See also: Communication (homonymy)
The Communication (often shortened in COM ) is the action, the fact of communicating, of establishing a Relation with others, of transmitting something to somebody, the whole of the means and Technique S allowing the diffusion of a message near a more or less vast and heterogeneous audience and the action for somebody, a company to inform and promote its activity near the public, to maintain its image, by very proceeded media.
It concerns as well the man (interpersonal communication, groupale…) that the animal (communication intra- or inter species) or the machine (telecommunications, new technologies…), like their hybrids: man-animal; men technologies… It is in fact, a science shared by several disciplines which does not answer a single definition.
a first current of thought, gathered behind the " Communication" and information sciences; , an approach of the communication centered on the transmission of information proposes. It is interested as well in the man-machine interaction as with the psychic process of the transmission of knowledge (with the support of cognitive sciences). a second current, carried by social psychology, is interested primarily in the interpersonal communication (duelle, triadic or groupale). The communication is then regarded as a complex system which takes into account all that occurs when individuals enter in interaction and utilizes at the same time cognitive processes, emotional and unconscious. Accordingly, it is considered that transmitted information is always multiple, that the transmission of information is only part of the process of communication and that various levels of direction circulate simultaneously. Lastly, a third current, resulting from the psychoanalysis, draft of the intra-psychic communication.
The communication is the process of Transmission of Information S. This term comes from the Latin “ communicare ” which means “ to share ”. The communication can thus be regarded as a process for the pooling of Information S and Connaissance S .
The communication is before a whole Phénomène Cognitif. When technologies of Télécommunication are employed, the communication must be based on complex functions (protocols Normé S, etc).
It is important to differentiate several concepts when one speaks about communication:
the Science of the communication , seeking to conceptualize and rationalize processes of transmission between to be S, machines, groups or entities. One will prefer in this article the term of “Science of the communication” or more simply “the Communication”. The Communication is resulting from the meeting and the pooling of the Connaissance S of several sciences: in particular the Linguistic , the Telegraphy, the Telephony, the Psychology, the Sociology, the Political and the Anthropology. Some categorize this science as being also the motion study of the Information, related to the Information theory; a process of communication can be basiquement described as being the process of transmission of a message of a transmitting with one or more Récepteur S through a Média undergoing interference S under condition of message of Rétroaction or feedback. That associates an act with the message and the mediatization which are dependant there. It is the Contexte which gives the direction of the exchange. One will then prefer the term of “process of communication” or more simply “a communication”. We will see that there exist different model from representation and thus various ways of approaching what is a communication according to the factors that one takes into account; the transportation routes , which represent the various means of communication and of transport, in particular the Télécommunication, the road and railway ways, companies of communications… Short all that is related to the mediatization of message, in an industrial sector, advertizing executive or technological. Formerly theorized and used by the industrial sector, the tertiary sector (services, advertizing executives, or ex- New technologies of Information and the Communication or NTIC) moreover adapted these concepts, and their use.
The communication is the vector of the Connaissance and the Culture. To consider the culture on a strictly individual level, like that of a scholar, would be to neglect the aspects of Civilization. The communication constitutes the mode of exchange for Communauté S of Nobody S wishing to divide Culture S communes.
At the historical level , for a few decades, the historians (school of Annals) have shown the importance of the Représentation S on this point. One can go back to the means of communication of the Moyen-âge (see Georges Duby). The contemporary historians take into account the Contexte Culturel, in order to avoid the mistakes in interpretation (Historicisme).
Today like yesterday, the communication and its channels are the means of diffusing Information S with character Culturel - in the broad sense - on the event S, the discoveries and the Tradition S, and of keeping the trace of it.
The Entreprise S themselves become sensitive to this aspect of the things when they maintain a Culture company.
The Culture of a Communauté of Nobody S is undoubtedly the element more determining Contexte .
One saw during the History, in particular with the Renaissance that the modes of diffusion and communication of the Information were very powerful Vecteur S to diffuse the Connaissance S resulting from new visions of the world. For the Rebirth for example, the historians (Jean Delumeau,…) highlighted the key function of the Imprimerie in the communication (one saw the impact whom had the accounts of the voyages of Christophe Colomb and of the theses of Luther, which could be transmitted in printed form). It became gradually impossible to be opposed to the diffusion Connaissance S news because of this new Média.
