Duchy of Normandy
The duchy of Normandy forms part, like the Aquitaine, the Flanders or the Catalogne, of these principalities which emergent in the middle of the Moyen-âge, following the weakening of the royal capacity. In 911, overflowed by the raids of the Viking S, the king of the Francs Charles Simple the entrusts to the one their chiefs, Rollon, the countries around the Basse-Seine. This concession is the embryo of the duchy of Normandy. The Viking S set up a solid, powerful and prosperous State which reaches its apogee when in 1066 the duke William the Conqueror seizes the Royaume of England. During nearly 150 years, Normandy and England have dependant destiny. After the middle of the 12th century and the installation of the Plantagenêt S with the head of the Anglo-Norman kingdom, the duchy does not have any more the radiation of formerly on the political plan. Despite everything, it does not cease causing the covetousness of the French sovereigns. In 1204, the king of France Philippe Auguste conquers Normandy which joined the crown thus. The duchy lives then in the shade of the kingdom capétien.
Creation of the duchy ()
The Treated Saint-Clearly-on-Epte in 911 mark birth of the duchy of Normandy. Exceeded by the raids Vikings which razzient his kingdom, the king of the Francs, Charles Simple the, decides to negotiate with a Scandinavian chief of the name of Rollon. An agreement between the two men is thus concluded with Saint-Clearly-on-Epte. Rollon receives the adjoining countries of the Basse-Seine with load for him to defend them in the name of the king. We do not know exactly the extension of this territory. In any case, it will be at the base of Normandy, étymologiquement the " Country of the Men of North " in Old norrois.The king of the Francs, Raoul, increases the concession made to the count Rollon. In 924, it grants central Normandy to him (Bessin, Pays of Trough and Hiémois?). Last nine years later in 933, this same king gives up with the son of Rollon, Guillaume Long Sword, the Cotentin and the Avranchin conceded formerly with the Breton ones. On this date, the duchy of Normandy recovers about the ecclesiastical province of Rouen, in other words the near total of the area of today. But it is not sure that its chief dominated indeed all this territory. Until the reign of Richard I {{er}} (942-996), the Western half seems to escape the authority from the Norman counts installed in Rouen.
The Norman ones settle in the duration (911-1035)
The history of the first counts de Normandie remains rather badly known. Our independent source is the panegyrical work of a canon, Dudon of Saint-Quentin.The task first of the counts (become dukes about 1010) consists in settling in the duration in Normandy. Whereas elsewhere the Viking S must ebb vis-a-vis the resumption in hand of the kings, the Norman ones are maintained with the capacity and build a solid State. Rollon and its successors controls like truths princes and not like plunderers. They affirm their authority. Peace and safety return in the area. Consequently, the bishops turn over in their episcopal city and the monks in the abbeys. The interior revolts, the invasions of the powerful neighbors (the Count de Flandre, the Count de Blois), the minorities of the princes (Richard I {{er}} then Richard II) miss involving the disappearance of the Normandy young person. However, the counts of Rouen manage to leave themselves there not without sometimes resorting to the military aid of the Viking S of Scandinavia!
William the Conqueror, of bastard of Normandy with king d' Angleterre (1035-1087)
By its exceptional destiny, William the Conqueror is undoubtedly the duke of Normandy which remains more in the memories. However, its beginnings are complicated. It finds duke as of the 7 years age, following the death of his father, Robert Splendid the. Benefitting from the youth of the heir, many Norman barons are released from the ducal supervision and carry out their own war. Normandy covers Château X, often of simple mounds or enclosures of ground. The Guillaume young person is the impotent spectator of this anarchy. The assassination of some members of its entourage encourages it to be held initially quiet.Guillaume decides to react when a plot of barons aims to assassinate it in his turn. He is almost 20 years old. Guillaume gathers his faithful then, obtains the military aid of king de France Henri Ier to subdue the rebels. Valley-be-Dunes, in the south-east of Caen, is the meeting place between the latter and the ducal army. Guillaume gains his first victory here. We are in 1047. As from this moment, the duke takes again in hand his duchy. He reconquers or cuts down the Château X raised by the barons during his minority. He continues the last infidels who refuse to recognize it for duke.
