Counter-Reformation
See also: Reform (homonymy)
The Counter-Reformation is a movement of reaction of the Roman Catholic church, started as of the 15th century whose Anna Bijns was the spearhead and accelerated by the Protestant Réforme. The expression comes from the German historiography of the 19th century. The historians prefer from now on the term of “catholic Reform to him”.
Needs for reforms and councils
The need for reform was felt already at the 14th century: Christian thinkers like John Wyclif, Jan Hus, Luther (rather XVIe), Calvin (XVIe), claimed already reforms.
The councils of Constancy (1415 - 1418), of Basle (1431 -1449) and of Lateran V (1512-1515) started to consider the first reforms.
The Concile of Thirty (1545 - 1563) put an end to the abuses more shouting, like the traffics of Indulgence S or the life dissolue of part of the Clergé (decrees pointing out the Célibat priest S or the Owe of residence of the bishop S). It reorganized the Roman Curie. In addition, it redefines and reinforced the traditional positions of the Catholic church concerning the theology and the organization of the Église. It founded the dogma of the Transsubstantiation. It definitively fixed the gun of the catholic Bible. It spread the doctrines thus reaffirmed by the means of a Catéchisme (1566), of a breviary (1568) and of a Roman Missal (1570). The Liturgie defined in perpetuity by the council (Mass tridentine, said “mass of saint Black and white V”) lasted until the Vatican II. The formation of the priest S was improved, in particular thanks to the action of Ignace de Loyola.
The Reform thus conceived was widespread in the Church by personalities like Robert Bellarmin, Charles Borromée, Ignace de Loyola, Philippe Néri, Pierre Canisius or Dirty François.
The reform of the Calendrier, which was made wait since more than one century, was adopted a few years after the end of the Concile of Thirty, in 1582, by the Pape Gregoire XIII, which gave its name to new the Calendrier: the Gregorian Calendar.
See too
Sc handbook human
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