Starting from the Years 1830 (see 19th century), one started to use means of Télécommunication S using the techniques electric S (Télégraphe) then electromagnetic S (Hertz, Marconi, Radiodiffusion). The use of the radio by the British authorities and the general de Gaulle during the Second world war had the impact which one knows. Jacques Chaban-Delmas had Conscience besides that the radio acted like a transmitting , but badly took into account the effects of Rétroaction, because of the great number of receiving.
One saw during the Histoire, the importance which the language in the communication took. The translations in several vernacular languages of the Livre of the wonders of the world of Jean de Mandeville had a considerable impact with the XIV {{E}} and at the 15th century on the exploring (in particular Christophe Colomb), perhaps more than the Devisement of the world which reported the voyages of Marco Polo. The edict of Villers-Cotterêts (François I {{er}}, 1539) allowed the sovereign to diffuse the administrative acts and legal in a news Official language of communication.
The considerable impact as had, at the 17th century was as seen, certain works written in French, in fields which remained still reserved for the Latin : the Utopia of Thomas More, the Discourse on Method of Descartes (1637), the Provincial of Pascal (1656). With the XVIII {{E}} and 19th centuries, the Bible of Sacy had a considerable impact on the Littérature. To the 18th century, the European courses communicated in French. The philosophers of the Lumières had obtained the access authorization to the royal library, and could thus communicate largely in this language on the philosophical questions and sociological.
The English today is largely employed for the communication in many fields (data processing, businesses, sciences primarily). The languages have Statut S of communication very different: the six official languages of the the United Nations are English, the Spanish , French, the Russian , the Arab and the Chinese.
Nevertheless, the native tongues locally remain the languages of communication, in particular in Europe, which defined a political on this point.
The languages are not inevitably spoken. They can also be gestural. The French Langue of the signs makes it possible for example to communicate enters and with the deaf people and not-hearing them. It is a language with whole share, and which knows its own evolution. In Quebec it is about the Québécois Langue of the signs.
To refer to Language of the signs.
The Image that we give must be confirmed by Others. The fact that the role, the Statute and place it actors are well identified makes it possible to the interlocutors to be recognized in a position Sociale, to avoid the misunderstandings, the conflicts, and to ensure the Crédibilité. The situational identity of the speaker is locatable in the stating.
For a Undertaken, the Brand image corresponds to the identity of the Entreprise Perçue by its Recipients. Very reached with the brand image is a Risque of reputation, prejudicial with the good walk of the Entreprise, its Crédibilité, and the Confiance which grant to him its customer S.
A skilful communication can facilitate the processes of influence, legal or not. The phenomenon of development of the ONG in the context of Mondialisation is revealing in this respect. The Sovereignty and the Indépendance of the State S can be threatened by the proliferation of messages not controlled in open Source.
The communication is an essential component of the Diplomatie and exercise of the Souveraineté of a State. When a Head of State or a representative of a Gouvernement is expressed at an international meeting, of a Sommet of the Earth, of an International Conference on a subject of Intérêt Mondial (International business, management of water, Santé, Biodiversité), the communication is Essentielle in the field of the perception of the authority.
The use of the French or the English is in particular a daily stake within the relation Quebec - Canada.
Moreover it is often recognized that the cultural and economic influence of a country is perceived by the influence and the use of its language. One will thus note the strong influence of the English and the Chinese currently. But in the time of Louis XIV, the language of the diplomacy and the nobility was the French.
Physical and psychic space (close friend) must be Protégé. In all Organization, each one defends its space and avoids the unjustified Intrusion S.
In the territorial economic life, for the Organization of Poles of competence for example, the communication is established between very different Organization S: decentralized services of the State S in areas (Länder,…), District councils, regional managements of Industry groups, Small and medium-size companies, Chambers of commerce and of industry, University S and Universities, Center of studies and research.
In order to Include/understand with all the precise details of the language, it is often preferable, at the regional or local level in any case, Utiliser the Native tongue, even if it means to employ a Common language at the time of the international stays.