The king, Henri I {{er}} of France, noting the success of his neighbor, changes his/her colors. By twice, it invades Normandy, helped of the Count d' Anjou, but his dark army with Mortemer then in the Divine marshes. Winner, Guillaume passes to the offensive. He annexes Passed it (the area of Domfront in the Orne), intervenes in the businesses of Brittany and installs his son Robert Courteheuse like count of the Maine (1063). But the most known work and most considerable of William the Conqueror, it is the Conquête of England in 1066.
The Tapisserie of Bayeux tells us the stages of this success. The king d' Angleterre, Edouard the Confessor, dies in 1064. The chief of the Anglo-Saxon aristocracy, Harold, succeeds to him. However, according to the Tapestry, fire king would have regarded Guillaume as his heir. The duke of Normandy estimates himself floué and dares an unloading in the south of England to recover his good. Harold comes to its meeting to Hastings but loses the battle and dies. The road of London is open. December 25th, 1066, William the Conqueror receives the crown of England. The power of the duke changes dimension then. Normandy is not any more one simple regional power, it is installed for one century and half on the international chess-board.
Faces and landscapes of Normandy of the S
Several signs attest richness of the duchy. It is initially one of the most populated French areas. The historian Lucien Musset estimated the population, in 1184, with 700.000-800 000 inhabitants (against more than three million today). Such a number allows and requires an intensive development of the grounds. Above all, the Norman ones are thus peasants. The Norman plates are covered with cereal cultures (wheat, oats, barley). On the other hand, the cider-producing production and the bovine breeding are still far from being regional specialities. The technical level of the campaigns is rather advanced with the use of an improved plow, the appearance of the harrow and Windmill. But how much Norman peasants profit from this equipment?More than one boom, concept quite relative to the the Middle Ages, the S must be seen like a time of growth. Besides this movement does not have anything original good at that time in the Christian Occident. Sign dynamism, the population does not cease growing. thus should be cleared forests and moors to open new farmlands. Villages and hamlets (of which the name often finishes in - ery or in - ière joined with the patronym of their owner) are born in the middle of clearing or with orée from wood. The lords build water mills near the rivers and thus increase the productivity of their field.
The cities form a very minority world compared to this rural world. However Normandy has a very populated capital: Rouen (perhaps 40.000 inhabitants). The city benefits from its position on one of the paramount axes of the French trade: the the Seine. Merchants and craftsmen grow rich and emergent little by little by the urban company. They assert soon a place in the management of the city.
The other towns of ancient origin (Lisieux, Sées, Bayeux, Évreux) are also raised after the raids Vikings. Recovering the surplus of the rural population, they leave their old Roman enclosure. This first urban network is supplemented by the multiplication of boroughs in shift. These new places of settlement are created on the initiative of laic or ecclesiastical lords around a market, of a bridge or a monastery. Most are established near a castle which will guarantee to the future inhabitants a refuge in time of war. Thus emergent Saint-Lo, Fécamp, Valognes, Cherbourg, Dieppe, Falaise, Alençon, Argentan… Some of these boroughs experience such a development that they catch up with the old cities. Caen represents the best success. Equipped with a castle and two abbeys per William the Conqueror, she knows such a population growth and such a dynamism that she becomes the second capital of Normandy.
