Cité

See also: City (homonymy)

The quoted (Latin Civitas ) is a term indicating, at the time of the Antiquité before even the creation of the State S, a group of Homme S sedentarized Libre S (and which can hold Esclave S), forming a company Politique particular, independent of the others like all, having its Gouvernement, its Loi S, its clean Religion and its Mœurs.

By extension, this term is also applied to the designation of the Ville where these men meet, and where they have a Culte. They have an activity of craft industry (fabrics, jewelry, weapons) implying the commercial exchange with monetarisation, in addition to the activity of culture and breeding on territories surrounding this city, i.e. arranged grounds which they state to have in this city by the Droit that they gave each other with respect to the nomads. This significance derives from the tradition of the ancient Greece, where the city is indicated by the Greek word Polis (as in Persepolis).

The ancient Greek texts never employ the term of Athens in policy: they always contain an expression of the type: “ the Athenians declared the war ” or “ the Spartans invaded the grounds of the Athenians ”, or “ the fleet of the Athenians ”. These expressions indicate the absence of unit Politique of the ancient Greece, although there was a unit Culturelle, founded on the Homeric writings .

At the Gallo-Roman period

In the Gallo-Roman context, a quoted corresponds to several definitions:
  • one speaks about city to define the occupied territory by a Gallic people: one speaks then about the city of Eduens, of the city of Ségusiaves. The Chef-lieu of this territory is called capital of city, Forum Ségusiavorum : Feurs in the the Loire was the capital of the city of Ségusiaves;
  • one also speaks about city for what one can compare today with a city, (word derived from low-Latin villa indicating a house from countryside-firm). More usually one employs designation “agglomeration secondary” for another city than the capital of city, in order to mark the difference with the territory of the Gallic people, of a city to the first direction of the term.

With the Middle Ages

In a Medieval context , the quoted ( civitas , seldom urbs ) corresponded to a reality distinct from the urban Environnement. She was opposed to the suburbium . This term represents a regrouping of free men forming an independent political company, without serfdom. The Established among takes again its ancient direction of prerogatives. The term citizen appears at the 12th century from the Picardy one. In general, around the 4th century, the cities founded in antiquity in Occident knew a retractation of their influence Spatiale inside a strengthened district (the Castrum ), which included/understood the centers Politique S ( forum , curie…) and Religious (Cathedral, episcopal residence), sometimes the seat of the civil authority. The cities saw them Superficie decreasing sometimes in a drastic way: Senlis 7 ha, Turns 6 ha, Clermont 3 ha; even if certain cities preserved a disproportionate influence strengthened compared to their population: Trier 285 ha, Mainz 120 ha, Toulouse 90 ha, Metz 70 ha, Rheims 35 ha, Bordeaux 30 ha…

An excellent example of the quoted Médiévale is provided by the town of Angers, whose rampart of the Lower Empire were built at the end of the 3rd century or at the beginning of the 4th century, determining a sector including/understanding the Cathédrale, residence of the bishop, ancient forum (mentioned under operation by the Formules of Angers of the 6th century) and probably a center of to be able - the Count of Angers resided at it already quite front 851. The city of Angers formed the core of the urban development, around whose the Faubourg S developed. The whole remained an entity with share in the city (canonic district of Saint-Maurice to the Moyen-âge), still today.

In the second part of the Middle Ages, for strengthened cities one will transform quoted into citadels (technical Italian). It is the part which can be impregnable agglomeration and make its military reputation.

With the Rebirth

At the 16th century quoted takes the direction of moral person fully, with the direction currently taken by the term Société in “Société of the Nations”. European movement of imitation of the forms taken in Antiquity, it resulting from names will be quoted for literary regroupings and fine art, for Learned societies, Academies.

At the period when the Occident discovers that round is the Earth

As from the 7th century the impregnable quoted , will be as one will as well manufacture in occident on the military experiment acquired at the time of the clashes of colonization (towards all the cardinal points granted by the Saint Seat, the new term Cité working indicates a place with economic and social characteristics new of the industrial society. Convenient agglomerations are manufactured, administratively they are a Commune with a mayor, often the owner of factory. These creations are the effect of the technical needs, the needs for resources or of the financial advantage delocalizing its manufacture to avoid the disadvantage of the company of workers claiming, paid or working made-to-order. The designation used for the locality is opposable at village, term resulting from meaning low-Latin firm “villa” agricultural. city can be also the label representative of the industrial power for a factory which does not comprise a zone of habitat on its influence.

The interest for the scientific community of the modern time to know the origins of the man and his history will result in reconstituting by the lake quoted Archéologie of the Neolithic period.

In the middle of the XIXe century the organizing public power of the space of Order and Justice will organize the setting with the variation by their exile of individuals of freedom due policy in New Caledonia but also until the limit to died by the " guillotine sèche" forced labors in Guyana. One relegates them to it after having lost straight of citizen in a penitentiary quoted out of metropolis to the Maroni. This new negative term of city, in denial of the direction of its etymological root, is only the continuation-observation of what was made since the XVII-XVIIIe centuries in Louisiana concerning the freedom - disorder followed by deportation.

An installation of the terroire of the leisures begins with the balneal quoted resulting from the English model. Hotel constructions are new, they are next to the suburban one and the habitat is completely separated from the places assigned to the production activity.

- At the 20th century

The concept of quoted recovers the place as much as what occurs there. They are zones located in the city for the majority. They are also buildings which are indicated. First moist of the XXe century:
  • zone of town planning to architectural characteristics
    • “Garden city”
  • zone social habitat
    • 'city-HBM
Second half of the XXe century
  • zone of town planning to architectural characteristics
    • city-radiant
  • zone with particular administrative characteristics
  • zone social habitat on private or public zone obtained by expropriation or not
    • quoted urgently
    • city-HLM

With the last quarter of the XXe century, one will confuse semantically village (concept of district inside the big city taking the direction of small town distinct and autonomous) and quoted .

Today

If quoted can with the 21e century indicate the oldest district of the Ville (with Paris, London, Carcassonne…) or to see itself carried by most recent (in Lyon: the International City) and the accumulation of people with modest income in these zones (due at the beginning of the middle-classes in the Seventies), generated zones where poverty and unemployment are endemic. On these urban areas the absence of public transport effective and real employment appropriatenesses are a compost favourable with the ghettoisation

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