Conquest of America

Before 1492

Phéniciens

According to Ezra Stiles, a researcher American amateur of the 18th century, the Rocher of Dighton would be covered with Pétroglyphe S Phéniciens. The theory is taken again by French Antoine Court of Gebelin in 1781. It is not seriously retained by the contemporary historians.

Another theory lacking serious archaeological validation is gigantic “the sculpture” at the top of the mountain of Pedra da Gavea overhanging the town of Rio de Janeiro and pretense to represent a European and bearded face. This immense head is visible with kilometers with the round. At the 19th century were discovered inscriptions phenicians on the side of cliff of Pedra da Gavea (with the height of the cap), being translated as follows: Badezir, Phénicien of Tyr, Oldest son of JethBaal . Badezir or Badezor or Baal-Ezer II as a phenician were a king of Tyr and reigned towards 850 before J. - C. Phéniciens not being called themselves by this name (“phenician” is a Greek term). His/her father was also king of Tyr and Sidon from 896 to 863 before J. - C. under the name of JethBaal or EthBaal or Ithobaal Ier. Baal-Ezer II had a sister: Jézabel that their father Ithobaal Ier Maria with the king d' Israël Achab. She became queen of Israel.

Romans

Discovered in 1983 of a Roman galère in the content of bay of Guanabara with Rio de Janeiro. This ship transported in its compartment of tens of amphoras.

The mystical voyage of Brandan Saint

Brendan de Clonfert or Bréanainn de Clonfert was born towards 484 in Ciarraight Luachra in Ireland.

Left for a search seven years to the research of the garden Eden, Holy Brandan or Brendan ventures on the Atlantic Ocean with a small boat (probably a Currach) and several monks, towards 530. They return to Ireland while affirming to have discovered, towards the West, an island which they compare to Paradis.
Le account quickly propagated their adventures attracts many pilgrims with Aldfert, the village from where Saint Brandan had took its departure with his/her companions.

Saint Brandan continues to travel in British Isles and to Brittany during nearly twenty-five years. With the estuary of Rancid, it founds a convent with Aleth, then turns over to Ireland where it dies towards 577/578.

In 1976, the Irishman Tim Severin builds a boat in skins of tended animals and by reaching Newfoundland by the Faroe Islands and Iceland, proves that the voyage of Brendan could make him discover the America before the Viking S and Christophe Colomb.

Vikings

The Viking S are undoubtedly the first age of the “old world” to join America. About the year 1000, Leif Erikson sails from Greenland until Newfoundland, which it calls Vinland. Remained a long time on the level of the legends, this history receives confirmation in 1960 with the discovery of the archaeological remainders of the Anse in Meadows where Leif Erikson founds a colony and which makes of him the discoverer north-European of America. Stormy relations with the autochtones are probably not foreign with the evacuation of the village, a few tens of years later.

The Vikings named the American grounds of Scandinavian names:

Greenland = green Ground = Greenland

Helluland = Ground of the stones punts = Baffin Island

Markland = Ground of the forests = Labrador, Quebec and valley of Saint Laurent

Vinland = Ground of the vines = the United States

The runic Pierre of Kensington discovered in the South of the Big lakes in Minnesota, in the United States, is always the subject of important studies to support information which it contains. Indeed the engraved text reveals the presence of a forwarding of a score of Vikings accompanied by ten Goths and the whole gone back from the middle to 1362.

Madoc

Madoc was a Welsh prince who would have discovered the America in 1170, that is to say three hundred years before Christophe Colomb. The history tells that Madoc would have gone up the large rivers of the North America and meets friendly and hostile tribes of Indians before being installed some share on the large plains. It unloaded a hundred and twenty men, and returned to equip in Europe a flotilla with ten ships to transport in this new establishment all the elements of a permanent colony. According to the legend, colonists would have been integrated in tribes of Indians and their descendants would have remained on the American border during a few centuries. The reverend Morgan Jones, captured in 1669 by a tribe iroquoise (the Tuscaroras), was the first to give an account of Indians speaking Welsh. The chief would have saved it by hearing that Jones spoke Welsh, language which it understood. Jones would have remained a few months in the tribe to preach the Évangile before turning over to the English colonies where he told his adventure in 1686.

Empire of Mali

According to an Arab author of the 14th century, Al-Omari, between the 12th-13th centuries, Abubakar II, Sovereign of the Empire of Mali, would have launched two forwardings to know the limits of the ocean. The first forwarding would have comprised 200 Pirog S, of which only one would have returned. The second forwarding would have been composed of 2.000 dugouts, loaded with vivres and water. Abubakar II would have embarked on one of these dugouts, leaving the capacity to his/her son Kango Moussa. No boat would have returned and, Abubakar II would have perished, certainly at sea. Some Historien S think that some dugouts could all the same reach the coasts of South America, two centuries before Christophe Colomb . Christophe Colomb reports, in his accounts, the discovery of natives to the black skin, but wanted it by speaking there about a bronzed, typical skin of the Antilles, or of a tein of skin as black as that of the Malians?

