Council

A council (of the Latin concilium , assembled) is the assembly of the religious authorities in the Church orthodoxe Catholique (Roman or not) or .

It is generally about a gathering of bishops who will lay down rules; conciliar guns. These councils regulate all the ecclesiastical, social and economic life. They for example will prohibit the loans with interests.

One distinguishes three kinds of councils:

  1. general councils (named " œcuméniques" by the catholics), where all the bishops
  2. are called the national or plenary councils, composed of all the bishops of a State
  3. the provincial councils or diocesans, convened by a metropolitan bishop, where are brought together the local bishops

The council seems to find its origin in the year 49, at the time of the assembly of Jerusalem, also called " council of Jerusalem ". This one would have declared that the Christians come from the Paganisme will not be subjected to the regulations of the judaïque law (in particular the Circoncision).

One calls Schisme of the East separation between the Church of Occident and the Church of the East, traditionally placed in 1054. The classification of the councils thus takes account of this date.

In Eastern orthodoxy

In the orthodoxe churches, the council is the authority which decides for the whole of the patriarchates of one or the other church. It is known as oecumenical if it gathers all the patriarchates. This term does not have, then, the direction of all the Christian churches but of all the orthodoxe patriarchates.

In Catholicism

For the catholic , the authority and the competence of the council, as regards doctrines or discipline, is today subordinate to those of the Pape, which confirms then promulgates the conciliar decrees. Only the pope convenes and dissolves the councils, which they are generals, regional or local. The Synode, which has only one advisory authority today (but nevertheless listened by the pope), is distinguished from the ecumenical council by an day order which relates to only one geographical area or which a Church particular and specific.

A council can be local or general. In this last case, the Catholic church speaks about oecumenical council . This term does not have, then, the direction of all the Christian Churches but of all évêchés and catholic patriarchates .

Role and held of the councils

The first universal council intervenes twelve years after Constantin I {{er}} Large the carried the Christianisme to the row of religion of State; Constantin then feels the need for convening an ecumenical council charged to arbitrate the conflict between Arius and Athanase. This first ecumenical council, often called council of the five Patriarchate S , begins in 325.

  • From 325, the council (except case of major force) is joined together every year but a council can last several years. So on the spot, it gives place, with the creation of a district or episcopal village.
The convocations are done of a council on the other. The councils are usually held over several years, because the voyages can last several weeks even several months and that certain theological questions (EP Grace, the Incarnation, the Trinité, etc) take very long times of debates of reflection. They are held with the beginning, on the territory of the Empire Romain then on the territory of the Empires Romain and Carolingien, amputee starting from the Arab conquest (post 632) of the crescent going from Syria in Tunisia (Algeria and Morocco were conciliar never grounds).

Classification of the councils and synods

This classification a long time gave place to discussions because the acts of the councils - acta in Latin - often were not dated or were not dated a posteriori . University work tried to index them rigorously, such as the “Bibliographical Base of Information in Patristics” of the Université Laval, Quebec, published under the direction of the professor Rene-Michel Roberge, who currently constitutes one of the most complete bases and most accessible. It référencie councils in the form year/code, for example: the council of Carthage of 251 corresponds to 1993 CHPRZ (1993 being the year when Commission HPR-Z published the acts of the council of Carthage)…

List councils until 1054

General councils
These councils are also called councils roman catholics :

  1. 325 : I {{er}} council of Nicée known as council of the five Patriarchate S , it condemns the Gnose and the Arianisme (doctrines of Arius). Adoption of the Symbol of Nicée. Adoption of the Consubstantialité of the Father and the Son. Settlement of the date of Easter. Adoption about the patriarchal seats Rome, Alexandria, Antioche and Jerusalem.

