Domestication

A domesticated , animal or vegetable species is a Espèce which acquired morphological characters, physiological or even Comportement with new and the hereditary, resulting from a prolonged interaction, a control even of a selection deliberated on behalf of the human being.

The domestication indicates also the state in which the reproduction, the care and the food of the animals, or cycle it plants are controlled more or less narrowly by the human one. In the language running, the expression pet is often employed in the restricted direction of Pet, and the verb to domesticate like synonym to tame. This last term can apply to an isolated animal while domestication relates to a population or a whole species. A widened meaning of domestication tends to deal with all forms of regular interaction of the mankind with an animal specie; intensive breeding of a species in the past domesticated with the Hunting reasoned of an animal population considered as a resource.

The principal utility of the plants and pets is the food production, like that of other useful products like the Laine, the Coton, or the Soie; the reasons for the practice of a breeding or a culture are however not always strictly utility and include approval, the entertainment or many religious practices.

The domestication of the plants and the animals accompanied the beginnings by the Agriculture and was a crucial factor of human development. If it allowed the Neolithic revolution , these is also a process which is prolonged today.

The process of domestication

Dates and places of domestication

to refer to the table of the dates and hearths by species, low.

Domestications are spread out Neolithic at our days, except for that of the Chien, which preceded by several millenia the breeding of other species and the sedentarisation. The Moyen-âge is one white period from this point of view, no domestication being gone back to this period. Our time, as from the 19th century, is on the other hand rich in new raised species, and one can speak for several of them about domestication.

The dates and hearths of old domestications were estimated by archaeological methods primarily ; it is more especially about Archéozoologie. These methods consist to excavate or exploit the results of excavations of sites of human occupation prehistoric. The animal remainders are dated according to the archaeological methods: one determines the species to which they belong, one also estimates the age in which they died, even the type of animals (of a possibly domestic form) that they represent, and one is based on other indices like the observable traces of demolition or cutting. The stake is to determine if one is in the presence of wild animals or of breeding, and overall the nature of their relations with the human ones. Thus the Squelette of a Chat found near a human tomb indicates that it was probably about a pet. A certain homogeneity of age of the animals which one finds the remainders indicates that it was about a breeding, where one cut down the animals at the optimal age.

The novel methods and in particular the study of DNA mitochondrial make it possible to reappraise the dates of domestication just as the family tree of the current domestic species; this knowledge is thus always in evolution. The line of the Chien in particular would have separated from that of the Loup there is between 100.000 and 150.000 years. It is possible that the ancestor of the dog at that time approached and associated with the human groups which it followed, for the remainders which he could obtain, by having a role of alarm even of auxiliary of hunting. The date of domestication resulting from the archaeological sources would correspond then to a relation become closer and a stronger control of the man.

The process of domestication and the diffusion of the species and techniques of breeding are spread out over long periods and far from being perfectly given. One admits for several species the principle of several distinct hearths of domestication. That does not exclude the crossings which followed and it seems vain to determine a wild ancestor for each Race of a domestic species.

After that of the dog, the first hearth of domestication was the the Middle East, in particular its part which one calls the fertile Croissant. One notices then the East Asia, the Mediterranean basin and the South America. Certain areas of the world did not know any domestication of local species if not very recent like the Australia or the Southern Africa.

The number of domestic species available abruptly increased at the 16th century on both sides of the Atlantique, with what one names the Colombian exchange. The American continent then sheltered five domestic animal species, whose only Chien was known in the Old world. The horses and oxen for example then appeared there while a great number of American domestic plants, news in Europe, Asia and Africa were adopted there.

Scenarios of domestication

Several scenarios were proposed like having led to the domestication of the animal species. The Tradition of adoption of animal babies, even them Allaitement with the center is often given for origin of domestication, since by the phenomenon of impressed, it is easy to obtain this way of the animals familiarized by their early contact with the human ones. However it should be noted that the process of domestication implies the breeding of made lines animals on many generations, which is not the case if recruitment is done permanently by taking away of wild animals. In addition this practice, always currently observed, is characteristic of the people of hunters-gatherers, which precisely, do not have pets. This domestication would thus be integrated into a culture based on hunting and not the breeding, and there would be an opposition between companies apprivoisatrices and domesticatrices . This diagram thus does not appear to be able to be retained directly like means of domestication. However if the cultural factor is undoubtedly essential to explain domestication even the not-domestication of a species, the economic system and cultural of a company is not fixed. The majority of the society baseds on hunting raise dogs, for which this diagram could be an important component of domestication.

