Edirne

Edirne (formerly Turkey-red cotton , of the Greek Αδριανουπολη ) is the prefecture of the province of the same name, bordering on the Bulgaria and the Greece. The city counts approximately 100 000 inhabitants. It is crossed by the Maritza ( Turkish Meriç in ). Its inhabitant S is the Andrinopolitains .

History

It was founded in 125 by the Roman Emperor Hadrian (from where his Roman name Adrianopolis ) on the site of a named older agglomeration Orestias . The city is the seat of old évêché.

There were several battles of Turkey-red cotton:

in one Constantin demolished Licinius, into 323;
in the other, famous the Battle of Turkey-red cotton of 378 where the Roman army, ordered by the Roman Emperor Valens and certain Germanic tribes, mainly of the Visigoths (Goths Thervingues), and of the Ostrogoths (Goths Greuthungues), ordered by Fritigern.
on April 14th, 1205 it was the theater of another historical battle between the Bulgarian ones and the army of the Latin emperor of Constantinople Baudouin de Flandres, which was made there prisoner. Geoffroi de Villehardouin, Champagne seneshal and chronicler of the 4ère crusade, showed its talents of strategist there by saving the cross army of the rout.

Because Edirne, because of its situation of point of passage, often changed conquerors: Goth S, Bulgarian S, cross and Sultan S Othoman S. The latter made some, with Murad I {{er}}, their capital in 1361. Edirne remained the Othoman capital until the Prise of Constantinople in 1453, where the Othoman transported their capital.

In this city that Sabbataï Tsevi was challenged and judged by the Sultan Mehmet IV in September 1666. To escape an unquestionable death sentence, he embraced Islam, an event which marked the beginning of the movement of the sabbatéens.

The Russians and the Turks signed in Andrinople in 1829 a treaty by which the Turks yielded to the Russia the mouths of the the Danube, granted to him free navigation in the Black Sea, recognized the independence of the Greeks, and fixed the fate of the Valachie, the Moldavie and the Serbia.

The founder of the Bahaïsme, Mirza Husayn Ali Nuri lived four years with Edirne between 1864 and 1868. The house which it occupied (known under the name of Beyaz Ev , literally: the White House) is a high place of pilgrimage bahai.

The Large Synagog of Edirne, built between 1903 - 1907 and which is a copy of the synagog of Vienna, is the largest synagog of Balkans.

After the first war of Balkans (October 1912 - May 1913), Edirne became a Bulgarian possession, but after the second war of Balkans (June-July 1913) it became again Turkish.

In 1918, the Turkey was side of overcome First World War. The Traité of Sevres (August 10th 1920) yielded Edirne to the Greece, then Edirne was restored in Turkey by the Traité of Lausanne (July 24th 1923).

Monuments

the mosque of Selim (Selimiye Camii) was built by the architect Sinan with more than 80 years between 1568 and 1574 under the reign of the Othoman Sultan Selim II. He had finally managed to take up the challenge which the cupola of Holy-Sophie in Istanbul had always posed to him: to make a cupola even broader. Its dome makes two meters more in diameter, but Holy-Sophie keeps nearly one millenium in advance. This mosque is undoubtedly one of the masterpieces of Othoman art.
the Mosque with the three balconies (CPU Şerefeli Cami) built between 1443 and 1447 under the reign of Murad II. Its plan is that which Sinan will include in its own constructions.
the Old Mosque (Eski Cami) which is the oldest Othoman monument of the city, started under Suleyman (brother and rival of Mehmed I {{er}} Çelebi) in 1403 and finished by Mehmed Ier in 1414.
the Mosque of Murad (Muradiye Camii) built during the reign of Murad II (1421 - 1451).
the Mosque of Bayezid I {{er}} (Yıldırım Bayezid Camii) . It is a Byzantine church on a cruciform level transform in mosque in 1400. The axis of the building does not correspond with the direction of Mecque (Qibla)
the Complexe of Bayezid II (Bayezit Külliyesi) is an architectural unit including/understanding a mosque, a school of theology (medrese) , a medical school, a psychiatric hospital (darüşşifa) , an inn for the pilgrims (imaret) , a bath (hamam) , kitchens. The psychiatric hospital was an innovation which will appear only much later in Western Europe.
Several museums.

Red of Turkey-red cotton

In the field of the color and dyeings there exists a Rouge which is called the red of Turkey-red cotton.

It is a compound of chromate of lead lead and oxide: a toxic pigment in advanced process of elimination. Its current composition is exactly the same one as the version of the late orange chromium yellow. In fact, the term of " rouge" of Turkey-red cotton corresponds to an old linguistic gap. Today, it would be rather classified among the orange ones. It contained éosine (like the above mentioned chromium yellow).

Its manufactoring process - a little special - was a major commercial secret which was bored during the Middle Ages. Rancid greases, animal oil, urine and excrements, bloods: manufacture was particularly repugnant. This color was used initially for the dyeing.

Photographs

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