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Linguistic chart of Burma (Myanmar)

The Burmese is the official language of Burma (Myanmar), practically only taught, as well as the native tongue of the majority of the native inhabitants of the central depression crossed of North in the South by the Irrawaddy (“éyawadi”) as well as delta and Tenasserim in the extreme South.

This chart cannot give an account of the multiplicity of the spoken languages in the country, but locates the three big families to which they belong for the majority and distinguishes the era birmanophone from the others Langues tibéto-Burmeses.

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1 = Districts birmanophones.

2 = States of other languages tibéto-Burmeses.

3 = States of languages tibéto-Burmeses: Arakanais and Burmese

4 = Karen (tibéto-Burmese family)

Other families of language:

5 = State Shan of language close to the Thai (Languages Tai-Kadai) and Thai (Southern)

7 = State My partially of language My (Languages my-Khmer).

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It is thus seen that Burma is relatively homogeneous from the genetic point of view, even if many languages are in presence.

General characteristics

The Burmese is a insulating Langue, but also a agglutinant Langue where each word is generally made of only one or two Syllabe S, but with which particles associate and suffix S which mask the monosyllabic character of it. Old morphology is more detectable only in the lexicon, where one finds pairs of verbs derived from the same root by Préfixe S disappeared today, like kway3 “to be broken” and khway3 “to break” (Transitif).

The Burmese is also a tonal Langue which has three tons - high, low and going down - being able to affect each of the seven fundamental vowels. The Burmese includes/understands thirty-three Consonne S and seven Voyelle S, those being able to be nasalized.

Like other languages the Burmese presents a written form and an oral form, the differences being able to relate on the vocabulary, but also to grammatical markers.

Writing

History

The Burmese is written since the 11th century by means of a Alphasyllabaire taking as a starting point the alphabet My , itself derived from the Grantha , of use as of fifth century BC in India of the South to write a form of Pāli , language by which diffused Buddhism Theravāda in the south of the India, with the Sri Lanka and in Burma. The My, come from the East, were the first historical occupants of the South of Burma ().

The oldest Burmese inscription currently known date of the 12th century. A pillar of the stupa Mya Zedi to Bagan constitutes a kind of “stone of Rivet washer” of the old languages of the area, since each one on its sides presents the same text written in Pāli , My , Burmese and Pyu (language proto-Burmese) '.

The round shape of its letters which one finds in other Indian alphabets like those of the Cingalais or the Oriya would explain by the brittleness of the support of writing used in the beginning, the sheets of tree which would have been torn by the angular forms of the Brāhmi, ancestor of all the alphabets of India.

Description

The Burmese is written from left to right without generally separating the words. Two punctuation marks, a bar or two bars correspond to our Virgule S and our Point S.

It is a complex writing:

As in the alphabets of India, a letter employed only corresponds to the syllable: /Consonne + a'/(/a/ in first tone, to see low), of the signs representing the other vowels and let us tons them associate with the consonants, of the symbols, the bindings, combine certain consonants. There are 33 simple consonants.
Certaines consonants makes dual employment in addition, used especially in the transcription of the words Pāli. For example:
the signs associated with a letter (above, below, on the right, on the left) indicate one of both others tons as well as the vowels other than /a '/. There are of them 20 for the open syllables and 32 for the closed syllables (see low). For example:

the existence of consonants being able to bind together involves particular C-Ws communication called bindings to note for example the sounds /mw (A) or /hmw (A):
Certains signs is used to shorten syllables.

Tons

The tone determines the melody height of the vowel of the syllable.

It can be the only feature making it possible to distinguish two words: /sa '/(your 1) means “to start”, /sa/ (your 2) means “letter” and/'its (your 3) “to eat”. Listen to the same vowel has to the three tons as well as the same syllable myiN meaning

“large, high” if it is marked with the high tone ( creaky high ),
“to see” with the low tone ( low ),
“horse” with the high tone going down ( lime pit high ).