The communication is the required passage to enter in relation with Others.
For this stage, it is necessary to note the importance of the means of Télécommunication S based on Technique S electric S and electronic S.
Progressively of the appearance of this last type of Media S since the 19th century, and except for the electric Telegraph (starting from 1838) and of the Telephone (transmitting elementary network Receiving), the Media S based on the techniques electronic S (radio, Television), employed since the Second world war, did not offer a possibility of important Rétroaction.
With the last generations of tools of Telecommunications electronic S, the Rétroaction becomes easier, and the messages grew rich much (Document S, Image S). The emails, Internet… make it possible to reach groups of Nobody S, and to make true a Communication of group.
The technical sides of the communication should not hide essence: the communication aims to make pass a Message.
The advent of Internet since the Années 1990 caused various studies on behalf of Philosophe S and of Sociologue S.
Among these studies, one will retain those of Pierre Musso and Philippe Breton, which, under a little different arguments, carries the same diagnosis: the communication tends to be instrumentalized by the tools of Télécommunication and the Technologies the information. The idea is that there exists a belief according to which one communicates well because one has average techniques sophisticated (last version of the software, mobile,…). Pierre Musso note that this Croyance would be founded on the Philosophie of the networks, kind of pseudo-" religion" who would be the resurgence of the philosophy of Saint-Simon (see Claude Henri de Rouvroy, count of Saint-Simon), founded on the principle of universal gravitation.
Actually, on the bottom, the communication seeks well to answer the one of the objective following:
to make pass a Information, a Knowledge, or a emotion;
One speaks then about Enjeu X of the communication. These Enjeu X is related to the various functions of the Message (see the concepts of Roman Jakobson).
It is seen that a communication too centered on average techniques can make forget the Risque S inherent in the communication.
Concerning the communication as a science, certain concepts were released by the various models of communication clarified low.
During the Years 1980, S.H. Chaffee and C.R. Berger proposed a general practitioner definition which nowadays remains a known base of sciences of the communication:
" The science of the communication seeks to include/understand the production, the treatment and the effects of
Symbol S and of the systems of Sign S by analyzable theories, containing legitimate generalizations allowing to explain the phenomena associated with the production, the treatments and the effets." (translated from English)
But it is interesting to have other joint definitions:
A communication is engraved in a context. It can take place at a given moment, in a given place, and with respect to a situation, of a event given.
All this Environment, which strictly speaking does not form part of the communication, but which accompanies this communication, is called context. The Environnement can generate Bruit, or cause interference S.
The Philosophie of the language is interested in the context, and the Linguistique specifies the context of a Phrase: to see Context (linguistic).
The context intervenes in the stakes referred to above: Culture, change of Media S, Language, Sovereignty, identity, dynamism of the territories, put in network.
A verbal Communication is made of sign S Linguistique S.
These signs confer a corpus called Langue, or more generally language, but the linguists have suddenly distinguished Langue and language.
Is known as “nonverbal” a communication based on the implicit comprehension of signs not expressed by a language: the Art, the Music, the Kinesthesis, the Color S, even the Clothing S or the Odor S. These signs, their assembly and their comprehension or their interpretation are in their great majority dependant on the culture.
This verbal/nonverbal distinction is not always easy to make.
The verbal word can also be included/understood as expressed of sharp voice (Petit Larousse). One will then speak about oral Communication, in opposition to the written communication.
One names network a whole of actors, of Economic agents, nodes, or places of communication to which the Message S circulate. Information concentrates and is redistributed thus. One speaks about a Réseau.
Social networks
They are the networks of former students of Universities, of Université S, association S, ONG, Research centres, public agencies…
See in the case of undertaken: wide Company
On the technical plan
Grid systems (Road S, Channels, Railroads, telecommunication networks and Informatique S (Telegraph, Telephony, Web) have developed considerably for two centuries.
See also on this subject: Telecommunications, semaphore, Telegraphy, Telephony.
