Combine harvester

The combine harvester is a farming machine motorized intended for the Récolte of Plante S with Graine S, mainly the Céréale S, in only one operation. It makes it possible simultaneously to carry out the harvest and the Battage, operations which were dissociated before in time, thus allowing an important profit of Productivité and larger reactivity vis-a-vis the risks ic Climat. The power of this type of machine is increasingly important: 100 with 180 ch in 1980,200 with 580 ch today.

If the combine harvesters are currently motorized, the first appeared on the market were tractor drawn by a tractor and were actuated by the Prise of force.

Diagram of operation

A conventional combine harvester includes/understands schematically:

of the bodies of cut:

Bar of cut for cereals or Colza (for this last provided with a saw of the right-sided)
gatherers with corn conveyer grain

of the bodies of accelerating beating

of flow
beater or rotor
against-beater
car straw
shaker (4 to 6)
twin-flow (specific to a mark)

of the bodies of cleaning of the grain

table with grains
blower

of the bodies of storage of the grain

hopper with grains

of the processors of the Straw

crushing of thatches under cut
spreaders of small-straw
chaffcutter.

The most recent machines are equipped with various improvements: air-conditioned cabins, various control systems (horizontality of the bar of cut, correction of cant, seeder for vegetable covers…), various guidance systems, including localization by satellite, systems of measurement of the collected quantities…

One distinguishes today two families from combine harvesters, differentiated by their system from separation from the grains:

the machines known as “conventional” use shakers
the machines called “nonconventional” use various systems, containing rotors.

They are expensive machines (of 100.000 with more 350.000 euros new) and of a specific but intensive use. So they are often exploited by co-operative , groupings of farmers or contractors specialized.

History

It is American Cyrus McCormick who obtained the patent of the mechanical reaping-machine, in 1834. Another American, Hiram Moore obtained the patent of the combine harvester the same year. In 1866, Célestin Gerard builds the mobile first Batteuse of France.

Combine harvesters and environment

The appearance of the heavy farm equipment rises from a series of technological advances. Those were allowed by the Charbon and the steam engine, then thanks to oil and with the spark-ignition engine and the appearance of solid and rustic machines, developed at the time of the First World War. The appearance of the large combine harvesters was one of the causes of deep modifications of the landscape agricultural and rural, which in particular were done in Europe through the Remembrement S and in the totalitarian countries via the arable land regroupings. The broad and high reaping-machines not being able to take the old small ways, turning and operating badly, and requiring a stabilized ground, their use was not compatible with the maintenance of the networks of the woodlands and ways, slope and ponds which accompanied them. Their poid contributes in addition to the compressing of the grounds.

One of the problems arising from the reaping-machine modern which advance much more quickly, and work over a cutting width much higher than what it was during the harvests hand made or with the animal Traction is that they kill out of many animals hidden in the straw.

Manufacturers of combine harvesters

Box IH
Claas
Deutz-Fahr
Gift Castling Vassalli
Fendt
John Deere
Gomselmash
Laverda
Massey Ferguson
New Holland
Rostselmash
Sampo Rosenlew

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