Chronology of the Zionism

Old times

-586: Dispersion of the Jewish S by Nabuchodonosor II

135: Dispersion of the Jews, destruction of Jerusalem and creation of a unit, including/understanding the Syria, Israel, the Jordan, part of the current Lebanon, called Syria-Palestine.

Since these dispersions, the idea of the return to Sion always haunted certain Jews and number of them is gone back there, often encouraged by their religious authorities, as soon as the situation allowed them.

XIXe century

In 1799 Napoleon Bonaparte, emperor of the French, during his program of Egypt makes an eloquent statement recognizing the property of the Holy Land (Palestine) to the Jewish people. Extract of the speech: “ France proposes to you to take the heritage of your fathers ”. He writes to the leaders of the world to explain to them why it should be done what is necessary so that the Jews settle in Israel.

Declaration of Napoleon Bonaparte:

“ Proclamation with the Jewish nation Jerusalem General headquarter, 1st floréal, year VII of the French Republic (April 20th, 1799) Bonaparte, commander-in-chief of the armies of the French Republic in Africa and Asia, to the legitimate heirs to Palestine: Jews, single nation that the conquests and tyranny could, during thousands of years, to deprive of their ancestral ground, but neither of their name, nor of their national existence! The attentive and impartial observers of the destiny of the nations, even if they do not have the prophetic gifts of Israel and Joel, realized of the accuracy of the predictions of the large prophets who, the day before the destruction of Sion, predicted that the children of the Lord would return in their fatherland with songs and the joy and that sadness and that the sighs would flee forever. (Isaie 35.10) Upright in the joy, exiled! This war without example in all the history, was committed for its own defense by a nation, which them hereditary grounds were regarded by its enemies as a prey offered to cut up. Maintaining this nation is avenged two thousand years of ignominie. Although the time and the circumstances seem unfavorable to the assertion or even to the expression of your requests, this war offers to you today, contrary to any waiting, the Israeli inheritance. Providence sent to me here with a young army, guided by the justice and accompanied by the victory. My general headquarter is in Jerusalem and in a few days I will be in Damas, whose proximity is not any more to fear for the town of David. Legitimate heirs to Palestine. The Great Nation which does not adulterate the men and the countries according to the way of those who sold to your ancestors to all the people (Joel 4.6) do not invite you to conquer your inheritance. Not, she asks you to take only what she already conquered with her support and her authorization to keep under control this ground and to keep it despite everything the adversaries. You raise! Show that all the power of your oppressors could not destroy the courage of the descendants of these heroes who would have made honor in Sparte and Rome (Maccabée 12.15). Show that two thousand years of slavery did not succeed in choking this courage. You hasten! It is the moment which will perhaps not return within thousand years, to claim the restoration of your civil laws, of your place among the people of the world. You are entitled to a political existence as a nation among the other nations. You have the right to freely adore the Lord according to your religion. ”
(Joel 4.20)

The August 16th 1800, Napoleon declared: “ If I controlled a Jewish nation, I would restore the temple of Solomon. ”.

  • 1806 : The town of Jerusalem counts approximately 12  000 inhabitants of which 3  000 Jews