Interaction S abstract
One discovered in the Années 1960 that the generalization of the automatic elevators, which removed the boys of elevator, removed an important node of abstract communication between the stages of a company (because the boy of elevator knew everyone and everyone spoke to him). This role was partially replaced by the corners coffee considered today as essential in the offices, and places of often important abstract exchanges.
A communication which can last in the Temps (the message is not removed at the time when it is sent) is known as “timeless”. For example, a message written in a book is timeless. This concept is related to the contact between the entities which communicate.
A transitory message, is him says “temporal”. For example, an oral discussion is transitory, temporal.
The communication is in particular taught in the schools of engineers.
In space, a communication can be:
This concept is related to the expression of the contact between the entities which communicate.
The Code (information) is a concept often proposed in the vision Mécaniste of the communication. It is however seldom adequate, applying although with the only situations Hiérarchique S and authoritative: man-machine Interface, relations man-animal, etc By extension and in a pessimistic way, the concept of code is often employed for the study of the Human relations.
Within this simplified framework, to communicate, the transmitting and the Récepteur must have a common code. The communication is characterized then especially by the use of a code establishing the correspondences between a sign and its direction which must be common to the interlocutors. The absence of common code between transmitter and Récepteur is one of the sources of failures of the communication, each one being able to suppose that the other includes/understands its code, without it being the case:
a states-unien project manager is shocked to see its French team requiring material for its work. Made elucidation, this team wanted only to require this material (gold to demand means to require ) the same one is astonished to see, after having stigmatized the little with time which one has for a small project, to see European members wondering why on the contrary one has such a margin. Elucidation: when he wrote on his table 6/6 for the start date and 6/12 for the completion date, he thought for the latter of the June 12th and the European team included/understood December 6th ! a Japanese colleague wishing to show the large respect which it tests for the family of a European colleague inviting it to dine brings to the housewife a flower considered as one of most beautiful to Japan: a chrysanthemum. Obstruct guaranteed at this one, for which this flower is symbol of cemetery.
In all these examples, the concept of code explains incomprehension between the human beings; but the concept does not explain therefore comprehension. However the situations are current where the defect of code does not bring a catastrophe, on the contrary: relations deaf person-hearing, relations blind man-indicator, relations between foreigners without common words, etc Between human, one can always try to render comprehensible oneself; thus test to you " to make comprendre" of a computer which detects a fault of syntax in the order sent. Not, definitely, the code is a too obvious concept to be used without tweezers.
The communication consists in transmitting a message in order to establish a contact. The establishment of the contact comprises some Risque S, in particular at the time of " the ouverture" and " fermeture" communication.
The risks of Intrusion, non-response, blocking and abandonment really exist.
This point is the subject of the Confidentialité in Sécurité of information.
One indicates under this term all that makes easier the communication possible or without relationship with the Contenu of the communication itself.
To await a tonality to number, to ask the Interlocutor to repeat itself, to spell its name, to get along tacitly at the time when a communication will be regarded as finished belong to the protocols.
The implementation of a protocol request the definition of Standard S elaborate.
See also:
The message of Feedback (or Feedback, or message of English feedback), is the message, verbal or not, returned by reaction by the Récepteur, with the transmitting . When there exists, one speaks about bidirectional Communication.
Its Enjeu X is differentiated from those of the message from which it is resulting. The feedback can be useful, according to the cases, with:
to confirm the Reception message;
The concept of feedback (feedback) is resulting from work of Norbert Wiener on cybernetics (Cybernetics gold Control and Communication in the Man and the Machine (1948) and Cybernetics and company (1950)). It seems resulting from work having taken place in the United States during the second world war to convert American industry into industry of war (1941-1942). It corresponds to the technological jump of the passage of the Mécanographie to the Informatique, and the appearance of the first Ordinateur S based on technologies electronic S.
This concept allowed to the researchers in Social sciences to pass from a linear vision (one-way) of the communication, with the design of a circular process (bidirectional).
One can distinguish according to Wiener two forms from Feedback:
the positive Feedback, which results in accentuating a phenomenon, with a possible effect of snowball (rise of the tension between the communicating ones. Between human it would be about irritation between two people). the negative Feedback can be regarded as a phenomenon of Régulation, which by reducing the communication, tends to maintain it stable and balanced. This regulation take several forms in particular reformulation or the questioning.