It is possible that domestication passed by a phase of Commensalisme between these animals and the man, i.e. a bringing together and a help in the mutual interest. Indeed, this relation is always observed at the Chien bet, and it is supposed that it was a stage of the domestication of the Porc.

Several species were the objects of a tradition of Chasse which evolved to a control of the populations, and a wild management of population become reasoned. This hunting could become selective, aiming for example the oldest animals and the males in excess, and lead to a mode of extensive breeding, then intensified. All these stages are currently practiced in the case of the Renne, in different areas. This process seems to have related to several species, of which the Chèvre S and Mouton S, as well as the small ones camélidés (spangled). The breeding was then intensified and the strong selection led to a great variability of the Race S servants. The behavior of rabbit of breeding probably evolved/moved jointly, because of a selection of less savage animals, this one having been able to be as well intentional as indirect: animals more difficult to recapture not being able to be given to new stockbreeders.

The practices of breeding and selection which one can observe over the historical period can give an idea of those which produced domestication. These are very varied, as well as knowledge and representations which the stockbreeders of heredity and the influence have that they can have on an animal population. Some of them operate a methodical selection within a livestock, others do not conceive the influence which the choice of the reproducers can have on their products, within a species or variety. These stockbreeders can however accept the interest to acquire a new line or to operate crossings with animals of stocks different from their and to thus take part in their diffusion.

The selection exerted by the stockbreeders is besides far from having constantly the same direction, a practice raised for several species and at various times consisting in for example sacrificing the animals having had the strongest growth or fastest in order to let the others finish their growth. This practice which has probably an effect of against-selection was denounced besides like such by observers for the sheep for example, or in Pisciculture of pond where practice of fishing ground consist in repopulating a pond after its fishing by draining by slackening the smallest fish there. Thus, though the carp had a long tradition of breeding in France, the performances of breeding of this fish were poor. Lines with growth definitely faster were reintroduced there starting from Central Europe at the end of the 19th century, where a selective breeding was practiced. Among the diversity of the practices, one raises as that consisting in making cover a female by congeneric savages for qualities real or supposed as that gets for the products of such crossings (dog/wolf; pig/wild boar in Europe). Though this seems to go against the process of domestication, these hybridizations could contribute to combine the domestic characters, in particular behavioral of a species with those of a local subspecies wild good adapted to its medium. That was probably the case of the Scandinavian races of dogs.

The domestication of a species is the fruit of a multiple history which it is difficult to reconstitute. Its big factors are the predispositions of this species, the practices of the stockbreeders or proto-stockbreeders over long periods which operate a conscious selection or not and the exchanges of animals which allow the lines most domesticated to diffuse itself.

Biological point of view

The process of domestication starts when a restricted number of animals is isolated from the wild species. This population can then know a phenomenon of microphone evolution, while adapting to the conditions of breeding and because of human selection. This evolution is marked by the appearance of domestic features, i.e. new interpreted characters as of the even selected preserved genetic mutations whereas the Allèle S which carry them would have remained rare or would have been eliminated by natural selection in a wild state. They are morphological characters such as for example the size larger or smaller than that of the wild species, of the new colors, the long, curly hair or the rolled up tail; they are also physiological characters like the increase in the prolificity, and the precocity of the growth. One notes also the loss of physical natures like the horns for part of the races of sheep or aptitudes like a reduction in mobility; speed of race or aptitude for the flight, as well as the loss of behavioral aptitudes. This founds an interpretation of domestication like deterioration of the Génotype, which is indisputable in the case of the Albinisme. In the same way and earlier, Buffon described domestication in terms of degeneration. Morphological variability is important at certain species and much less at others like the camel of Bactriane. One also interprets the transformations of domestication with the concept of Néoténie, according to which morphological like the hanging ears or behavioral characters like the attachment, at the origin clean at the youthful stages, are prolonged in an adult state.

If the first domesticated species have been high for a few millenia, is this time for as much essential to this evolution? Specific experiments as well as contemporary domestications show that with a strong selection, the transformations characteristic of domestication can appear relatively quickly, in the interval of ten at a few tens of generations.