  • 1811: With Napoleon, Chateaubriant written “ the Voyage from Paris to Jerusalem ” which was at the time one of the best sales of the literature.
  • 1840 : Business of Damas, at one moment (1840-1841) where Syria was occupied by the troops of the Egyptian Ibrahim Pasha.
  • 1841 : The creation of the station of great Rabbinate of Jerusalem east one of the direct consequences of the business of Damas,
  • 1860:
    • Foundation of the Alliance Universal Jew or (AIU), by the will of Adolphe Crémieux, a Jew of a very former family of Provence which played a great part as a revolutionist in 1848 and of minister under the Third French Republic. The AIU became a vector of the cultural and spiritual values of republican France and an agent of influence and information of the Quay of Orsay (Ministry for Foreign Affairs).
    • the town of Jerusalem counts approximately 15  000 people, of which the half of Jews, the quarter of Moslems, the quarter of Christians.
  • 1862 : Moses Hess publishes “ Rome and Jerusalem ”.
  • 1866 : The Swiss Henri Dunant (1828-1910), founder of Geneva Convention and the Red Cross, constitutes the Universal National company for the Renewal of the East, and just like launches a call suggesting that the Jewish colonies incipient in Palestine are declared diplomatically neutral, Switzerland.
  • 1869 : The Alliance Universal Jew creates the agricultural school of Mikveh Israîl close to Jaffa at the instigation of Charles Netter, one of its founders. From this school will leave the generations of Jewish farmers who will be able to make “ flower the desert ”.
  • 1871 Creation of the Anglo-Jewish Association (AJA) which will be the allied critical one of the Alliance Universal Jew.
  • 1873 :
    • the territories going of Ramallah-Jaffa, in north, to Egypt, in the south, concern from now on directly the authorities of Constantinople. Until there, the Judaea and the Samarie concerned the administration of Damas, whereas the Galileo concerned Beirut.
    • Creation with Vienna of a dissenting branch of the Alliance Universal Jew with the Israelitische Allianz.
    • Creation of the term Anti-semite by a journalist of Hamburg, Wilhelm Marr, in its article: the Victoire of the Judaism on the germanism .
  • 1879 : The British deputy Laurence Oliphant after a voyage in Transjordanie, sought to persuade the Sultan to grant grounds to the Jews under a charter of colonization. In 1880, it published “ the country of Gilead ”, in which it recommends the installation of Jews in the East of the Jordan, under Othoman suzerainty and British protection
  • 1880: First claims of Arab autonomy for Syria and Lebanon; Palestine is at that time only one expression geographical and form the Southern area of “large Syria”; the Jewish population is estimated at 24  000.
  • 1881: Eliezer Ben-Yehuda settles in Jerusalem and renews the use of Hebrew. The assassination of the tsar Alexandre I {{er}} is followed first wave of pogroms against the Jews in the Russian Empire. It is the beginning of the first wave of Jewish immigration ( Aliyah ), of the Jews come from Russia, Romania, and from the Yemen come to settle in Palestine.
  • 1882 :
    • Leon Pinsker publishes “ the car-emancipation of the Jews ” in whom it defends the idea of the creation of a Jewish State.
    • Foundation of the organization Bilou (Beith Israel Lekhou Vena' ale), first movement haloutsic (pioneer) in Ukraine.
    • Of the laws anti-semites is promulgated in Russia.
    • First Aliyah of Jews in Palestine.
    • Opening of the Jewish school boys of Jerusalem.
  • 1883 :
    • Beginning of the activities of establishment of Jewish colonies (Eretz Israel) by the baron Edmond de Rothschild in Palestine. He wanted, while taking as a starting point the methods of culture tested by his gardeners in Algérie and to import in his colonies the culture of the wine of Of Bordeaux (where his/her father had a vintage) and perfumes of Fatty (where his/her aunt had a villa that she bequeathed to him).
    • Inauguration of the line the East Express train connecting Paris to Constantinople.
  • 1884 : Creation with Kattowicz in Poland of the movement of the Lovers of Sion, created at the time of the conference of Hoveveï Sion, with Jassy, in Romania.
  • 1886 :
    • the term Sionisme is employed for the first time by Nathan Birnbaum, and will return quickly in the current language.
    • the journalist fourierist and anti-semite, Edouard Drumont (1844-1917) published one entitled book “ Jewish France ” which was propagated by the Jésuites of Beirut and of Damas.
  • 1890 :
    • the Comité of Odessa receives a legal recognition.
    • Beginning of the second vagueness of Jewish immigration ( Aliyah ), of Jews coming from Russia.
  • 1891 : Creation of the Jewish Colonization Association (ICA or JCA) by the baron de Hirsch.
  • 1892 : The term “Zionism” starts to enter the current language.
  • 1894 : Judgment in France of the Dreyfus officer.