The loop of feedback resulted in defining ideal models and systemic of Information system (levels Opérationnel, Organisationnel, Décisionnel).
The science of the communication includes a very vast field which one can divide into several levels. In 1987, Denis McQuail makes a pyramidal proposal for these levels:
Each level includes those which are located in lower part of him Ainsi the communication of mass is the level which at the top of this pyramid and thus relates to all the other levels. It refers to more people in time and space than the others and treats all the lower levels. From where according to McQuail, there exists a certain prevalence of research for the communication of mass.
But there exists, according to other theories, a cutting in three levels of fundamental communications based them Diffusion:
The interpersonal Communication is based on the exchange 1 transmitter - 1 Récepteur.
Between human, it is the base of the life in company. It is there in general that comprehension is the best, but the number of Récepteur S is limited to only one person. The Rétroaction is quasi systematic. There is in particular the Téléphone, the oral conversation…
But the communication is not only oral. It is also nonverbal. (see higher).
The communication thus passes also by the body. Thus it nonverbal or will be rather not charged.
The perhaps para-verbal nonverbal communication i.e. which accompanies vocalization. Thus when the speaker explains that it is necessary to go on the right and that it moves his hand in this direction, it is a case of verbal communication para.
To cross the arms in a sign of protection is also a nonverbal communication. But here will be to say that: " I cut off myself behind my ideas leave me tranquille". Mimicry and posture belong to the communication. Of the gestures is likely to transmit a message like more extremely, more marked than than one says.
The tone of a message is also a form of not-verbal. It is this base, theverbal one, which what is called defines for example the play of an actor, with the Théatre.
One says sometimes that the communication is holistic - i.e. it utilizes the whole of the man - to stress the importance of the environment, of the environmental interferences in the communication.
For Muchielli, “one cannot not communicate”. Whether one keep silent oneself or that one speaks, all is communication. Our gestures, our posture, our mimicry, our way of being, our way of saying, our way of not saying, all these things “speak” with our receiver. The communication is also a form of handling. Indeed, we often communicate to handle, modify the environment or the behavior of others.
It was formalized only with courses the last two centuries.
The Communication of mass it is a transmitter (or a whole of transmitters dependant between them) addressing to all the Récepteur S available. There, comprehension is regarded as the least good, because the noise is strong, but the Récepteur S much more. It seldom has a Rétroaction, or then very slow (one saw judged campaigns agaçantes by consumers, layers for baby for example, to lead to falls of sales of the praised product).
This type of communication was conceptualized with the appearance of the concepts of organization of mass whose four elements are the Standardization, the Fordisme, the Taylorisme and the Publicité…
The appearance of Internet returns the possible Rétroaction.
In France, the State binds significantly Culture and Communication by entrusting them to the same ministry. Formerly there were ministries for the Propagande.
One of the works regarded as founder of the concept of “mass”, although contestable on its contents and its objectivity, is Crowd psychology (1895) of the psychopathologist Gustave the Good. clandestine persuasion , work of Vance Packard, watch on this subject which the science of handling was already well advanced in 1957. Return to best of the worlds , Aldous Huxley, goes in the same direction.
The Communication of group share of more than one transmitter being addressed to a category of well defined individuals, by a Message (communication) targeted on their comprehension and them clean Culture.
It is that which appeared with the modern forms of Culture, often centered on the Mass culture (Consumer society), whose Publicité targeted is most recent and more proclamation.
The effects of the communication of group are between those of the interpersonal communication and those of the communication of mass.
The communication of group is also complex and multiple because it is related to the size of the group, the function of the group, and the personality of the Membre S which composes it.
One can also integrate this concept in the internal communication into an entity. The groups can then be categories of personnel, individuals within the same service, etc
One can also integrate this concept into an external communication targeted towards some Partenaire S or Recipients of the entity.
Many theorists of the communication sought to conceptualize what was “a communication”. It is not a question there of an exhaustive list, so much the models are many and complementary. We will seek to give a general evolution of it while giving most known of these models and the contribution which they induced.
