Computer programming language

A computer programming language is a Code of Communication, making it possible an human being to dialog with a machine by subjecting instructions to him and by analyzing the material data provided by the system, generally a Ordinateur. The language makes it possible the person who writes a program, to disregard internal mechanism certain, generally of activations and desactivations of electronic switches, which lead to the desired result.

The activity of drafting of the Source code of a program is named programming. It consists of the implementation of techniques of writing and resolution of data-processing algorithms, which are founded on the Mathématiques. For this reason, a computer programming language is distinguished from the mathematical language by its operational aiming (a function and by extension, a program, must turn over a value), so that a “computer programming language is always a compromise between the power of expression and the possibility of execution. ”

Computer programming languages

The computer programming languages make it possible to define the whole of instructions carried out by the Ordinateur during the execution of a program. There exist thousands of computer programming languages, the majority of them being reserved for specialized fields. They are the subject of constant research in the universities and industry.

The computer programming languages can be classified many manners:

specialized general practitioner/,
high level/low level,
interpreted/compiled,
with/without management of automated memory,
with/without Management system of exceptions,
with strong Typing/weak Typing,
with static Typing/dynamic Typing,
with Syntaxe fixes/extensible;
not object Directed object /purement object,
imperative/functional/declaratory,
functional pure/impure,
etc

We include below a summary classification of the most known computer programming languages. It is necessary to keep in mind that many languages belong simultaneously to several categories - they are known as “multi-paradigms”. For example, C++ allows the imperative, directed programming object and the generic programming (containing classes and of named parameterized functions templates). Common Lisp at the same time imperative, functional, is directed object - and its “programmable” character (a programmable computer programming language…) he makes it possible to integrate other “paradigms” of programming in its center (for example: logical programming, programming by constraints).

Below, us listels the most known languages (we put between brackets certain derived languages or the necessary extensions).

Declaratory languages

OZ
Mercury
Prolog for PROgrammation LOGique
Clips

Below, us listels the specialized languages, i.e. of which the use is reserved for quite specific fields; most known are:

Data definition languages

ASN.1
DTD SGML
DTD XML
XML Diagram
Relaxed NG

Languages specialized for the communication with a Database

Languages for dynamic pages Web

Execution by the Waiter HTTP (side waiter):

.
ASP .
JSP (resulting from Java, based on Servlet S).
Python.
Perl.
Tcl .

Framework Ruby one Rails based on the language Ruby.
XSP (resulting from XML, supported by Apache).
Any language within the framework of Common Gateway Interfaces (cgi).
W-Language (WebDev).

Execution by the Navigator Web (side customer):

Javascript or ECMAScript (which JScript inherits with specific extensions).
VBScript .
Applet S written in Java.
Tclets written in Tcl.
ActionScript of Macromedia Flash.
XSLT .

Computer programming languages theoretical

Computer programming languages of Numerical control (C.N.)

A Machine tool automated, or Numerical control (C.N.), needs a computer programming language to carry out the operations of turning, or Fraisage…

Programmation of numerical control

Computer programming languages of the industrial programmable automats (API)

Sequential function chart, graphic language, derived from the Grafcet (NB: the grafcet defines the specifications in a graphic way)
Langage Ladder, graphic Langage

To make the programming more difficult

Brainfuck (or F*ckF*ck, Ook or Spoon)
Intercal
Malbolge
Unlambda

Specialized languages

CDuce : functional language of a nature higher for the handling of documents than format XML.

ABEL: language for the electronic programming of PLD
Esterel, Gloss, Signal, Synchronous Lucid: synchronous computer programming languages for the reactive systems
R: language for the tool of statistics of the same name
XLispStat: language for the tool of statistics of the same name
VHDL: language of material description, allowing to synthesize numerical electronics (descriptions of doors logical) and to simulate of it operation
Verilog, another language of material and simulation, more popular description in the United States
SystemC, language of material description moreover high level that precedents and allowing a faster simulation
vrml, description of scenes in three dimensions
Form of Backus-Naur (BNF), formalization of the computer programming languages

Other languages

Fenix
ABAP
Anubis
ArmScript
Awk
Lisaac
Miva Script
SNOBOL
sed
Scripting mIRC
Scratch, language free, developed by the Massachusetts Institute off Technology (MIT) and directed towards a use as of age the 8 years.

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