Foundation of the movement Zionist

The founder of the movement Zionist was Theodor Herzl (1860-1904), by his work “ the State of the Jews, seeks of a modern answer to the Jewish question ”, ( Der Judenstaat ), published in 1896. Theodor Herzl was a young Austro-Hungarian journalist of Jewish origin which had followed to Paris the unfolding of the Affaire Dreyfus, and had assisted with the ceremony of degradation in the court of the Invalids in 1894. Revolted by the ambient anti-semitism, it had drawn from it the conclusion which it is illusory for the Jews to seek their safety in the assimilation and which they must have their own State. This State must be able to offer a refuge to all the Jews which have suddenly been persecuted.

The practices of organization of the people as a Jew in exile in homogeneous political community, the climate of anti-semitism which surrounded them, could lead only to one ideological and religious clash with the alive Arab people on same space. To prepare their establishment, they thus had to conquer the ground, and for this reason the movement Zionist was organized on several levels: the diplomacy, the mobilization of the financial resources, the purchase of grounds, laws, the displacement of population and preparation of the occupation. Into 1895, it is converted with the Sionisme and the February 15th 1896, it publishes “ the State of the Jews - Der Judenstaat ”.

The movement succeeds in setting up the structures of its project with:

  • 1897 :
    • 1st Congress Zionist in Basle under the direction of Theodor Herzl, with the promulgation of the Declaration of Basle according to which the purpose of the Sionisme is creation of a Jewish national hearth, and the creation of the bodies of the Organization Zionist world, in charge of the political mobilization. Theodor Herzl is named by it its first president.
    • At the time of this congress Pasteur German Lutheran Johann Lepsius, defender of the Armenian cause, persecuted by the German authorities which supported the Othoman government, tried to bind the cause of the two dispersed people, in his report/ratio entitled: “ Armenian and Jews in exile, or future of the East taking into account the Armenian question and the movement Zionist ”.
    • antijuive Crisis in Algeria.
  • 1898 :
    • 2nd Congress Zionist again in Basle.
    • Rachid Rida speaks for the first time about the Sionisme.
    • Visit of the Emperor Guillaume II out of Holy Land which concretizes Turkey-Germany alliance. Creation of the Jewish colonial Bank intended to finance the purchase of ground in Palestine.
  • 1899 :
    • 3rd Congress Zionist always with Basle,
    • launching of the Jewish colonial Bank, charged to generate the financing of the activities for the purchase of grounds in Palestine.
    • the baron Edmond de Rothschild decides transfer of its colonies in Palestine to the ICA.
    • Exchange of correspondence between Herzl and Khalidi, notable of one of the Palestinian Arab big families of Jerusalem.
    • Revision of the lawsuit of the Dreyfus officer in France
  • 1900:
    • 4th Congress Zionist in London.
    • the town of Jerusalem counts approximately 60  000 people. The Jews represent two thirds of the population is 40  000 Jews of which 25  000 sépharades.
  • 1901 :
    • 5th Congress Zionist in Basle,
    • creation of the Funds Jewish national, in charge of the purchase of the grounds in Palestine.
    • Creation of the Keren Kayemeth LeIsraël (K.K.L.), bases Israeli public land field.
    • Creation with Berlin of the Hilfsverein der Deutschen Juden by James Simon, industrialist of cottons and friend of Kaiser.
    • Agreement of Mytiléne between France and the Ottoman Empire concerning the French interests in Palestine.
  • 1902 :
    • Project of Jewish colonization of the the Sinai. But, so that these organizations become really effective, it was necessary that their action is free within a territorial and legal framework new. Only the Great War, at the time which old the Ottoman Empire will engage in the conflict of the First World War at the sides of the Germany and the Austria-Hungary, then the British mandate which followed on Palestine, will provide the framework favorable to the establishment of a Jewish national Foyer.
