The economic development refers to the whole of the positive changes (technical, Démographique S, Social be, medical…) what can know a zone Géographique (world, Continent, Pays, area.).

It should not be confused with simple the Economic growth. This one is usually necessary or consecutive with the development but it is only one aspect. There exist even zones in growth by simple inertia of tendency or under the effect of artificial doping agents of types known as " keynésiens ", without to know the transformations of structure and the " creative Destruction " clean with the development, which ensures its perenniality. That can lead to an exhaustion within the competences of the growth. One can then find the phenomenon of life cycle (of emergence to the expansion then with the levelling off and finally with the decline) studied in marketing.

Economic development requiring in particular creation of richnesses, one associates economic development and “progress”, since it involves, generally, a progression of the Standard of living of the inhabitants. One speaks then about improvement of the social wellbeing (with the economic direction). The economic and social parameters to the measure of the development are indicated in the article “Developing country”.

History

August 1st

January 20th, 1949, in item IV of sound Speech on the state of the Union, the president states-unien Harry Truman uses for the first time the term of development to justify the assistance with the " underdeveloped Countries " within the framework of the fight against Communism and the Truman doctrine. It declared there be up to the capitalist countries of North, qualified " country développés" , to diffuse their technologies and assistance with the qualified countries of " under-développés" , so that they approach the Western model of company developed.

Point IV of the speech of nomination of January 29th, 1949:

“Fourthly, we should launch a new program which is daring and which put the advantages of our scientific advance and our industrial progress at the service of the improvement and the growth of the underdeveloped areas. More half of people of this world live under conditions close to misery. Their food is unsatisfactory. They are victims of diseases. Their economic life is primitive and stationary. Their poverty constitutes a handicap and a threat, both for them the most prosperous areas. For the first time of the history, humanity holds the technical and practical training likely to relieve the suffering of these people.

The United States occupies among the nations a preeminent place as for the development of the industrial techniques and scientists. The material resources that we can allow to use for the assistance to other people are limited. But our technical training resources - which, physically, do not weigh anything - do not cease growing and are inexhaustible.

I believe that we should place at the disposal of the peaceful people the advantages of our reserve of technical training in order to help them to carry out the better life to which they aspire. And, in collaboration with other nations, should encourage to us the investment of capital in the areas where the development is lacking.

Our goal should be to help the free people of the world to produce, by their own efforts, more food, more clothing, more construction materials, more mechanical energy in order to reduce their burdens.

We invite the other countries to share their technological resources in this operation. Their contributions will be accommodated cordially. That must constitute a collective company in which all the nations collaborate through the United Nations and its specialized institutions in so far as that is realizable. It must be a question of a world effort to ensure the existence of peace, abundance and freedom.

With the collaboration of the mediums of businesses, private capital, agriculture and work world of this country, this program will be able to largely increase the industrial activity of the other nations and to raise their standard of living substantially. These new economic developments will have to be conceived and controlled in order to benefit the populations from the areas in which they will be implemented. The guarantees granted to the investor will have to be balanced by guarantees protecting the interests from those whose resources and work will be committed in these developments.

The old imperialism - exploitation with the service of the foreign profit - has nothing to do with our intentions. What we consider, it is a development program based on the concepts of an equitable and democratic negotiation. All the countries, including ours, will benefit largely from a constructive program which will make it possible to better use human and natural resources world. The experiment shows that our trade with the other countries increases their industrial and economic progress progressively.

A larger production is the key of prosperity and peace. And the key of a greater production, it is an implementation broader and more vigorous of the scientific knowledge and modern technology.

It is only by helping its most underprivileged members to help themselves that the human family will be able to carry out the decent life and satisfactory to which each one with right.

Only the democracy can provide the vivifying force which will make it possible to triumph not only over their oppressors but also over their enemies of always: hunger, misery and despair.

It is on the basis of these four principal series of measures that we hope to contribute to create the conditions which, finally, will lead all humanity to freedom and happiness personnel”.

Indicators

• GDP
• GNP

Total indicators of development

• IDH
• BIP40
• IPH

Economic indicators

On the level of the single economic aspect, an important indicator and largely recognized is the GDP which is a sum of the added-values on a territory. Its figuring, which arises from the National accounting, is however delicate. How for example to quantify the use of the noncommercial services and goods public. Their cost and economic utility are drowned in the public budgets by absence of invoicing, which hardly makes it possible to know if they bring more richnesses than it consume some, if there are added-value or cut off value.

In addition, the GDP contains only flows (production/consumption). The economists and statisticians hardly manage to measure, nor to even estimate the evolution of the Patrimoine public and private. With stronger reason, some Externalité S positive or negative are badly measurable. For example, how to quantify the negative external effect of a pollution like the powerful nitrate fertilizer of the liquid manure (for example of pig) poured in the rivers bringing to an eutrophication, without same speech of the wasting of an invaluable resource not or not easily renewable? On the same plan, how to measure the positive effect of the catalytic pots or a fluxing of the road traffic, even the “disindustrialization” of the heavy sectors in favor of the services and high technologies.

Means of the development

The means of development are differentiated according to the countries. They depend on the preexistent structures and the Culture divided by the population.

In the countries of north, the means of the most widespread development is to carry out legal and institutional adaptations encouraging the Innovation, in particular thanks to the Recherche), the Investissement, the education, the increase in Legal security.

The role of the State is to create the conditions of the increase in competences, so that develops an effective system of Production and Distribution of goods and services. This is obtained by the improvement of the legal environment: Legal security, adaptation of the Law S.

Current ways of the development

Nowadays the ways of the development must take account of the evolution towards the post-industrial economy. Even the emergent countries hold account that their development cannot be based durably on the use of their layer of manual work at low cost, but must be also directed worms of more sophisticated activities and including more " savoirs" and of innovation.

A critic of the development

The term “ development ” can just as easily indicate,

• from a closed point of view, the maturity of an entity, i.e. its state compared in a state of reference (See Développement),
• from an opened point of view, its evolution by increasing addition of new characters. (See emergence)

For some holding of the first approach, the problem when one speaks about development in economy would be of knowing which would be this state of reference . For them, any document of economic guideline using the term of development should define the ideal to which it refers.

Random links:

(36) Atalante | First Impressions | François Duprat (politician) | Oceanic park Cousteau | Margaretha of Luxembourg