Communist party indonésien

Beginnings

The party is founded in 1914 in what was then the the Indies Dutchwomen, on the initiative of a Dutch Socialist, Henk Sneevliet, under the name of Indische Sociaal-Democratische Vereeniging or ISDV (" social democrat union of Indes"). The ISDV has then 85 members coming from the two Dutch socialist parties present at the Indies Dutchwomen, the Social democrat Party of the Workers (SDAP) and the Communist party of Holland.

In 1915, the ISDV starts to publish Het Vrije Woord (" the word libre"). At the time, the ISDV does not fight for independence. On these some 100 members, three only his natives. The party takes soon radical positions and anticapitalists. Sneevliet takes its distances with respect to the SDAP in the Netherlands. In 1917, the wing reformist of the ISDV makes scission to form the Indische Sociaal-Democratische Partij (" social democrat party of Indes"). In 1917, the ISDV launches its first publication in Malayan, Soeara Merdika (" the voice of the liberté").

Sneevliet sees in the Russian Révolution the way to be followed for Indonesia. The party develops among the sailors and Dutch soldiers based in the colony. It creates the " Rouges" guards; , which is 3.000 at the end of three months. End 1917, of the soldiers and the sailors revolt in the great naval base of the Indies Dutchwomen, Surabaya, and train a council of the Soviet S. the colonial authorities repress the Soviets of Surabaya and the ISDV. the Dutch leaders of the party are returned to the Netherlands, including Sneevliet. The leaders of the revolt are condemned to 40 years of prison.

The ISDV continues nevertheless its activities clandestinely. It launches a second publication, Soeara Rakyat (" the voice of the peuple"). The departure forced of several of its Dutch frameworks, and a work of infiltration within the Sarekat Islam, result soon in an indigenous majority. In 1919, the party has nothing any more but 25 Dutch members on a total of less than 400.

With the congress of the ISDV in 1920 with Semarang, the party takes the name of Perserikatan Komunis di Hindia or PKH (" communist association of Indes") under the presidency of Semaun. The PKH is the first Communist party of Asia to be adhered to the Internationale Communist. Henk Sneevliet represents the party with the second congress of the International Communist in 1920. Semaun leaves the Indies Dutchwomen in 1921, replaced by Tan Malaka. Into 1924, the name of the party is again changed into Partai Komunis Indonesia or PKI.

In 1926, the PKI launches an insurrection against the colonial government to Western Java and Western Sumatra, where he proclaims a republic. The insurrection is brutally crushed by the authorities. Thousands of people are killed and 13.000 stopped. More than 1.300 frameworks of the party are sent to the camp of Boven Digoel in New Guinea (current province of Papua). Other political directors are also stopped, under the pretext of repress the communist rebellion. The party is put outlaw in 1927. It enters clandestinity then.

In 1935, a leader of the PKI, Muso, returns of its exile to Moscow to reorganize the party. With the Netherlands, the party develops among the students of the Indies within the nationalist organization Perhimpunan Indonesia (" association indonésienne").

Independence

The PKI reappears on the political scene indonésienne after the Japanese defeat and the proclamation of independence in 1945. Indonesia must face a confrontation armed and diplomatic with the Netherlands, which want to recover their colony. The PKI and the militia which it control take an active part in this fight.

In 1948, the PKI forms with Partai Sosialis (PS) and of the trade unions a " Democratic face Populaire". The left wing of the PS, carried out by the former Prime Minister Amir Sjarifuddin, joined the PKI, while the right wing founds Partai Sosialis Indonesia (Socialist party Indonésien) under the direction of Sjahrir, also former Prime Minister. This year, Muso returns to Jakarta after a 12 years stay to Soviet Union. The political office of the PKI is remelted, under the direction of D.N. Aidit, Lukman and Njoto.

After the signature of the agreements of the " Renville" with the Dutchmen, the various armed groups indonésiens return from the zones of combat. The line obtains that one orders the disarmament and the dissolution of the units of guerilla and the militia controlled by the PKI. With Madiun, a town of Java Is, a group of communist soldiers refuses obtempérer and is killed, starting an insurrection in September 1948. Although the party denounced rising and calls with the calm one, the army supports that he proclaimed a " Soviet republic of Indonésie" with Muso as president and Amir Sjarifuddin like Prime Minister. September 30th, the Division Siliwangi, remained honest to the government, enters Madiun. Thousands of frameworks are carried out, including Amir and Muso, and 36.000 jetés in prison. Aidit and Lukman are exiled in China. The PKI however is not prohibited and its rebuilding begins again since 1949.

The period 1950-65

In 1951 a group of junior managers of less than 30 years, carried out by Aidit, takes the head of the party. A spectacular progression follows. Of less than 7.000 members at the beginning of 1952, the PKI counts 150.000 in 1954 of them. Its trade union, SOBSI, became most important of the country. With the elections of 1955, the first in the history of Indonesia, the PKI obtains 16,4% of the voices, becoming the 4th party indonésien behind the Moslem PNI soekarnist and parties Nahdlatul Ulama and Masyumi. The party counts 1,5 million members in 1958.

At the end of the years 1950, the whole of the parties indonésiens is implied in the countryside for the " release of Irian" , name that Indonésiennes give to the Western New Guinea, always occupied by the Dutchmen, who had left of it the statute outstanding to the moment of the recognition of the Republic of Indonesia in 1949. This movement leads to the nationalization of the Dutch credits and the expulsion of the Dutchmen of Indonesia.

In 1959, under the pressure of the Army, Soekarno dissolves the assembly resulting from the elections of 1955, form a new assembly of which it designates the members, and launches the " democracy guidée" , initiatives which the PKI supports.

October 1st, 1965 in the morning, an officer of the presidential guard announces with the radio operator being with the head of a " council révolutionnaire" who thwarted a plot against the president Soekarno and stopped six generals. An unknown general, Soeharto, take the head of repression. In forty-eight hours, the rebels are stopped.

Soeharto issues the dissolution of the PKI, shown to have fomented this " movement of September 30th ". A hunting for the Communists follows which will last of the months and will make between 500 000 and one million died according to the estimates.

After-Soeharto

In 1999, the president Abdurrahman Wahid, respected Moslem leader and open and cultivated man (it translated Sartre into indonésien), request, in the name of the organization which it directed, the Nahdatul Ulama, forgiveness for the role that this one played in the massacres of 1965-66. It asks the former members of the PKI exiled with returns to the country in 1999. He proposes to raise the restrictions which weigh on a discussion open on the communist ideology. Abdurrahman quotes the constitution of 1945, which does not say anything on the subject. This proposal runs up against the vigorous opposition of certain indonésiens mediums, in particular the preserving Moslem groups. In 2000, a group named " Islamic front of Indonésie" gather ten thousand people in Jakarta to protest against the proposal. The army promises d'" to study the question".

To date (2006), the communist question is occulted, at the same time by the " fight against the terrorisme" which Indonesia of the president Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono endeavors to take part in the sides of the United States, and the operations of certain Moslem mediums indonésiens to impose not very democratic measurements legally, like the " bill; anti-pornographie" deposited in 2005, and which mobilizes the democratic forces indonésiennes.

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