Phonetic

Consonant S

Note:

disappeared practically It and decides (as in).
There exists a series of aspired deaf persons (Consonne + Aspiration): ( pha ).

Vowel S

But in this article any nasalisation is noted: - NR .

Syllable S and Sandhi

There exist two types of syllables, the open syllables and the closed syllables:

the open syllables are formed by a consonant followed by an oral vowel.
the closed syllables are made by a followed consonant or of a nasal vowel or of a vowel + a stop glottal (“glottal stop” noted).

The sandhi (connection between syllables) causes to modify the pronunciation of the second syllable:
1- The initial one of a syllable according to a syllable open or closed by nasal is sonore.
2- The initial one of a syllable according to a syllable closed by a stop glottal is deaf, except if the initial one of the 2nd syllable is at the same time aspired and to tone 1 or 3.

For example, the choice of the sonority of the mark of courtesy Ba/Pa depends on the syllable which precedes:

tchi' - Ba (“Looks at, please”)

ya? - ' Pa (“Stops, please”)

The transcriptions which follow take account of this phonetic rule.

Transcription and pronunciation

There does not exist official romanisation of the Burmese and its transcription raises some difficulties. The proper names in the historical works, the guides, the geographical maps, etc generally resort to the transcription anglophone.
To read the Burmese in his writing as in transcription, it is necessary to delimit each syllable, a word being generally made up of one or two syllables. One distinguishes two types of syllables: OPEN SYLLABLE: CONSONANT + VOWEL
SYLLABLE FERMEE: CONSONANT + VOWEL + STOP GLOTTAL or NASAL

The following tables indicate the current transcriptions of the Burmese phonemes. the phonetic transcription (between hooks) adopted in this article, which is that of M.H. Cardinaud and Yin Yin Mint in their method Parlons Burmese , corresponds to the pronunciation of French as much as it is possible (for example, the has , E , E , E , or , CH , tch must decide as in French).

CONSONANTS

The consonants written and pronounced as in French are not indicated in the table.

VOWELS IN OPEN SYLLABLES

The French transcription reflects the pronunciation of the Burmese.

VOWELS IN SYLLABLES FERMEES

These same vowels as well as the three diphthongs/ I.E.(internal excitation) /,/ have /,/ ao /can be followed by a consonant whose pronunciation is reduced to a stop glottal (See higher: Consonants/? /) or with a nasalisation of the vowel when this final consonant is nasal. The diphthongs are generally transcribed like previously; their pronunciation is roughly/ E I, the 2nd vowel being marked very little. (To hear: ,

The nasalisation is transcribed by terminations in: - in , - year , one , etc or in: - ing , - ang , - ong . The pronunciation is influenced by the ton of the syllable. There exist seven nasalized vowels: - in (To hear: ), - year (delivery like the French Ain ), - ein , - oun or one (delivery like the French one or oôn ), - aun or - aon , - Ain , - a or - oun (delivery like French one

Some examples of a usual transposition in French orthography

Here some examples with the indication between hooks of a usual transposition in French orthography, certainly approximate (impossible to note in particular let us tons them and the glottaux stops), but much nearer than the usual C-W communication to the pronunciation in Burmese who has like the French of the nasal vowels and the vowels reduced to a E dumb:

Myanmar ( '') Rangoon/Yangon ( '') Mandalay ( '') Bagan ( '') Taunggyi ( '') Aung San Suu Kyi ( healthy penny tchi )

Grammar

Word order

The order is generally that of the languages SOV: SUBJECT + COMPLEMENT + VERB.

But one can also find: OBJECT + PRONE + VERB.
The verb is always at the end of the proposal. Example:

sHeya ........ bema-ze' ga ........ 'pyo-da? - you

(the Burmese teacher ..... ............ speech-can): “The teacher can speak Burmese. ”

Grammatical marks

A principal characteristic of the Burmese is the existence of markers placed after with the words which as well express the functions, times or the modes.