The model of Claude Shannon and Weaver indicates a simple linear model of the communication: the latter is reduced there to its more simple expression, the Transmission of a message. One can summarize this model in:
“A transmitting , thanks to a Coding, sends a message to a Récepteur which carries out the Décodage in a disturbed context of Bruit. ”
Appeared in mathematical Theory of the communication (1948), this diagram is used for two mathematicians Claude Shannon (father inter alia many modern concepts Informatique S) and Warren Weaver (scientific versed as well in popularization as the direction of large institutes), to illustrate the work of measurement of information undertaken during the Second world war by Claude Shannon (this last was engaged by Weaver with the Office off Scientific Research and Development to discover, in the enemy code, the parts Chiffrée S of the Signal in the middle of the Brouillage). In the beginning, the searchs for Shannon do not relate to the communication, but well the Military information. It is Weaver which has " traduit" concept of jamming by that of " Noise " , concept of signal by " message " , concept of coder by " transmitting " , concept of decoder by " Receiving " … Until the end of its life, Claude Shannon will be defended against the recovery of the so-called model for another thing that mathematical considerations.
The model known as of Shannon and Weaver indeed has claim only illustrative. But it was often taken literally, then revealing the strong influence Béhavioriste of the model of Pavlov (stimulus-answer).
This model, in spite of its immense popularity (one finds it often quoted like " the canonical model of the communication" ), does not apply to all the situations of communication and present of very many Défaut S:
In addition to its linearity, the model of Shannon and Weaver consider that the Récepteur is passive: all research in Information sciences and the communication shows that is simplistic, or false.
Harold Dwight Lasswell, Political economist and American psychiatrist, was made a name by modelling the Communication of mass. For him, it is a question of describing it through the questions: “: Who, known as what, by which channel, with which and with which effect? ”. It is the strict resumption of the five questions which Quintilien addressed to any apprentice Rhéteur.
Which? : corresponds to the sociological study mediums and organizations transmitting S.
This model conceives the communication as being a process of Influence and Persuasion, very near to the Publicité. This model exceeds the simple transmission of the message (even if there remains centered there) and considers in particular the concepts of stage S of communication, the capacity of plurality of the transmitting S and the Récepteur S and of finality of a communication (its Enjeu X).
However it criticizable, on the same basis as is criticisms emitted against the model of Claude Shannon and Weaver. Indeed it considers the communication like a relation of authority and persuasion. And he neglects the message of Rétroaction, as well as the concepts of Psychologie and Sociologie on both sides of the relation of communication. The Récepteur is always regarded as liability, which is still inaccurate, because there exists in general Interaction between the transmitting and the Récepteur, which is not taken into account in this model.
One of its major works - Technical Propaganda in the World War (1927) - fact part of the reference books in the Use of the Propaganda in the Second world war. Its authoritative vision, even autoritarist of the communication, is worth many enemies, still today to him.
This model is to be bound by antithesis to work of famous the Marshall McLuhan ( the galaxy Gutenberg , 1967) and Régis Debray ( Traité mediology , 1991)
See also: Romance Jakobson, Diagram of Jakobson
This other models, founded on the Linguistique , is proposed by Roman Jakobson (1896 - 1982). This Russian Linguiste develops a point of view centered either on the transmission of a message, but on the message even , thus avoiding the to him Danger S of instrumentalisation technical (see on this point Philosophie of the networks).
It is composed of six factors . With each one of these factors a function Message, clarified by Jakobson is dependant.
One will note the appearance or the reappearance of the three last concepts (context, code, contact) which enormously supplement the overall vision on what is a communication.
Certain factors can be regarded as Agents of communication (recipient)
On the context, to see the article Perception of the environment.
This work is to be bound to the linguistic of Ferdinand de Saussure, conceptual of Shannon and Weaver, and philosophical impulse of John L. Austin.
George Gerbner, sociologist of the Years 1950, had the ambition to formulate a general model of the communication. It presents in 1956 a model much more complex than the precedents. Its model is articulated around two essential proposals:
The particular feature of this model is that one can apply it to the various forms of communication according to the context. It is appropriate for an act of interpersonal Communication between two Nobody S but also for the more complex process of the Communication of mass.