The cultural radiation of Normandy east to the measurement of the power of the duchy. The Norman monasteries, restored in their land richness, become again of the intellectual hearths. The abbey of the Nozzle exemption a famous teaching while Mount-Saint-Michel, leave splendid enluminés manuscripts. Although the Viking S did not have a tradition of builders, the Norman ones build beautiful religious buildings: the two abbeys of Caen, those of Bernay, Cerisy-the-Forest, Boscherville and Jumièges but also the parish churches of Quillebeuf, Thaon or Ouistreham are as many successes of the Romanesque art in Normandy. A sufficiently remarkable art so that it is exported in England after 1066. The conquest of the Sicily and the south of the Italy by knights of the Cotentin widens the radiation of civilization Norman until in the Mediterranean.
In second half of the 12th century, Normandy loses of its glare compared to the close areas. The court of England, animated by the queen Aliénor of Aquitaine, occults the court Norman while the Ile-de-France sees the blossoming of the first Gothic churches .
English Normandy or England Norman (1087-1135)?
Under the reign of William the Conqueror, Normandy is with the Flanders the principality best held and best managed France. On his bed of death, approximately the 60 years old Conqueror, arranges his difficult succession. He has three wire: the elder one, Robert Courteheuse collects the duchy, the second, William Rufus, receives the crown of England and the last, Henri, recovers only one amount of money.At once the dead Conqueror (1087), anarchy includes in the duchy as at the time of the minority of the late one. The new duke, the spendthrift Robert Courteheuse, does not have the same authority as his father. He lets the barons fight between them and raise castles without his authorization. The disorder is accentuated by the competition between the three brothers. The situation is clarified in 1100 when the king of England William Rufus finds death accidentally. Henri, the junior, obtains English aristocracy the vacant throne. He does not hope to remain about it there. In 1105, it unloads in Normandy and beats in 1106 his Robert older brother with Tinchebray. Henri seizes the ducal crown then. The Anglo-Norman union is thus reconstituted but this time, starting from England. With this new duke-king, Normandy takes again his rise stopped by twenty years of disorders.
Like his/her William the Conqueror father, Henri I {{er}} of England (called Henri Beauclerc for its culture) is a large duke-king, wise, crafty one and energetic. For certain historians, his reign corresponds to the apogee of the duchy of Normandy. One will retain among the blows of glare of the son of the Conqueror:
- the final setting with bottom of the Seigniory of Bellême (Orne) of which holders, owners of forty castles, narguaient the capacity of the duke of Normandy since the end of the 10th century
- the Bataille of Brémule, a victory moreover against the king of France Louis VI.
Normandy of Plantagenêts (1135-1204)
Unfortunately, the unexpected death of the duke-king in 1135 brings back the demon of the quarrels of succession because the designated heiress is a woman, Mathilde, the girl of Henri the Ist Anglo-Norman kingdom bursts. Mathilde, married with the Count d' Anjou Geoffroi V of Anjou known as '' Plantagenêt '', does not manage to dominate the duchy of Normandy while his/her cousin, Etienne of Blois, blows the crown of England to him. The Norman barons benefit from the conflict between these two applicants to take again their independence. The anarchy lasts until in 1144.On this date, Geoffroi V of Anjou succeeds in being essential like duke of Normandy. In 1150, it yields its duchy to his son Henri, much more popular, because it goes down by his mother Mathilde from Henri Ier Beauclerc. In 1151, in addition to the duchy, the son of Geoffroi and Mathilde inherits the counties of Touraine, the Maine and Anjou.
Its rise does not stop there: one year later, the new duke marries the heiress of the Duché of Aquitaine, Aliénor. He thus has the hand on French south-west. Then, the untiring duke Henri unloads in England and pushes the king Etienne of Blois to a agreement: this last adopts it and makes the heir to the crown to it. Henri II replaces it indeed with its death in 1154. It does not have whereas 21 years.
The king of France Louis VII (1137-1180) which with pleasure saw surbedding the Anglo-Norman kingdom after the death of Henri Ier realizes that a gigantic enemy rises opposite him. Not only, the Anglo-Norman unit is remade as at the time of Henri Ier but this time, the continental possessions are not limited to Normandy. They go to the Pyrenees! In 1156, Plantagenêt pays homage to king de France for his continental strongholds. This gesture does not have anything constraining for Henri II. It knows that he keeps under control only his State. Louis VII of France is indeed unable to hustle the extraordinary power of that which the contemporaries describe as " larger monarch of Occident ".