From the ecological point of view , certain species are high with the state servants in a medium identical or close to that of their wild ancestors like the camel or the Renne. Contrary, one notices that the relatively low number of domestic species is compensated by their very broad distribution often, in mediums and under climates varied and very different from those from where the species is originating. The Poule, originating in tropical areas is high until the Polar circle Arctic, and the Porc, originating in moderated areas, is high until in equatorial climate rather than of other suidés species of , originating in these climates but not domesticated. The food Régime of the domestic species can very strongly vary because of access to the natural resources of a new medium, and of course with the artificial recharge among which the cultivated Céréale S are paramount, including for the dog. It is difficult to determine at which point these changes of climate and food mode were accompanied by a hereditary physiological adaptation towards a possible tolerance of the pets to these variations. Certain authors thought in the opposite direction that the domestic species had been selected among those which are specialized from the food and ecological point of view (species known as Euryèce S ). Displacements and introductions by the human being of domestic species into spaces where they missed had important consequences on ecological balances as of the Neolithic era, since they could constitute biological Invasion and involve the disappearance of local species.

Behavioral point of view

Domestication is not only one modification of the physical characters of a species, but also of its behavior. This evolution consists initially of a less savage character, with a tolerance even an easier familiarity with regard to the human ones and with the attenuation of the potentially dangerous behaviors in their connection. It is also an adaptation to the conditions of breedings, therefore with the important groups and the promiscuity, which can be badly tolerated by the congeneric savages.

The ethologist Konrad Lorenz in particular described domestication like a loss of the social and different specialized behaviors, with the profit of the hypertrophy of the basic needs like the reproduction and the food.

In the case of the dog, the behavioral evolution seems much more radical and cannot in no case to be reduced with the loss of the savage or wild character. A series of experiment taken again by several research teams showed an aptitude of the pups to interpret the human signs of communication higher than that of the wolves and Primates. The attachment which a dog carries to its Master and propensity to obey to him, although being able to be the object of an education or raising are innate characters resulting from domestication.

The ethology is also evoked concerning domestication to discuss the behavioral characters which allow or made it possible a species to be domesticated. The main thing of them would be the social character of a species. The fact that she lives in group arranged hierarchically would have made it possible the stockbreeder to exert a control on these animals by taking the position of the element dominating of the group.

Zootechnical point of view of

See also: selective Breeding of the animals

Currently, the intentional objectives of domestication (in the case of new species) or of the improvement of the Race S servants relate to primarily the production (seldom the work produced by the animals). They are the adaptation to the conditions of breeding, the prolificity, the speed of growth, and often the quality of the flesh or that of other products like the Lait or the Laine.

The modern selection of the species of breeding calls upon tools in particular Statistique S applied to the genetic concepts. She asks an evaluation as objective as possible subjects and a rigorous organization of the programs of breedings, to obtain an improvement of the performances of the lines according to given objectives.

The selection on narrow criteria of performance is criticized for the disadvantages which it brings in term of brittleness of the subjects for example, and for the threat which it subjects the Biodiversité domestic races, in their substituent a reduced number of lines. She tends in answer to integrate broader criteria of selection, like the facility of setting-low in addition to the dairy performance or of growth for the bovines for example. Of other-share, the varieties little selected or known as rustic are recognized not only as potential genetic resources, but also for their adaptation to certain modes or systems of breeding of the extensive type. The selection of the animals thus appears related to objectives and a type of precise breeding.

In spite of these limits, the contemporary selection shows a rather great effectiveness. The " progress génétique" obtained can be very sensitive on a a few year scale, showing that the transformation of the domestic species is far from being stopped. The efforts also relate to new species of breeding, in particular among the Poisson S.

Cultural point of view

Domestication is also a cultural phenomenon in what it implied during the first breedings an upheaval of the relationships of the man with nature and the species concerned. The human cultural systems and their evolution seem to be initially the factor which determined the domestication of the species - or their nondomestication.

Domestic animal species

The list of the domestic Espèces is flexible according to the adopted criteria. One in general limits that of the domestic species most widespread and oldest to about thirty. This list is supplemented by other animals whose breeding is old, by the new domestic species since the seniority of the breeding of several species does not prevent that domestication is a contemporary phenomenon, and by other species according to their more or less close link with the man.

Restricted list

Several pets were considered a long time and classified as of the species distinct from those from which they result, when those always exist in a wild state. Currently and in this case, the classification of a domesticated variety as a subspecies of the species from which it is resulting tends to be essential. Thus the scientific name of the Porc was changed Sus domesticus with Sus scrofa domesticus , which indicates it like a subspecies of the Sanglier.