“or chock maoN twé bô” myaNma pyi gô it - of .
(the markers in bold characters indicate the goal, the place where one goes, the affirmative form).

“to meet Mr. Tin Maung, I came in Myanmar. ”

Names and markers

There do not exist articles.
There do not exist systematic markers distinguishing the kinds. It is not obligatory to mark the number:
its? O? chi'- of means “I have the book” or “I have books”.
But if the direction claims it, one employs the markers T (W) E /d (W) E for ordinary plurals, tô'/C for collective plurals of animated beings or to/C for a grouping:

ke' breadth : “a child”; ke' breadth-dwé- : “with the children”.

read : “a man”; read-dô' : “people”.

read : “a man”; read-C : “an assembly”.

Various markers:

Markers or postpositions, they express the functions of the names or pronouns in the sentence and generally correspond to our prepositions.

Numbers and Classifying S

Any name accompanied by a number from 1 to 9 advertisement a classifier; the 3 words are placed in this order: NAME + NUMBER + CLASSIFYING

Example: lou you yo? = “a man”.

Ti? becomes you in front of classifier or number;
in the same way: 2 = Hni? becomes Hne .

Possessive phrase and possessive

The possessive phrase precedes the name accompanied or not by the marker " yè' "
" θengè “djinn (yè”) 'ka : (" friendly (of) car ") The car of my ami
In the same way, to express the possession, one makes precede the name by the adequate personal pronoun:
" tchoNdo yè' ?eiN " (" I-of-house ") My house

Personal pronouns

Rules

the prone personal pronoun is used only if necessary
the pronoun does not change a form with the function: it, it, it = θou
As in other languages of the South-East Asia, it are often replaced by terms of relationship: thus, to address to somebody or to even speak about oneself, according to his age or that of the person, one will employ:

" ? or 'breadth " (Uncle) for a man old or older than oneself
" C-C " (" Petite" aunt) for a woman old or older than oneself
" KB-KB " (Big brother) for a man of very the âge
" ma'-my " (Big sister) for a woman of the same age

Ainsi a mother will say to her son: " me 'θwa- " " Mother goes of aller" = I from will go away

and the son can answer: " θa lay? - me " " Wire accompagne" = I accompany you

Usual pronouns:

Verbs and adjectives

the verb does not combine
It exists a mark of the plural which is not obligatory " - dja'/-tcha' ": " la-dja'-mè" = we will come.
the addition to the verb of auxiliaries and marks makes possible the expression of many methods.
the following table indicates how the elements are added to the verb:

Components of the verb

Auxiliaries and marks

them Auxiliaire S in Burmese is verbs which can be employed separately with their own significance or like marks taking a possibly different direction, a little as to have which loses its direction “to have” when it is auxiliary. Thus dwarf as verb means “to overcome” and is used as auxiliary in the direction of “being able”.
- The marks get busy only like suffixes.
- Auxiliaries and marks are numerous. Here the principal ones:

Verbs “being” and “to have”

Two verbs are used:

pHyi? like copulates between name (or pronoun) and attribute, but it is usually omitted, and one makes follow the attribute of - ba/pa :

chwé' pHyi?- you (“It is gold”)
θou 'tchaoN-ðou-Ba (“It is student”)

chipour to express a situation: “to be with, there is”:

di-Hma “tchaoN chi” - of (“Here there is a monastery”)

This same verb corresponds “to have” = “to be with”, but the equivalent of the with is often omitted:

tchema' (- mHa) “ka chi” - of (me (- with) - car-being = “I have a car”)

ke' breadth Be--yao? chi' ðe' lè' (children how much + class. to be? = “how much do you have children? ”)

Verb-adjectives

There does not exist a category of adjectives in Burmese except those borrowed from the Pali; what corresponds to it can be a name, a subordinate clause, but also a verb of quality (as in Chinese): koN- results in good “good” or “being”:

di “meN-my” la'-of (“This woman is beautiful”)

meN-ma' it (“Beautiful woman”)