    • In its science fiction novel work “ old Ground, new ground (in Hebrew, Tel Aviv ), Theodor Herzl, evokes the life in the future State and described the Sionisme like “ a advanced station of civilization, a rampart of Europe against Asia, being opposed to cruelty ”.
    • Albert Antébi and the chief rabbi sépharade Meir is attacked by extremists ashkénazes handled by Ephraïm Cohn, principal German Lämel. Antébi declares then: “ They claim that our organization is anti-Jewish because she refused to give work to the Jews and anti-nun because she prefers the Moslems or the Christians… Will we be intolerant, sectarian and exclusivists because we form the majority in Jerusalem? ”. All the debate on the Sionisme is posed in this sentence.
  • 1903 :
    • the 6th Congress Zionist, adopts the principle of an installation in Palestine, whose territory was then province of the Ottoman Empire. It was a major project for the Jewish people which implied an immigration in mass of the Jews towards a territory where lived already Arab people, the Palestinians.
    • This congress of 1903, gives a decisive impulse to the movement Zionist which gathers the partisans of the return of the Jews towards the Promised land of Sion. He encourages the disordered Jewish rich person initiatives, like the baron de Rothschild, and of more modest Jews in favor of an agricultural colonization. This colonization is led in the name of the slogan: “ a ground without people for people without ground ”, and does not take into account the presence on the spot, in Palestine, Moslem, Christian inhabitants… or even Jews, not excluding to expel the undesirable ones.
    • Creation of the Anglo-Palestine Bank (future Bank Leumi LeIsraël).
    • Following the pogroms of Kishinev, the British government of Chamberlain proposes with Theodor Herzl to give him the Uganda to create a Jewish hearth there.
    • the Second vagueness of pogroms in the Russian Empire which lasts until in 1906.
  • 1904 :
    • Death of Theodor Herzl, David Wolffsohn (1856-1914), takes the direction of the movement Zionist.
    • Beginning of the third vagueness of immigration of the Jews ( Aliyah ) towards Palestine.
    • Creation of the Committee of the Hebraic language ( Va' AD Halashon ).
    • Creation in Paris of the League of the Arab Fatherland, including/understanding Arabia, Mésopotamie, Syria and Palestine.
  • 1905 :
    • 7th Congress Zionist in Basle during which it is decided to push back the proposal of Uganda definitively, like any alternative to Palestine. The “territorialists”, who wanted “a territory absolutely”, operate a scission.
    • Azoury publishes in the Middle East “ the alarm clock of the Arab nation ”.
  • 1906 :
    • David Ben Gourion ( David Green ) arrives to Israel.
    • Foundation of the first Hebraic college with Jaffa.
    • Foundation of the School of Bezalel Arts to Jerusalem.
  • 1907 : 8th Congress Zionist with $the Hague.
  • 1908 :
    • Opening close to Jaffa of the Palestinian Office intended to organize the purchase of grounds by Dr. Arthur Toff (1876 - 1943), as well as Palestine Land Development Company (PDLC). In March, incidents with Jaffa between Jews and Arabs.
    • Following the revolution of the “Young person-Turks” in July, of the elections takes place in the Ottoman Empire and in Palestine.
  • 1909 :
    • Foundation of a small Jewish borough near Jaffa which will become the new city of Tel Aviv.
    • Creation of the first kibbutz.
    • Countryside antisionist of Arab newspaper “Al-Karmil” (Carmel) of Haïfa.
    • Incidental between Jews and Arabs as a Galileo which end to the creation of the first Jewish militia, the first group organized of self-defense (Haganah)
  • 1910:
    • 9th Congress Zionist with Hamburg.
    • Foundation of Degania Alef, the “mother of the kiboutzim”.
    • In the town of Jerusalem, the relationship between sépharades and ashkenazes is reversed.