In this list, the cases of the pipe cleaner and silkworm do not make consensus: from the legal point of view for the pipe cleaner (classified in certain countries of which the Swiss or the California like wild animal) and as an insect which would not be concerned with the concept of pet for the second. These two species are from other point of view among those whose domestication is most thorough. The carp and the red fish are not either always quoted within a restrictive list of domestic species.

It should be noted that certain species considered as distinct and who were domesticated separately are nevertheless interfécondes. They divide the kind then. It is for example the kind Bos which joins together Bœuf, Zébu, Yak, Gayal and Banteng, the kind Camelus: camel of Bactriane and dromedary, the kind LAMA: LAMA and Alpaca or the kind Anser (geese).

Certain domestic varieties can then result from the hybridization several species: the wild boar of Célèbes (Known celebensis) was domesticated separately of the species Sus scrofa and probably remains in a domestic state only within varieties resulting from the hybridization of these two species.

The horse and the ass (kind Equus ) give sterile hybrids: Mule and Bardot, as well as the Musk duck and the races of Canard domesticates resulting from the duck mallard which produce the duck mulard.

Second circle

One can widen the list with:

The first two species, in spite of the seniority of their breeding, are in general not detached like populations of those their congeneric savages, and their reproduction is not entirely controlled. The following is animals of approval and birdcage, sometimes opposite for this reason with the pets of revenue. The deer is in this case, its breeding raised in ancient Egypt was probably not continuous until our days.

The criteria which make that a population is perceived or not as domestic do not correspond always exactly to facts biological or technical objective and the border between pets and savages is often fuzzy.

New domestications

Animal for production

Several fish species have been high in an intensive way for a few decades even a few years only: Rainbow trout, Atlantic Salmon, bar, royal sea-bream, Turbot, the Cod, sériole, several species of Catfish and Tilapia, which can be regarded as being in the course of domestication, since the cycle of the breeding is entirely controlled, that a selection is applied to these species and that it already made it possible to improve their qualities from the point of view of the breeding.
In the field of the Aquiculture, of the shrimp species is also high with large scales, the cycle of breeding being completely controlled. The shrimp with white legs (Penaeus vannamei) and the striped giant Shrimp (Penaeus monodon) represent the greatest part of the production of shrimps of breedings.
Among the rodents, there are some species whose breeding for the flesh was established these last decades, with an deliberate intention of domestication: the aulacode and the cricétome or rat of Gambia raised in West Africa on a mode similar to that of rabbit, and the Capybara (or cabiai) with the Brazil high on an semi-extensive mode.
Several large herbivores are high with a project of domestication justified by the fact that being adapted to their medium, they make it possible to exploit best that traditional domestic species: the éland of Derby (Taurotragus oryx) in Southern Africa, the Musk ox (America and Northern Europe) and the dash in Northern Europe; the breeding of this species is raised chronically: for milk towards 200 av JC and at the 17th century for the attachment. They are for example several species of parakeet S among which the corrugated Perruche or of the Passériformes like the Diamant Mandarin.
One can bring closer to this category several fish species of Aquariophilie which are the subject of an important selection; for example the Guppy or the Combatant.

Animal of study

The studies and experiments frequently used animals of various domestic species. Some of these species like the mouse and the rat seem to be selected jointly like laboratory and pets. A species at least was domesticated at only scientific ends: the Drosophila, whose speed of the cycle of breeding, made a Organisme models in research in Génétique.

Old domestications

Certain species high were even really domesticated, but are not it any more, having completely disappeared or not existing any more but in a wild state. These cases are however doubtful: the degree of domestication of the animals can be difficult to determine, thus Digard raises several species whose breeding appears attested in ancient Egypt (of antilopinés of the kinds gazella, Oryx, Addax, as well as the Ouette of Egypt and the Hyène mottled). In Europe the turtle-dove of wood (streptopelia turtur) would have been usually high with the Middle Ages like pet.

In aquiculture, the fish species can be high without domestication, either because of a mode of extensive breeding leaving little catch to the control of the reproduction and the selection, or by the limitation of the breeding to the enlargement after capture of youthful in the natural environment, which is the case of the Anguille.

Several species of marine shells are the object of an intensive breeding (see Conchyliculture). It is the case in particular of the Huître and the mould. There are not in general control of the reproduction but collecting of the wild seed oyster, therefore a permeability between the wild populations and of production, which approaches the case of the bees. The control of the reproduction and the first stages of breeding, acquired these last years for oyster for example, is however a form of domestication of these species.