Theodore Mr. Newcomb, 1953, presents triangular model ABX and
becomes the first to introduce the role of communication into
social relation.
B.H. Westley and M.S. Mac Lean begin again in 1957 the idea of the social need for the information which one finds at Newcomb and specifically adapts it to the Communication of mass.
In this model the membership of the human individuals to groups is considered initially. The transmitting renamed Transfer, and the Récepteur are thus distributed in primary education groups (families, community, small groups…) sociological.
These groups would influence the way of seeing, of thinking and of judging their members. And these groups evolve/move in a social context on which they depend.
This model of Matilda White Riley and John White Riley introduces new concepts, in particular that of Contexte and membership, related to the Sociologie.
Moreover this model is the first to take into account the concept of a loop of feedback, between the transmitter and the Récepteur. That shows that there are reciprocity and inter-influence between the individuals.
This model is at the origin of work on the Communication of group.
These technical models are interesting to note because they are based on actors different from the usual subject of study: the not-human Computer, basically logic and. According to these models, any action of communication would be based on an essential process, or Communication protocol:
Phase of setting in contact/Connection. Phase of the sending of (of) the message (S) Phase of fence Déconnexion
These models also emphasized much more the concept of communication network, and node of communication.
Indeed, a transmitted message can be relayed from one station to another. Moreover, one can send it to a group of computers. And thus it is necessary to know which speaks, and how… (principle of the “Token”).
The concept of code (called protocol) is it also very important because a perfect coordination between the computers - with binary logic - is essential. On the other hand, obviously, the Psychology, the Sociology and their implication in the context of communication are not clarified a whole in this model there. And she completely forgets the concepts of direction and function of the message.
The communication is related to many others Science S, of which it is a component, was inspired, or in which it took part in the take-off:
The communication of crisis
- It is a branch of the communication still rather badly known. It is true that it dates
Concept of communication
Et if everyone agrees to define it as a process , divergent points of view when it is a question of qualifying this process.
Communication and transmission of information
Communication and interaction: psychosociological approach
The communication and the interpersonal relationship are two terms close (cf E. Marc and D. Picard, Relations and interpersonal communications , Dunod (coll Tposos)
The relation indicates the form and the nature of the bond (family, of vicinity, professional…)who links two people. The communication is the report/ratio of interaction which is established when the partners are in presence. This report/ratio is analyzed on three levels: intrapsychic (dimensions of the personality of each protagonist), interactionnel (the relational structure and its dynamics) and social (cultural context with its standards, its values and its ritual in which it is placed).
Stakes
Aspects Cultural S
Changes of Media S in the History
Language of communication
Identity
Sovereignty
Dynamism of the Territory S
Put in network with the tools for telecommunications
Stake X of the communication: context
Basic notions in communication and Information sciences
Context
Verbal communication and nonverbal communication
The writing, the Language of the signs, the voice are Médias, means of communicating… Art to conceptualize this message in a language in order to minimize the interferences is called the Rhétorique. Aristote and Cicéron was theorists of Rhétorique, which became one of the seven Liberal arts in the Early middle ages.
Network
Temporality of a communication
Localization
Code
Transmission
Protocol
Feedback
These two forms of the Feedback ensure the reception of the message. The third case, in which the Feedback is not expressed (nothing), creates a brake with the communication: it is not even known if the message were received or not.
Principal types of communication
Interpersonal communication
Communication of mass
One speaks about Médias of mass or “MassMedia”. In form part the radio communication, the Radiodiffusion and the Télévision. The possible absence of answer in fact an ideal tool of the Propaganda, which underlined on several occasions Georges Bernanos.
Communication of group
Models of communication
Model of Shannon and Weaver
Model of Lasswell
Model of Jakobson
Model of Gerbner
Model of Newcomb
Model of Westley and Mac Lean
Model of Riley and Riley
Models resulting from reseautic data processing
the transmitting sends a request for Connection.
the transmitter sends a message
One of the computers requires the closing of connection.
Related sciences with the Communication
Relevant authors in the field
See too
Internal bonds
External bonds
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