  2. 381 : I {{er}} council of Constantinople ( Churches of the two councils ) against the negation of the divinity of the Holy Spirit and against the Ariens. Adoptions of the Consubstantialité of the Holy Ghost with the Father and the Son, of the Symbol of Nicée-Constantinople. Allot the 2nd rank to the patriarchal seat of Constantinople, relegating Alexandria to the third rank.
  3. 431 : I {{er}} council of Éphèse ( Churches of the three councils ) proclaims Marie Mère of God and condemns Nestorius. Proclaim the Unit of Anybody as a Jesus-Christ. Adoption of the Symbol of Ephèse in 433.
  4. 451 : Concile of Chalcédoine condemns the doctrines of Eutychès according to which Christ would have only one nature, Divine, the human nature being to some extent absorbed by divine nature, doctrines known as of the Monophysite S. On the contrary, the council affirms its two natures, divine and human in the single person of Jesus-Christ. Adoptions of the Symbol of Chalcédoine and the Discipline of the Sacrament S.
  5. 506: Concile of Agde defines the rite according to which any Christian must receive the communion 3 times per annum, with Easter, the Pentecost and Christmas.
  6. 553 : II {{E}} council of Constantinople condemns suspect works of the nestorianism (cf Nestorius).
  7. 680 - 681: III {{E}} council of Constantinople condemns the Monothélisme. The monothélites, disciples of Sergius, bishop of Constantinople, modified, partly, the error of Eutychès (see supra): they taught that there is only one will of Jesus-Christ, the divine will which absorbs and destroys the human will.
  8. 692 : Council in Trullo, known as also Synod of Constantinople or council Quinisexte : it is only one complement, on the only questions of discipline, with the two preceding councils. It was received only by the Christian Églises of the East
  9. 786 - 787: II {{E}} council of Nicée ( Churches of the seven councils ) condemns the Iconoclasme. It authorizes and specifies the worship of the images (not image in itself, but of what she intends to represent).
  10. 869 - 870: IV {{E}} council of Constantinople, against the Schism of Photius. This council affirms that the Tradition is one of the rules of Foi. Trichotomy is condemned (the man is composed of a body, a heart and a spirit) and the dichotomy is marked (the man is composed of a body and a heart). The orthodoxe Église does not recognize it.

Other councils (regional)

  • 251 : council of Carthage accepts the reconciliation of the lapsi under conditions (1993 CHPRZ).

  • 262 : council of Rome condemns the Modalisme.
  • 264 : council of Antioche
  • 268: council of Antioche condemns Malchion and the Malchionisme (1904 CHP/1917 CPR).
  • 269 : council of Antioche condemns Paul de Samosate and its Théorie of the logos impersonal.
  • 290 : council of Carthage accepts the reconciliation of Lapsi under conditions (1972 CHPRZ).
  • 305-6 : Council of Elvire on the marriage of the Christians, and the celibacy of the clerks.
  • 314 : council of Ancyre, publication of canonical texts, (of) Nomination of bishops; Acta: “Cannonade XXV” (1994 CEHP), “Nominated episcoporum” (1993 CDPRZ).
  • 314 : council of Arles condemns the Donatisme (1971 CDPR).
  • 325 : council of Antioche, the Nomination of bishops (1993 CDPRZ)
  • 341: Council of Antioche
  • 344: Concile of Sardique affirms the primacy of the Roman pontiff.
  • 351 : council of Sirmium, confirmation of the profession of 342 in Trier, anathema against Photin, bishop arien of Sirmium
  • 353: council of Arles, judgment of Athanase, the bishop of Alexandria; convened by the emperor Constantin II, this council devotes the temporary victory of the Arianisme.
  • 356 : Council of Béziers - Saturnin, bishop arien of Arles exiles the bishop Hilaire
  • 357: Concile of Sirmium its profession of faith achieves the unanimity against it.
  • 359 : Council of Rimini. The bishops of Viennese and Narbonnaise follow their chief, the bishop of Arles, Saturnin with the council of Rimini which defines a dogma different from the Symbol of Nicée (Arien dogma)
  • 361: Concile of Paris condemns Saturnin of Arles and the Arianisme
  • 362: Council of Alexandria. Acta: “Epistula synodalis siue Tomus AD Antiochenos” (1979 CHPR)
  • 363: Council of Laodicée: the worship of the angels is condemned like idolatry.
  • 374 : Council of Valence
  • 379: Council of Antioche, judgment of symbolism (1916 CP).
  • 380 : Council of Saragossa
  • 381: Concile of Aquilée condemns the bishops ariens Pallade and Sécondien.
  • 382 : council of Rome condemns the Apollinarisme.
  • 390 : council of Carthage II defines the rules of nomination of bishops (1972 CHDPRZ).
  • 401 : Council of Turin on the territorial conflicts and of precedence enters évéchés of Arles and Marseilles.
  • 411 or 412: council of Carthage for Africa proconsulaire
  • 414: council of Jerusalem against Peeling and the minimization of the role of the Grace.
  • 414 or 415: Council of Diospolis, against Peeling and the minimization of the role of the Grace.
  • 415 : Synod of Jerusalem
  • 416: Council of Milève for the Numidie
  • 416: council of Carthage
  • 418: 16th council of Carthage, for Africa proconsulaire and Numidie.
  • 490 - 502: council of Arles II. Acts: canonical texts (1997 CDPRZ).
  • 506 : Concile of Agde amongst other things defines the Rite according to which any catholic must receive per annum the Communion 3 times, with Easter, the Pentecost and Christmas.
  • 517 : Council of Épaone in Burgondie on the administration of the Church
  • 529: Council of Orange, chaired by Césaire, this council condemns the Semi-pélagianisme and gives a theological formulation of the grace such as she had been preached by Augustin, against those which, like Jean Cassien, gave a more important role to the free will.
  • 535 : Council of Clermont, (16 decrees) whose bishop will be freely elected by the clergy and the people, with the assent of the subway (archbishop).
  • 549 : October 28th, the Fifth council of Orleans, joined together on the initiative of the king de Paris Childebert Ier requires Pape which he condemns the theses of a collection favorable to Nestorius, insistent on the human nature of Jesus. It stipulates a royal approval with the election of the bishops.
  • 551 : Council of Auch or Eauze held by the bishops of the Novempopulanie
  • 561 - 563: I {{er}} council of Braga
  • 571: II {{E}} council of Braga
  • 589: council of Tolède, (wisigothic Spain)
  • 614: Council of Paris (15 decrees) whose bishop obtains the exclusive jurisdiction on the clerks of his diocese.
  • 649 : council of Lateran (Rome) condemns the Monothélistes.
  • 650 : Council of Rouen; it imposes supervisors to make respect the Sunday Repos.
  • 694 : council of Tolède (Kingdom Visigoth, in Hispanie)
  • 754: Council of Quierzy-on-Oise, convinced by Chrodegang, Pip the Brief made there adopt the Roman liturgy and the Gregorian chant (Ivan Gobry in Pip the brief , Pygmalion)
  • 769: council of Lateran (Rome)
  • 794: Council of Frankfurt (Western Empire) on the iconoclastie
  • 809: council of Aachen (Western Empire) adds the Filioque for the franques Churches.
  • 813 : council of Turns. The Concile of Tours is one of the five regional councils joined together by Charlemagne in May 813, with those of Mainz, Châlons, Rheims and Arles.
  • 817 : council of Aachen (Western Empire), specifies the rule of saint Chrodegang but while being shown less strict about poverty.
  • 818 - 819: second council of Aachen. In the acts of the council: capitulary civilian, capitulary ecclesiastical (Bor. No 138, manuscripts); instructions with the imperial “missi” (1954 CDHMP).
  • 897 : cadaveric Council of Rome.
  • 909 : Council of Trosly, in the province of Rheims, the bishops propose to grant a territory the Vikings
  • 1028: Council of Charroux (France Auvergne)
  • 1041: Council of Nice, institution of the Truce of God.
  • 1046 : Council of Sutri (Italy)