One counts several species for which there exists or there was a tradition of raising and use, often for hunting, without a durable breeding and a selection being practiced. The Otter and the large cormorant were employed like auxiliaries of fishing; the Falcon S and of many species of raptors are drawn up with hunting, the Fauconnerie being a tradition always quite alive. Other animals like the Caracal with the Middle Ages, and the Cheetah, of until our days are employed for hunting. The case of the Macaque S drawn up with the gathering of Coconut in Thailand does not return the exhaustive list.

Other species are high for the ornament, in particularly of the birds of birdcages and of fish of aquariophilie and are not the objects of a durable selection. They remain, biologically, legally or in the perception that their holders have some, of the wild species held or raised in captivity.

Domestic plant species

The domestication of the plants is probably more important still than that of the animals for the mankind. The first plants were domesticated around 9000 before JC in the fertile Croissant in the Middle East. They were annual with seeds or fruits like the Haricot and of course the Blé. The Middle East has particularly agreed with these species; climate at dry summer supporting the development of the plants to be sown, and the variety of altitudes allowed that of a large variety of species. With domestication was made the transition from a company of Chasseur-cueilleur S to an agricultural and sedentary company. This change would carry out thereafter, approximately 4000 to 5000 years later, at the first cities and the appearance of true Civilization S.

The domestication of the plants as that of the animals is a slow and progressive process. After the annual plants, the multiannual ones and small trees started to be domesticated among which the Pommier and the olive-tree. Some plants were domesticated only recently like the Noyer of Queensland and the Pacanier (nut of pécan). In various areas of the world, very varied species were domesticated. In North America, the Marrow, the Corn, and the Haricot formed the heart of the Amerindian Alimentation . The Rice and the Soja were the most important cultures of the East Asia.

The initial criterion of selection of the domestication of a Céréale is of being able to be harvested without the grain not being detached from ear, while preserving its germinatif capacity to be used as seed. This problem was solved gradually, making it possible the selection to then relate to other characters like the adaptation of the plant to its environment of culture or its productivity.

During millenia much of domesticated species became very different from their ancestors. The corn ears make several tens of time now the size of those their wild ancestors.

The number of cultivated plant species is much more important than that of the raised animal species, and it is more difficult still in the vegetable kingdom to draw up the list of the domesticated species. One finds a table of the here 30 species the most cultivated in the world.

See also the Gate: Useful plants to reach many of other articles concerning these plants.

Use of the pets

The reasons for which one domesticated species and for which one raises them today are very diverse. It should be also noticed that they are probably distinct: the interactions with an animal specie which were going to bring to its domestication did not have as drank immediate nor as project to exploit of them certain characters which will be it later. The characteristic example is the wool of the sheep which is a product of domestication, the fleece of the ancestor of the sheep not having these characteristics. The exploitation of wool thus developed in the second time, the sheep having been probably domesticated for its meat.

Products

The pets are high for the products which they give. They are the food products: Meat, Milk, eggs, or not-food: Wool, Fur, Leather as well as other additional products like the excrements for the fertilization even like fuel. The food production is at our time the main reason of the breeding.

Work

Their function is often to provide a work or service. It is in particular transport with the horses, asses, oxen, camels and even the dog. The animals were the principal energy of the agricultural work a long time. The use of the force of the animals for transport and agriculture developed until the beginning of the 20th century with the transport on the channels, drawn by horses, and progress of the farm equipment before the motorization. See detailed article: Draft animal.

The function of auxiliary of hunting was certainly the first trade of the domestic dog. This one carries out very varied work, guard, protection, the control of herd until the modern functions of blind dog. Certain species provide a work or particular service, of communication for the Carrier pigeon or a particular mode of hunting for the pipe cleaner.

Nonutility use

The detention and the breeding of pets without strictly utility objectives are not recent. The pet are particularly developed nowadays, those of ornament often have a long tradition, though new species appeared at the time modern, among fish in particular. The combat of animals is a very old and always long-lived activity, which generates a specialized breeding. The most current species are the Coq S, the dogs, the Vache S and bulls, and even a cricket ( bought domestica ) in China. If the modes of breeding for which human control is strong often relate to domesticated in the past species, the two axes which are the biological degree of domestication and the mode of breeding do not evolve/move jointly. They can be cross and reveal as many different situations: certain wild animals can be suitable on a territory, to be the subject of a breeding, while there exist pets without owner (pigeons of the cities). In addition, from the cultural point of view, certain types of interaction between human and animal, though similar, are perceived in a different way. Thus into France, the species raised in pisciculture of pond are transformed little apart from carp, and the mode of breeding corresponds to a very weak human control. The trouts resulting from breeding slackened in rivers, though biologically and technically more domestic, concern in this situation the wildlife.