Let us moderate all the same the power of Henri II. With immense territory, problems and many theater of operation. With the south, offensive against the Count de Toulouse, with the west, installation of one of wire of Henri II, Geoffroy, like duke of Brittany; with north, combat against the Scot and the Irish; inside, quarrels with the English Church seeking a certain independence with respect to the king.
And Normandy in this unit? She unquestionably plays the part of pivot of vast the Empire Plantagenêt. It is the place of required passage for the king crossing the English Channel, the connection between the two parts of its Empire. Normandy, it is finally the stake of the combat between Plantagenêts and the king of France. Louis VII cannot be solved to see its encircled royal field, the ways of the Seine and the Loire controlled by its enemy. The king of France then exploits all the possibilities which could weaken Henri II. Louis VII of France, then his/her son Philippe Auguste (1180-1223), pokes in particular the competition between Henri II and his sons. This competition is transformed into revolt in 1173 but the duke-king finally comes from to force with peace his descent.
In 1189, a new sling of wire of Henri II at a rate of the old king. Two days before its death, it yields its crown (its crowns, should say to us) to his oldest son Richard, combined Philippe Auguste. But their common enemy death, this alliance does not have any more a raison d'être.
The conquest of the duchy by the king of France (1194-1204)
The confrontation between the king of France Philippe Auguste and new king d' Angleterre Richard (called Lion-hearted) starts in 1194. Normandy is the principal theater of confrontation. If the battle field often gives reason to Richard (victories of the Courcelles-on-Seine and Fréteval), Philippe Auguste appears particularly skilful in the negotiations and the intrigues. Result, the French succeeds in obtaining at the time of peace treaties some fortified towns Normans: Gisors, Pacy-sur-Eure, Vernon, Gaillon, Ivry, Nonancourt. The line of defense on the Eure, the Avre and the Epte, built and reinforced gradually by the dukes of Normandy, is started. To compensate for these losses, Richard sets up close to the Andelys a fortress which takes again the last military improvements of the East: Castle-Strapping man only leaves ground in one year (1196-1197).The accidental death of Richard Lion-hearted in 1199 upsets this statu-quo. Its successor, his younger brother, Jean without Ground (called thus because his/her father forever who been able to give him grounds in heritage) does not have the stature with the clean direction as with the illustrated direction of Richard: it is weak, little attached to achieve the duties of its load. Philippe Auguste can benefit from it. The French Army enters to Normandy in 1202. Castle-Strapping man fall at the end of six months from seat. Rouen capitulates on June 24th, 1204. In two years only, the duchy is conquered.
How to explain this collapse? It seems that the Norman ones did not support of all their heart the Plantagenêt S. Peut-être because the latter preserved less fasteners with Normandy than the first dukes. Let us add also the lassitude of Norman vis-a-vis the war and its consequences (increase in the taxes, commercial rupture with Paris). The facility of the conquest also must with the existence of a francophile party among the Norman barons.
Normandy of Plantagenêts leaves room to Normandy of Capétiens.
Some problems
The duchy of Normandy, a State Viking?
Since the 19th century, several Norman historians rained themselves to praise the origin Viking of the area. This recurring reference with the Scandinavian people was used as support with the construction of a somewhat weakened identity Norman. But the mark of the Vikings was it so important on the duchy?.In first half of the 11th century, Normandy offers the image of a francized country. The print Viking appears limited altogether enough. Some practical testify to a survival of the origins. The duke Richard II has two wives: Judith married according to the Christian rite and Papia, married with the Danish mode ( More danico ). He does not hesitate to even accommodate in Rouen, a fleet of plunderers Viking S.
