See also: Effect (homonymy)

General information

An effect is an element which results from a Cause.
The element can be of two natures: material or immaterial.

Material effects

For the material effects, the examples come from physics:

• reactions Reversible S: for example, of the transport of mass.
• reaction irreversible: for example, diffusion of heat.

Immaterial effects

For the immaterial effects, the examples are of nature very different:

• side effects, for example for the appearance of not-desired symptoms following the catch of a drug;
• socio-economic effects: the popular speech will speak besides more (but in an unsuitable way) of impact, rather than of effect;
• the special Effects: strongly used in films of Science fiction, it are likely to skew part of reality with an aim of impressing.

Material and immaterial effects

With horse between these two categories, we find the Doppler effect, which is related to the propagation of a sound wave, following molecular movements. It acts by nature of a material effect (resulting from physics), but which is a felt effect, therefore immaterial, by the human ear.

Study of the effects

It is in the nature even of the man to include/understand the effects to know the causes of them. Thus, while influencing the causes, it will be able to act on the effects and to obtain a result attendu.
In physics as in chemistry, the study of the effects is besides a precondition to the comprehension of the phenomena:

• of the study of Isaac Newton to formulate the law of the Gravitation at the 17th century,
• with the nuclear tests of the 20th century to include/understand the physics of the nuclear energy,
• while passing by Antoine Lavoisier at the 18th century, father of modern chemistry,
• or by Henri Becquerel discovering by accident the Radioactivity.

In the industrial processes, the analysis of the effects is a continuous source of amélioration.
Methods were developed besides to analyze the effects and Trier:

• AMDEC : Analyzes Modes of Failures, Effects and of their Criticalities,
• the diagram of Ishikawa: it makes it possible to go back to the causes of an effect.

This study of the effects and the causes uses each Experience feedback (REX) to enrich knowledge and to avoid the vexations (breakdown, stop, accident).

Effects of the economic theory

• Effect of mode or bandwangon effect, emphasized by the Liebenstein economist in 1950. The consumption of a good increases when the individuals know that he is asked by a great number of people

Leibenstein, H. 1950. Bandwagon, snob, and Veblen effects in the theory off to consume' S demand. Quarterly Newspaper off Economics 64:183 - 207.

• Veblen Effect or effect of snobbery: The rise in the price of the good makes it less accessible more desirable because: it becomes more a source of distinction.

• Effect of network (Jeffrey Rohlfs, Katz and Shapiro in 1985): the utility to consume the good or the service increases with the number of participants in the network.

Rohlfs Jeffrey, 1974, have Theory Interdependent Demand for off has Communications Service, The Bell Newspaper off Economics and Management Science, vol. 5, No 1 (Spring, 1974), pp. 16-37

Liebowitz, S.J. and Margolis, S.E. 1990. The fable off the keys. Newspaper off Law and Economics 33:1 - 26.

Katz Mr. L. and Shapiro C. 1985. Network externalities, competition, and compatibility. American Economic Review 75:424 - 440.

• Effect of club (James Mr. Buchanan): the cost of consumption of the collective good falls with the number of member to the club

• Effect Giffen

• EFFECT OF PAWL or TOOTHED RACK (J.S. Duesenberry)

• Demonstration effect (J.S. Duesenberry)

• Effect Balassa-Samuelson

The variations of foreign exchange rate are (partly) the result of the inflation gaps which exist between the countries which use each one their currency.

• EFFECT Of AUBAINE

• EFFECT OF INFLECTION

• EFFECT Of BOX REAL (Arthur Cecil Pigou)

When the prices drop, the actual value (purchasing power) of box monetary households increases. To restore it on its old level, the households must reduce their saving, which increases consumption. When the price level increases, the value of box held (easily convertible tickets and money Supply) decreases. That causes a reaction of the agents to maintain intact the actual value of their box real. That results in an increase in the saving and a fall of consumption. This fall of consumption generates a bearish tendency on the economic activity

• EFFECT OF CARRYFORWARD (or Spillover effect)

• EFFECT Of OUSTING (Milton Friedman, Robert Barro)

• Action leverage

• EFFECT HICKS

If the households anticipate a fall of the prices, they reduce their immediate consumption to defer it when the prices drop.

• EFFECT OF THRESHOLD

• EFFECT OF SURPRISED (Robert Lucas)

List effects

• Effect drunk
• Effect Johnson
• Effect Purkinje
• special Effect
• Effect Steinzor

Effects in physical sciences

Random links:

Shri RAM Chandra Mission | Route main road 505 | Reconstructionnism | Dynasty of drogmans Pisani | Formation of Grosmont