Zheng He

According to the British author Gavin Menzies, the Chinese fleet of the admiral Zheng He would have reached the the Antilles since the Africa, and the west coast of the America via Magellan Strait.

This thesis was elaborate starting from the study of old Italian and Portuguese charts maritime former to the voyages of Christophe Colomb and showing islands and unknown territories of the Europeans at that time, generally interpreted by the historians like imaginary islands.

Breton, Norman and Basque fishermen

As of the 14th century, the Breton sailors of Paimpol and Saint Malo, the Norman sailors of Barfleur and Dieppe, finally those of the Basque Country leave to fish cod off the Canadian coasts and in the gulf of Saint Laurent. All these bold sailor-fishermen find themselves on the large island of Newfoundland in company of other valiant Irish and Portuguese navigators. As of the 14th century the French sailors pay the dîme with king de France on Pescheries of the grounds neufves .

Charles V of France (1338-1380)

In full 14th century, the king of France Charles V of France increases the limits of Paris. He makes build the Château of Vincennes to the outside of the limits of the city in order to be able to escape the possible revolts from the middle-class men from Paris, as it was the case, before its reign, with their representative, the provost of the merchants Etienne Marcel.
Il makes build new enclosures with the Palais of Louvre. New princely and royal rooms are built, in particular the famous library of Charles V, most important of all Europe (large scholar and amateur of books and incunables) from which the interior is carried out with a wood rare and exotic of red color, which would come from the Brésil according to the research tasks of the University Montpellier III.
Dés second half of the 14th century, of the French and European navigators go to the Brésil to bring back famous wood color of ember… That is to say a little more than one hundred years before Colomb.

The Brothers Zeno

In the neighborhoods of 1390, three men, the Scottish count, Henry Sinclair known also under the name of Zichmni and the two Italian brothers exploring Niccolo and Antonio Zeno will contribute to the exploration of the road of the Nord-Atlantique ocean. Towards 1390 Niccolo Zeno after the exploration of Scotland became naval officer for the account of Henry Sinclair. Niccolo undertakes to chart the littoral of Greenland in order to prepare a voyage towards grounds discovered in the west by various sailors. Niccolo dies into 1395 before this voyage. Antonio, made to Scotland, will be able to take note of the writings of his brother. Sinclair goes in 1398 to America on the territory of what will be later Newfoundland and the South-eastern coast of Canada.

In 1558, a descendant of the Zeno brothers, will publish a book on the account of their voyages with a chart become famous, the Carte Zeno.

João Vaz Corte-Real

In 1472, the Portuguese explorer João Vaz Corte-Real goes on the island of Bacalhau on which the Portuguese sailor-fishermen have fished cod for one long period with their French counterparts. Terra Nova C Bacalhau (literally, Newfoundland of the cods ). This island, which identified forever with certainty, could be Newfoundland.

Jean Cousin Dieppois

During the 14th century, charts and others portulans circulate among the European navigators. Islands are clearly indicated to the West of the Atlantic Ocean; island of Antilia, island of Brasil, island of Bacalao, etc

At the beginning of the 15th century and especially the end of the one hundred year old War, of the English Bristol-board sailors put the course towards the island of Brasil. Since 1480, the Croft navigators and Jay leave Bristol-board regularly towards the island of Brasil to bring back the famous wood of brasil to it.

In 1488, the Dieppois captain Jean Cousin, share towards the Africa of the west then islands of the the Azores. On the way towards this archipelago, its ship is drossé by the storm and the currents towards the South America. It accosts with the Brésil with the course San Rogue. Its second is called Vincent Pinzon, future commander of Niña and his brother Martin Pinzon that of the Pinta, two of the three boats which sprang with conquest of the New World four years later under the orders of some Christophe Colomb.

1492 and afterwards

1492: Christophe Colomb

August 3rd, Christophe Colomb begins his first forwarding. October 12th, it reaches Guanahani (probably San Salvador, with the the Bahamas). October 28th, he discovers Cuba. In November, it reaches the island of Hispaniola. It returns in January 1493.

1493-1496: The second forwarding of Christophe Colomb

Colomb leaves on September 25th. October 16th, he discovers Desiderada (Désirade). November 3rd, it reaches Maria Galanda (Marie-Gallant) then the Dominique. He discovers then Karukera or Santa Maria de Guadalupe de Estremadura (Low-Ground of the Guadeloupe), Montserrat, Saint Martin's day and St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre. In April 1494, it arrives at Puerto Rico, then with the Jamaica. It returns to Cadiz on June 11th, 1496.