In the institutional field, the new chiefs of Normandy grind their State on the Carolingian organization. They autoproclament count, sometimes marquis or duke. As many titulatures of Roman or franque origin. The duke has regalities, in the line of the Carolingian kings: right of coinage, right of high justice, right on the forests… The old Scandinavian right remains only through elements like the ullac (right of banishment) or the will hamfara (repression of the attacks with weapons against the houses).
The matrimonial alliances contracted by the dukes with and 11th centuries reinforce the thesis of a cut with the medium of origin. The Masters of Normandy do not marry the girls or the sisters of the Danish or Norwegian kings. They prefer to take woman (at least those married according to the Christian rite) near their neighbors: Brittany, France, Flanders.
Which best proof of acculturation than the loss of the source language, the Norrois? Latin in the written acts and the local speech carry it. Only the marine and maritime vocabulary borrows much from the Viking S.
From the material point of view, the Scandinavian invasion gives the impression almost not to have hustled anything: the archeologists in vain seek the traces of an art Viking; even on the level of the types of ceramics or the produced objects. The dedications of parishes remain the same ones. One does not know an example of desertion from village at this time. In short, there is a continuity with the Carolingian Neustrie.
How to explain this Francization? The Christianization, condition included in the Treated Saint-Clearly-on-Epte, is surely not foreign with this phenomenon. She played an undeniable integrating part when it is known that to the Middle Ages the gasoline of the culture, civilization in Western Europe is due much to Christianity. The low number of Scandinavian immigrants in Normandy can form a second explanation. But it is an assumption because we do not have a population estimate. Certain areas Normans (Country of Caux, Roumois, North of the Cotentin) posts a strong density of toponyms of Scandinavian origin: the communes whose name finishes in - beuf (derivative of the Scandinavian word buth ) or in - early (derivative of the Scandinavian word topt ) there are particularly numerous. This abundance could let accept a colonization dense Viking. Still should it be wondered whether these place names do not indicate simply villages autochtones that their new Vikings chiefs decided to rename.
The opening of the duchy to influences other than Scandinavian does not leave a doubt. The religious elite belongs outside. At the time invasions Viking S had made almost flee all the monks of Normandy. The first dukes call upon abbots and foreign communities to raise the abandoned Normans abbeys. Richard II succeeds in accommodating in his State the Italian Guillaume de Volpiano, abbot of Saint-Benign of Dijon, to restore the monastery of Fécamp. As for the laic aristocracy, the external contribution is less obvious. Except exception, like the Tosny, the Bellême or the Family Giroie, the largest aristocrats go down from the companions of Rollon or directly from the duke. On the other hand, on the level subordinate, the origin of the Noblesse Norman is more heteroclite: Brittany, Ile-de-France, Anjou.
All in all, particularism Viking of the duchy quickly seems to disappear. At the beginning of the 11th century, one century after the treaty of Saint-Clearly-on-Epte, Normandy is a francized principality. The Norman glances do not turn any more to the ground of their ancestors.
A model State?
The historian François Neveux presents Normandy like " a true State, where the public authority carries it without question on the private interests ". He proposes the " particularly effective administrative structure " duchy as of the 11th century and " its solid institutions " at the 12th century. This Norman model will be exported in England, following the conquest of 1066, and in a good part of the kingdom of France.At first sight, the conclusion of François Neveux finds several supports indeed. The first dukes manage to recover or preserve the rights of the former Carolingian kings: they are the guards of the Church, they name the bishops and many abbots, they perceive a direct tax, they make reign peace and safety. Whoever attacks a pilgrim, a merchant, a knight going to the ost deals with ducal justice. In short, Rollon and its successors is monarchs without having the title of it. The duke Richard II (996-1026) establishes counts in the border regions and of the Viscounts inside. Revocable, these senior officials exert a power which the duke their delegated.