    • Revolt of the Bedouins of Transjordanie.
    • Development of an Arab autonomism in the Ottoman Empire.
  • 1911 :
    • 10th Congress Zionist in Basle.
    • Beginning of the publication of the Arab nationalist newspaper “ Falastin ” (Palestine) with Jaffa.
  • 1912 : Declaration of the president of the French Republic Raymond Poincaré on the future of the Syria.
  • 1913 :
    • 11th Congress Zionist with Vienna.
    • Creation of the Committee France-Palestine by Albert Antébi, under the auspices of the rabbi Maurice Liber and the French, socialist and pacifist minister, Aristide Briand (1862-1932). Albert Antébi is the son of the Joseph rabbi and grandson of an Othoman patriot died in the disorders of 1860.
    • Guerre of the languages for the choice of the language of teaching (German or Hebrew) in Technion of Haïfa.
    • In April, contacts between Zionists and nationalists Arab in Cairo.
    • In June, Arab Congress in Paris.
  • 1914 :
    • Unification of the movement American Zionist (August). The Jewish population of Palestine is estimated at 60  000 people, against 570  000 Moslem Arabs and 75  000 Christian Arabs.
    • New negotiation arabo-Zionist.
    • the war of the languages extends in the Jewish schools from Palestine.
    • In August, Brandeis unifies the movement American Zionist.
    • on November 3rd, the Agreement declares the war in Turkey at the time of the First World War. At the end of 1914, expulsion of the nationals of the enemy powers out of Palestine (Jews and not-Jews). In December, establishment of British protectorate on the Egypt.
  • 1915 :
    • In full war, the the United Kingdom, the France and the Russia, plan, in the greatest secrecy, the division of the Middle East and define contours of their future zones of influence. They think that Palestine is a particular case, because of stake symbolic system which constitute the holy places, and must profit from an international statute.
    • In January, the British troops penetrate in the empire. The British authorize in April the creation of a Palestinian Jewish unit of transport, Zion Mule Body. 32 Arab personalities are hung by the Turks. In July, beginning of the secret correspondence between Hussein, sherif of Mecque and Mac Mahon, in order to establish an independent Arab kingdom after the war. October 24th, London decides “to recognize and support the independence of Arabic in all the areas located within the limits asserted by the sherif of Mecque”, excluded the holy places of Palestine, of the districts of Mersine as well as current Lebanon.
    • However, to gain the war, the British diplomacy will seek to gain, of the people hitherto subjected to the Ottoman Empire and to indirectly associate them with this project of dismantling: Arabs, of course, but also Jews and in particular powerful Jewish communities of Russia and the the United States, in their promising to satisfy the claim of the movement Zionist, in his creation project of a Jewish State in Palestine.
    • In January 1915, penetration of the British troops in the Ottoman Empire.
    • Memorandum of Herbert Samuel on the future of Palestine.
    • In July, secret negotiations of the British with Hussein the Sherif of Mecque for the installation in the Middle East of a Moslem entity independent of Turkey.
    • In August, executions of the Arab nationalists by the Othomans.
  • 1916 :
    • In March, beginning of Arab rising against the Turks. The Hussein June 5th starts the Arab revolt against the Turks and proclaims king of Arabic on October 29th. His/her Faysal son fights at the sides of the British officer Lawrence against the Ottoman Empire. He returns to Akaba in July 1917 and Damas in October 1918.
    • secret Agreement Russo-British on the delimitation of zones of influence in the Middle East. This agreement will be made null and void by the Russian revolution of October 1917.
    • the May 16th, the Accord Sykes-Barb redefines the new geopolitical chart of the Middle East. Palestine is defined like international zone, including/understanding Saint-Jean-in Acre, Haïfa and Jerusalem.