1494

The Treated of Tordesillas, signed on June 7th, establishes the division of the Nouveau World the Spain and the Portugal with for line of demarcation the meridian line located with 370 miles (1770 km) in the west of the islands of the Cape Verde - meridian which would be located today at 46° 37 ' west.

1497: John Pooch

June 24th, 1497, John Cabot touches ground and explores the coast during some time before setting out again for the England. The precise place of its first accosting is discussed, but the Canadian and British governments consider that it arrived at Bonavista, on Newfoundland. It sets out again in forwarding in May 1498, and disappears at sea.

1498

João Fernandes Lavrador cartography the north-eastern end of the North America, and discovers probably the Labrador.

May 30th, Christophe Colomb undertakes his third forwarding. He visits Saint-Vincent, the Grenade, Trinidad, Margarita, and the coast of the Venezuela close to the Orénoque. August 31st, it arrives at Hispaniola.

1499

Alonso de Ojeda recognizes the South America close to the Orénoque. He discovers a natural port which he calls Venezuela; he unloads in Guyana. Amerigo Vespucci continues to the mouth of the the Amazon

1500

April 22nd, Pedro Alvares Cabral arrives at the coasts of the Brésil.

Vicente Yañez Pinzon and Diego de Lepe explores the northern coast of Brazil.

The Portuguese explorer Gaspar Corte-Real unloads on the east coast of Newfoundland.

1501

Gaspar Corte-Real and its brother Miguel probably arrives until the Labrador and to Newfoundland. They separate, and Gaspar disappears without leaving of trace. Miguel launches a forwarding to her research in 1502, and disappears in her turn.

The Spaniard Rodrigo de Bastidas share of the coast of the Colombia current and reached in 1502 Punta de Manzanillo, close to the Isthmus of Panamá.

Veléz de Mendoza explores the north of the east coast of the Brésil.

Gonçalo Coelho and Amerigo Vespucci tries to find a passage towards Asia while descending South America.

1502

January, Amerigo Vespucci discovers a large bay which it names Rio de Janeiro. It goes then until in Patagonie, but does not find a passage towards Asia.

Christophe Colomb begins his fourth travels on May 9th. He visits St Lucia, the Martinique, the Honduras, the Nicaragua, the Costa Rica, and Panamá. He fails himself in Jamaica while trying to return towards Hispaniola.

1507

Martin Waldseemüller publishes Cosmographiæ Introductio also called the planisphere of Waldseemüller.

First mention of the name America on a chart.

Representation of the Isthmus of Panamá and a possible passage enters the two American continents allowing an free access between the two oceans.

Representation, on the Planisphere of Waldseemüller, of the mountainous chains of the the Andes and the Rocky Mountains however unknown officially in 1507.

It will be necessary to officially await the voyage of Magellan in 1520, to approach the shores of the Pacific Ocean.

How these mountainous solid masses could be reproduced with as much precision?

How was the representation of the isthmus of Panama possible?

Which were the portulans which made it possible to represent them?

And since which dates these regions Western, near to the Pacific Ocean, were they known?

1508

Juan Ponce of León bases the colony of Caparra on the island of Puerto Rico; in 1521 it is reinstalled with San Juan.

1513

April 2nd, Juan Ponce of León is probably the first European to be unloaded on the territory of the the modern United States, in Florida.

September 25th, Vasco Núñez de Balboa sees for the first time the Pacific Ocean, since a hill in the east of the Isthme of Panamá.

1515

July 25th, Pánfilo de Narváez founds Havana.

1516

Francisco Hernández de Córdoba explores the Nicaragua and the Honduras.

1519

April 22nd, Hernán the Cortes founds the town of Veracruz, and leaves to the conquest Mexico.

Pascual de Andagoya founds the town of Panamá with 400 colonists.

In September, the fleet of Fernand of Magellan circumvents the America on the way towards the Indonesia. The November 1520, it crosses the Magellan Strait.

1522

Pascual de Andagoya fails in its attempt at conquest of the Peru.

1524

Francisco Pizarro undertakes its first forwarding towards the Peru, which turns quickly to the disaster.

1526

Francisco Pizarro launches its second forwarding towards Peru.

1528

Francisco Pizarro arrives at Peru, and returns to the Panamá to the end of the year.

In April, Pánfilo de Narváez unloads in Florida. Pursued by the natives, it disappears in a storm while trying to return towards the Mexico.

1531

At the end of January, Francisco Pizarro undertakes its third forwarding towards Peru, with 180 men and three ships.

1532

November 15th, Francisco Pizarro captures the INCA Atahualpa; it then makes it carry out.

1534

Pizarro enters to Cuzco.

1535

January 6th, Pizarro founds Ciudad of los Reyes (Lima).

1539

May 30th, Hernando de Soto unloads with Espiritu Santo (Tampa Bay) and undertakes the exploration of the interior of the the United States.

1541

May 8th, Soto discovers the the Mississippi.

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