-1754) which is high as a princess and anoblie Miss de Crécy. She becomes of 1745 to 1751 the mistress of the king, and is honoured in 1752 with the stool and the prerogatives with duchess. She is lady of the palate of the queen in 1756, but must leave Versailles some time in 1757 following a cabal;
the Countess of Barry (Jeanne Long-beaked, 1743 - guillotinée in 1793): natural girl of Anne Bécu, dressmaker, and of Jean-Baptiste Gomard de Vaubernier. She leads a modest life to Paris and delivers herself to the prostitution under the name of Miss Lange. She becomes in 1768 the mistress of the king to which Jean, count of Barry (of which she was the mistress) presented it. Louis XV makes him marry the same Guillaume year of Barry (brother of Jean), then submits it to the Court in 1769. She had said one day in front of Louis XV: “France, your coffee fout the camp! ” - because such was the nickname that it gave to its servant. It withdraws Court with dead of the king, then emigrates in Great Britain in 1792 to hide its diamonds there: it is stopped with the return and is condemned to died to have dissipated the treasures of the State, to have conspired against the République and to have carried the mourning of Louis XVI. Before being guillotinée in Paris, she begged: “Still a moment, torturers. ”;

Marie-Louise O' Murphy (1737-1815) known as Miss de Morphise, girl of Daniel O' Murphy of Irish origin it marries: 1°) Jacques Pellet of Beaufranchet in 1755, 2°) François Nicolas the Norman one in 1759, and 3°) Louis-Philippe Dumont in 1798, appointed Apple-brandy with the Convention, which she will divorce the same year. It is the mother of:

Agathe Louise of Saint-Anthony of Saint-Andrew (born on June 20th, 1754 in Paris-1774) which will marry in 1773 Rene-Jean-Mans of the Tower of the Pine (1750-1781), Marquis of Charce.

Francoise de Châlus, duchess of Narbonne-Lara (1734-1821), duchess of Narbonne-Lara, girl of Gabriel de Châlus, lord of Sansac, it will marry in 1749 Jean-François, duke of Narbonne-Lara. It is the mother of:

Philippe, duke of Narbonne-Lara (1750-1834) who marries in 1771 Antoinette Francoise Claudine of the Rock-Aymon, and of
Louis, Count de Narbonne-Lara (1755-1813) which will marry in 1782 Marie Adélaïde de Montholon, of which posterity.

Marguerite-Catherine Haynault (1736-1823), girl of Jean-Baptiste Haynault, contractor of tobacco it marries in 1766 Blaise d' Arod, Marquis de Montmélas. It is the mother of:

Agnes Louise de Montreuil (1760-1837), which will marry in 1788 Gaspar d' Arod (1747-1815), Count de Montmélas, of which posterity, and of
Anne Louise of Réale (1763-1831) which will marry in 1780 the Count de Geslin (1753-96).

Lucie-Madeleine d' Estaing (1743-1826), natural sister of the admiral d' Estaing, it will marry in 1768 Francois, Count de Boysseulh. It is the mother of:

Agnes Lucie Auguste (1761-1822) which will marry in 1777 Charles, Vicomte of Boysseulh (1753-1808), and of
Aphrodite Lucie Auguste (1763-1819) which will marry in 1784 Louis Jules, Count de Boysseulh (1758-1792).

Anne Couppier de Romans, baroness of Meilly-Coulonge (1737-1808) Baroness of Meilly-Coulonge, it is the girl of a middle-class man, Jean Joseph Roman To copy. She maintains a connection with the king 1754 to 1765, and will marry in 1772 Gabriel Guillaume de Siran, Marquis de Cavanac. They is the mother of:

Louis Aimé of Bourbon (1762-1787), known as the abbot of Bourbon the only bastard child that Louis XV will legitimate in 1762.

Louise-Jeanne Tiercelin of Colleterie (1746-1779) known as Mrs. de Bonneval. She is the mother of:

Benoit Louis the Duke (1764-1837), abbot.

Irene of the Bush of Longpré (deceased in 1767), girl of Jacques of the Bush, lord of Longpré, it will marry in 1747 Charles François Filleul, adviser of the king. It is the mother of:

Julie Godson (1751-1822), which will marry 1°) Abel François Poisson in 1767, Marquis de Vandières, of Marigny, Ménars, etc, brother of Madam de Pompadour; 2°) François of Cropte Marquis de Bourzac in 1783 which she will divorce in 1793.

Catherine Éléonore Bénard (1740-1769), girl of Pierre Bénard, rider of the mouth of the king. She marries in 1768 Joseph Starot of Saint-Germain, farmer general who will be guillotine in 1794. She is the mother of:

Adelaide of Saint-Germain , Countess of Montalivet (1769-1850) which will marry in 1797 Jean-Pierre Bachasson, Count de Montalivet (1766-1823), of which posterity.

Marie Therese Francoise Boisselet (1731-1800), which marries in 1771 Louis-Claude Cadet by Gassicourt. It is the mother of:

Charles Louis Junior by Gassicourt (1769-1821), which marries in 1789 Madeleine Félicité Donkey (1775-1830), of which posterity.

Louis XV thus counted in only thirteen hybrid children (it is undoubtedly more than 13 illegitimate children) because the number of connections of Louis XV is the first of the difficulties against which one runs up. the royal birth is certain only for 8 children (3 boys and 5 girls). It should be noted that Madam de Pompadour always made miscarriages, and that the births of natural children ceased after the death of this one.

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