The intensive breeding

Form more pushed domestication corresponds to breeding intensive, where the stockbreeder provides all that is necessary to the development of the animals, to maximize their production or to allow their breeding on reduced surfaces. It corresponds to a maximum control on the animals. If the intensive breeding is a priori that where the stockbreeder has the contact nearest with his animals, which is the case with the dairy breeding for example, the intensification which accompanies modernization tends on the contrary to reduce the direct interaction between stockbreeder and animal. This type of breeding in addition relates to species in the past domesticated as of others which are not it or little, particularly in Aquaculture.

The extensive breeding

The pressure domesticatoire can be regarded as less in the case of extensive breeding, i.e. being based on moreover large surfaces for the same production, which corresponds in general to a greater autonomy of the animals.

A breeding of the extensive type however does not exclude a contact very close to the stockbreeder with the animals, in particular in the traditional systems of breeding, either that a considered and strict selection. This one is however often less strong even non-existent and these systems initially develop the adaptation of the animals to their medium of breeding.

Leisure and pets

Commensalism

The Commensalisme is a form of interaction between two species. Several animal species are commensales of the man in what they live according to his activity, though without being directly controlled by him.

Several species are qualified servants, according to this meaning: in particular insects like the Mouche domesticates ( Musca domestica ), of the rodents (Souris) even of the birds (House sparrow), whose man does not control the populations, but which adapted to its vicinity.

The commensalism also relates to larger animals, eliminating waste even the carrions until downtown (Vautour fawn-coloured, black Vautour in Africa and in South America, Chien bet in the East.

One raises of the cases of true collaborations between men and animal free as that of the Dauphin S which fold back fish benches towards the nets of coastal fishermen in Mauritania for example, and take their share. The Nutcase S Australian, though much more independent of the men than their congeneric servants, also drove out in partnership with the man.

The breeding of wild animals

This one represents a paradox in the wild/domestic duality. Beyond detention and occasional breeding of wild animals by zoological gardens, researchers or private individuals, who can relate to the majority of the species, there exists in forms and with varied objectives. The breeding of wild animals induced according to its type and the species concerned of the particular, in particular legal questions with the title of protection of the species or in connection with the property of the animals.

One raises species of Gibier in artificial conditions to produce wild animals intended for repopulation, products with Chasse R directly or for the production of meat. The species are typically: the Pheasant of Colchide or the Wild boar in Europe, and other species according to the areas of the world. Several wild species without bond with hunting are the subject also of a breeding of production.

The conservatory breeding relates to a species in general rare or disappeared in a wild state, for its safeguard and possibly its reintroduction. In this case, one fears and one tries to prevent that this breeding modifies the original characters of the species. Apart from the success of the breeding in captivity itself and difficulties of the reintroduction of the animals in their natural environment, the safeguarding of the genetic inheritance of a wild species appeared completely possible by a very artificialized breeding even.

One calls management of wildlife or Gestion hunting the action coordinated, of the share or for the account of hunters, on part of the wild species of a territory. It comprises for example town and country planning to support a species, the occasional nourrissage, the salt contribution, the provision of cultures intended for game, and especially the considered choice of the taking away of number and in quality (age and sex of the animals) as well as possible introductions (repopulation). As such, one can qualify it “action domesticatoire”, without that supposing necessarily an evolution of the game species which are the object domestic in cash.

When this action is directed towards the production, one employs the term of Game ranching which can be translated like extensive breeding, in natural environment, of wild species or game. That consists in managing populations, typically of large herbivores like Antilope S, in their natural environment and a view to production, or of paying hunting. This practice is known in Southern Africa, but exists or existed on the other continents: The Vigogne for example was and is always the object of annual captures, where the animals are mowed and to some extent shot down. In Europe, the Lièvre was the subject of a breeding of this type. An alternative is the sea ranching or marine pasturage which consists in controlling only part of the cycle of breeding: in general the reproduction or the first developmental stages, then on the open sea to slacken the animals for enlargement for their recaptures. This technique is applied to the Saumon, with the Scallop.

Exploitation of one species in a wild state, as it is the case of the stag S, rather than its breeding more narrowly controlled appears to raise of systems even of choices which comprise technical dimensions, biological, but so historical, social and cultural.