In 1066, the conquest of the England makes it possible to the dukes to obtain the title of king. It also obliges to improve the administration because the new Anglo-Norman sovereigns can with difficulty hold their State shared by the Manche. Permanent institutions are born. Henri I {{er}} of England created the office of dispenser of justice, this one being charged to manage Normandy when the king is on the island. Itinerant dispensers of justice are set up under this same reign. Their role points out that of the Missi dominici of Charlemagne. The ducal treasure is installed permanently in the Château of Caen. In this place, at the century the Chess-board is held which ensures control of expense as a room of the Accounts.
In 1154, the duke of Normandy, Henri II Plantagenêt, becomes king d' Angleterre whereas he was already count d' Anjou and duke of Aquitaine. Normandy is found included in a vast State extending from the Scotland to the the Pyrenees. Drowned in this together, the duchy does not lose any therefore any influence. The institutions Normans are used as examples and the Habit of Normandy of reference in the great State Plantagenêt. Even the king of France takes as a starting point the Norman model by in particular taking up the idea of installation of Baillif S as local administrators.
If the administration of Normandy is used as model, it should however be conceded that itself finds inspiration elsewhere. Let us note for example that the development of the Chess-board must much with the example of the Comté of Flanders. As for the itinerant dispensers of justice, the duke Henri I {{er}} Beauclerc took again an English institution here.
The image of powerful Normandy, managed well and directed deserves still more nuance. Normandy plunges regularly in several years of anarchy. The cause: the ducal successions, which occur generally badly, either because the heir is too young, or because it is disputed. So much so that historian A. Debord notes that the crisis periods of the ducal authority represent, in Normandy of the 11th century, almost as much of time than its periods of insurance. The minority of William the Conqueror (1035-1047) is an example of these difficult periods.
The weakening of the ducal capacity benefits the barons, in particular those installed on the margins, like it Pierre Bauduin or Gerard Louise analyzed. These lords develop strategies in conformity with their interests and build castles without the authorization of the duke. The current number of mounds surrounded by ditches reveals the importance of the phenomenon. The barons grant the property of the large ducal fortresses whereas they had only the guard of it. With the southernmost periphery, the lords of Bellême are among most independent.
All in all, like the whole of France, Normandy is confronted with the 11th century with the crisis lady of the manor. But this crisis occurs intermittently. The heir to the duchy ends up asserting himself. He subdues the rebellious aristocrats, recovers the confiscated castles and joins again by political marriages of the slack bonds. Ducal peace finds all its significance then.
In second half of the 12th century, there is not almost more crisis. The authority of the duke-kings Henri II Plantagenêt (1154-1189), Richard Lion-hearted (1189-1199) and Jean without Ground (1199-1204) is uncontested. The princes definitively imposed themselves upon the barons.
Between 911 and 1204, the duchy of Normandy thus shows two faces. On a side, that of a State controlled by able and respected dukes. Other, that of a State in prey with anarchy as soon as a duke dies.
1204: end of the duchy of Normandy?
Confiscated (made ) in 1202, the duchy is in the facts conquered by the king of France Philippe Auguste two years later. It enters the royal field. The English sovereigns continue to claim there until the treated of Paris in 1259 but preserve in fact only the Channel Islands like old share of the duchy.Not very trustful in fidelity Norman, the king of France install French administrators in his new possession. The glorious page of the history Norman is turned. The duchy however did not die.
Within the royal field, Normandy preserves a certain specificity. First of all, the Coutume of Normandy is useful always basic for the legal decisions. In 1315, vis-a-vis the constant encroachments of the royal capacity on freedoms Normans, the barons and cities tear off with king de France a text: the Charter with Norman the. This document does not offer autonomy to the province but protects it from arbitrary royal. The judgments of the Chess-board, principal court of justice Norman, are declared without call. What means that Paris will not be able to break a judgment of Rouen. Another considerable concession: the king of France will not be able to raise a new tax without the assent of the Norman ones. It is necessary however to acknowledge that this charter, conceded at one moment when the royal authority bends, will be several times violated thereafter, when the royalty finds its power.