List councils starting from the Schisme of the East in 1054

General councils
The councils below bring together nothing any more but the only catholic bishops , but also the generals of the monastic orders, the princes and of the academics; both Occident and of the East - the Catholic church includes the Occident but exceeds it as much, many Churches of the East being catholic by the unit with Rome, without they being for all that Latin rite. The decrees of these ecumenical councils are currently recognized only by the Catholic church.
  1. 1123 : I {{er}} council of Lateran.
  2. 1139 : II {{E}} council of Lateran.
  3. 1179 : III {{E}} council of Lateran defines the rules for the papal elections.
  4. 1184 : Concile of Vérone excommunicates the Vaudois.
  5. 1215 : IV {{E}} council of Lateran condemns the Of Vaud ones and the Albigensians (Cathares), issues on the Confession, the Communion, the Mariage and the hierarchy of the patriarchal seats.
  6. 1245 : I {{er}} council of Lyon, reform rules of election of the bishops.
  7. 1274 : II {{E}} council of Lyon, reform rules of election of the Pope.
  8. 1311 - 1312: Concile of Vienna condemns Bégards and of Béguines.
  9. 1414 - 1418 - Council of Constancy, end of the Great schism of Occident which began in 1378, with the opening of the council, three Popes dispute the Saint Sits.
  10. 1431 - 1442: Concile of Basle explicitly affirms the authority of the councils on the pope - the Conciliarisme, and of this fact is not counted like oecumenical; it was continued with Ferrare 1438 and with Florence (1439 - 1445).
  11. 1512 - 1517: V {{E}} council of Lateran - Schism Lutheran (1520) - Schisme Anglican (1534) condemns the superiority of the council on the Pope and reaffirms, by the bubble " Aeternus Pastor" , superiority of the pope.
  12. 1545 - 1563: Concile of Thirty defines the catholic faith on the points denied by Protestantism and undertakes a radical reform of the operation of the Church. It fixes the doctrines on the number and the nature of the sacraments, reorganizes the Church around the priest and reinforces the primacy of the pope.
  13. 1869 - 1870: I {{er}} council of the Vatican defines the Dogme pontifical Infaillibilité.
  14. 1962 - 1965: II {{E}} council of the Vatican

Other councils (regional)

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