The complex sentence

It functions like the nominal groups, subordination and its direction appearing by the use of markers. Structure: SUBORDINATED + (MARKERS) + PRINCIPAL

Subordinated name (relative)

Some examples:

Subordinated verb (completive, circumstantial)

Some examples:

Lexicon

Origin

The majority of the vocabulary is of Burmese origin, generally monosyllabique.
A certain number of words, raising in particular of the religious, philosophical or abstract field were borrowed from Pāli and are polysyllabic, as follows: kala' (“time”), 'yoga (“disease”), pyiNgna (“education”), yedena (“treasure”), ? andeyé (“danger”)…
Since the time of the Colonisation many are the English terms passed in Burmese, as follows: round of applause (Bank), kafi (Coffee), ka' touN (of cartoon , “band or cartoon”, kouNpyoota (of computer , “computer”).

Some characteristics

They can be found in Chinese and in the languages of the South-East Asia:
1-Redoublement same word , in particular for adverbes

'kaon (to be good) kaon-kaon = “Well”

'pHyé (to be slow) 'pHyé-pHyé = “Slowly”

2-Verbe + Verbe Two verbs can be followed to supplement to them sens

yu- 'θwa (to take + from to go away) = “To carry”

pyaN- 'EP (to turn over + to give) = “To return”

pyaN- 'pyo (to turn over + to speak) = “To answer”

3- Name + verb to express an atmospheric phenomenon

It rains = 'Mo yue-born-with (“the rain rains”)

It hails = 'Mo 'θi tcha-born-with (“the fruits of the rain fall”)

4-Richess of the terms of parenté
The Burmese lays out, for example, of different terms for the brothers ( KB ) and sisters ( ema' ) older on the one hand, for young people on the other hand, by distinguishing moreover for the latter the word nyi , “young brother”, employed by a male speaker and maouN , by a speaker and, in the same way, the word (H) nema' , employed by a speaker and nyi-my by a speaker.

Cardinals

The table below gives the cardinal numbers in Tibetan, Burmese, karen (even family that the Burmese) and their translation in French, the photograph presents some figures in Burmese writing:

Some current expressions

Hello /bonsoir = miNg (E) Ba ; one can add: KH (E) 'mya (man which speaks)/ chiN (woman which speaks)

Goodbye = according to the case: “ θwa me (I leave),” θwa do' me (we leave), pyaN do' me (I must set out again), twé' me (we will meet)

How are you? = born 'kaon ðe 'the That is well = born 'kaon Ba of

What is it? = da Ba 'the

How much does this cost? = da Be lao? 'the

Do you want to lower the price a little? = 'zé '“tap-hole” me'

It is (very) good/beautiful = (θei?) 'kaon/'hla Ba of

Give me this/that = da/Ho ha 'EP Ba

Yes = hou? kè'

Not = mehou? Pa 'bou

Did you eat? = (tHe' miN) 'its 'pi Bi 'the (optional, = rice)

I ate = ' his 'pi Ba Bi

I am on a journey = kHe' yi “θwa melô”

I am… = tchema' (woman)/ tcheno….Ba (man)

I am professor = tchema' sHeyama' Ba (woman)/ tcheno sHeya Ba (man)

I am French = tchema'/tcheno pyNθi? lou myô Ba

Thank you = ' tché/'tye 'zou chock Ba of

Please = ya' Ba of

I am happy to meet you = twé' ya da 'wouN θa Ba of

How are you called? = kHemya' (speaker)/ sHin' (speaker) namè bèlô kHo ðe' the

I am called… = tcheno (masc.)/ tchema' (fém.)… lô' kHo Ba of

I include/understand/I do not include/understand = “ Na the Ba of /nga Na Ba ði (nga=je between comrades, " ði" arts person for " dè") /” Na me it Ba 'bou

Here/over there = di Hma/Ho Hma

Yesterday/today/tomorrow = né' ga'/di né'/mené' pHyaN