Convention of Beijing

The the First Convention of Beijing (Sinogramme 北京條約 Pinyin: Běijīng Tiáoyūe) of the October 18th, 1860, was a treaty between the government of Qing, (imperial China under the Mandchou S) and each of the three great capacities of the Europe, namely the the United Kingdom, the France, and the Russia, putting a term at the second war of opium.

Context

After the military defeat humiliating at the time which the Vieux palate of summer was burned, the emperor Xianfeng flees of Beijing and his continuation, in June 1858. Convention was signed by the brother of the emperor, prince Gong, to put an end to the Second war of opium.

Terms of the agreement

The trade of opium is legalized and the Christians see their fully recognized civil laws, including the property right private and that of évangéliser.

The convention of Beijing includes:

  1. recognition by China of the validity of the treaty of Tianjin
  2. the opening of Tianjin as a commercial port
  3. the transfer of the district of Kowloon in the United Kingdom
  4. freedom of worship in China
  5. the authorization for the British ships to bring Chinese labor to Americas to replace the slaves recently freed
  6. the payment with the British and the French from an allowance assembling to eight million Tael S of money (approximately 320 tons) each one

Article 6 of convention between China and the the United Kingdom specifies that China should yield part of the Péninsule of Kowloon, south of the Boundary Street of today, Kowloon, HongKong, including the island of Stonecutter, for perpetuity in Great Britain.

China also yields the external Mandchourie to the Russian Empire and grants to Russia a right on Ussuri will krai, part of the Krai de Primorsk current, corresponding to the territory of the old province of the Mandchous in Tartarie of the east.

The treated was considered unequal by China.

Epilog

In 1984, the governments of the the United Kingdom and the Popular republic of China (RPC) signed, in front of UNO, the Joint Declaration sino-British on the question of HongKong, where the sovereignty of the new territories yielded under lease, like that of the island of HongKong and the Péninsule of Kowloon (southern of Boundary Street) yielded at the time of the Traité of Nankin (1842) were indicated to be transferred to the RPC on July 1st, 1997.

External bonds

  • Chronologie of HongKong of 1840 has 1999

See too

  • History of British HongKong

  • Impérialisme

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