The duchy of Normandy survives especially by the intermittent installation of a duke at his head. Indeed, the king of France entrusts sometimes this portion of his kingdom to a member close to his family. This one lends then homage to the king. Philippe VI placed thus his oldest son, the heir to the throne Jean II, duke of Normandy. In his turn there, Jean II named his son the heir to the throne Charles V which was also known by its title of dolphin.
In 1465, Louis XI is constrained by the Large ones of its kingdom to yield in prerogative the duchy to his/her brother Charles. This concession is a problem for the king of France because Charles is the puppet of his enemies. Normandy is thus likely to be used as a basis for a rebellion against the royal capacity. Louis XI then negotiates with his brother the exchange of Normandy against the Guyenne. Lastly, for meaning well that Normandy will not be yielded any more, the ducal ring is placed on November 9th, 1469 on an anvil and is broken of a blow of mass. It is the final end of the duchy.
However, the dolphin Louis Charles, second wire of Louis XVI, is also known like duke of Normandy before the death of his/her older brother in 1789.
Dukes of Normandy
Whereas its predecessors are described of Jarl the Norman ones or count de Rouen, Richard II of Normandy, which succeeds Richard I {{er}} of Normandy is the first to give the title of duke of Normandy.The duke of Normandy was one of the six even laic primitive.
-
List of the dukes of Normandy
Territorial divisions
Counties
The administration of the duchy rested on counts and Viscounts. The first appear under the principat of Richard II (996 - 1026). Their role consists with the defense of the country (from where the localization of the counties on the borders), with the guard of the ducal castles, the administration of the rights of the duke and in particular perception of the ducal incomes. The counts are named and revocable by the duke; several thus lost their function following a bad management or of a plot (for example Guillaume Guerlenc between 1049 and 1055). Contrary, certain counts succeeded in imposing the heredity of their load on several generations (the counts d' Évreux).-
Comté of Talou, known as later of Arch
- Comté of Aumale, attested only in 1082
- Comté of Avranches (dismembered in Vicomté of Avranches and Comté of Mortain between 1015 and 1050)
- Comté of Brionne (which disappears under William the Conqueror)
- Comté of Have
- Comté of Évreux
- Comté of Hiémois tiny room as a Viscount of Hiémois in the middle of the 11th century
- Comté of Ivry, whose only one count is known, Raoul d' Ivry
- Comté of Mortain
Viscounts
The Viscounts are not always subdivisions of the counties. Certain Viscounts correspond indeed to old displaced counties (Hiémois, Avranchin). The Viscounts have the same functions as the counts. However, unlike the latter, they did not take for them part of the ducal incomes but sent them to the ducal court. If the viscontal load were also revocable, some dynasties were formed (Néel, Vicomte of Cotentin).
-
Vicomté of Arch
- Vicomté of Trough
- Vicomté of Avranches
- Vicomté of Bayeux
- Vicomté of Bonneville-on-Drums
- Vicomté of Caux
- Vicomté of Conteville
- Vicomté of Cotentin
- Vicomté of Cliff Évreux
- Vicomté
- Vicomté of Fécamp
- Vicomté of Gavray
- Vicomté of Hiémois or Exmes
- Vicomté of Lieuvin
- Vicomté of Lillebonne
- Vicomté of Lisieux
- Viscount of Montfort
- Viscount of Mortain
- Viscount of Orbec
- Viscount of Rouen
- Viscount of Vexin
Ecclesiastical divisions
The duchy of Normandy corresponds roughly speaking to the ecclesiastical Province of Rouen, which includes/understands:- the Diocese of Rouen
- the Diocese of Évreux
- the diocese of Lisieux
- the Diocese of Sées
- the diocese of Bayeux
- the Diocese of Avranches
- the Diocese of Coutances
| Random links: | Perdreauville | Nico Robin | Kenny Ortega | Krišjānis Barons | Muleta |