The Balfour declaration

  • 1917
    • on November 2nd, Arthur James Balfour, British Minister for the Foreign affairs by his declaration, addressed to the Baron Edmond de Rotschild with the the United Kingdom, promises to the people Juif, the creation of a Jewish national Foyer in Palestine, but still it is not a question of a Jewish State, in this direction it respected also the evangelic doctrines which affirm that “ the Jews must initially go back to Sion and then will come the final drama ”, and “ It will send its angels with the resounding trumpet and they will gather its elected officials of the four winds ” (Mathieu 24,31).
    • November 7th: beginning of the Russian revolution.
    • December: conquest of Palestine by the British army. Jaffa falls to the hands from the British in November, the Jerusalem on December 9th capitulates and the Allenby general enters to Jerusalem. End of the Othoman domination on the Holy City.
Before the First World War, the Palestine, as an area, recovers the current State of Israel, the Gaza Strip, the the West Bank, part of the Golan and the Kingdom of Jordan. It belongs to the Ottoman Empire. At the end of the war, the the United Kingdom obtains from it control by the Peace treaty of Versailles signed in 1919.
  • November 1918, the French governments and British proclaim their support for the “ emancipation ” of the released people of the Othoman yoke, but Arabic of Jerusalem worries owing to the fact that the Palestinian territories are separated from historical Syria, and asserts the Syrienne unit. The Jewish daily newspaper “Haaretz” is founded.

  • 1919 :

    • With died of Albert Antébi, in March, one found, the following notes:
“ the world is with the realization of the dreams. - Wouldn't the principle of nationalities becomes the charter of Europe, why thus the Jewish people make a success of like its contemporary the Greek? - It is dispersed? (...) But a few million Russia quickly would be transplanted. - The extent of the Palestinian ground is tiny, it would not reach 30  000 km ²? (...) One has only to associate Transjordanie to him, the peninsula of the Sinai, the desert of Syria (...) - What would one make of a million Arabs who reside there? (...) One would gradually transfer them in the territories free from Mésopotamie and Caramanie. - But for does this transplantation, one need time and money? (...) Have the Jews been rich, they knew three exiles, they are dispersed for two thousand years, they would spend hundred years to gather (...) But which would regulate these data and would level these difficulties? (...) The conference of peace and Wilson (...) And thus, all becomes easy and plausible with the rhéteurs and speechifiers. The realistic ones remain skeptics (...) They see how the generous dreams of Wilson found with the discussion of realities. (...) Yes, the Jews will triumph by the recognition over their nationality; enjoying an administrative autonomy, everywhere where they form compact agglomerations as in certain sectors in Galicie, Ukraine, Poland, Bohemia, etc, having established among in Palestine with an unlimited and organized immigration, a widened colonization, an administrative autonomy and a favoured political co-operation, without sacrificing for that the right of the current indigenous inhabitants, Moslem Chrétiens Levantines or Arabs, and privileges of Place-Saint. (...) The Swiss cantonal system, with a federal council, under interallied protectorate or a Franco-English condominium allotting to the Jewish immigrants the grounds without owners, without giving unrestricted passage to the German-Russian Bolshevists, will constitute the diplomatic formula reconciling all the interests ”.
    • With Jerusalem, the 1st Congress of Associations islamo-Christian women of Palestine, at the time when the Conférence was held of peace in Versailles, raises a “ vehement protest ” against the declaration Balfour, because according to their information: “ their country would become a national fatherland ” for the Jews.
    • an American commission (commission King-Cranium), come to the Middle East to enquérir “ wishes of the populations ” recommends the safeguard of this Syrian unit.
    • Fayçal-Weizmann Agreement of 1919 between Fayçal 1 {{er}} of Syria and Haïm Weizmann, which will become president of the world Organization Zionist the year according to. The possibility of a co-operation judéo-Arabic appears.
    • David Ben Gourion, Berl Katznelson and Itzhak Tabenkin founds the Israeli workers party (Mapaï).

  • In 1920:

    • February 29th: Joseph Trumpeldor, falls heroically while defending Such Haï, as a High-Galileo.
    • April 4th: At the time of the Moslem traditional festival of Nabi Foamed, transformed into demonstration for the Syrian unit, of violences bursts between Juifs and Arab, and the situation turns to the riot.
    • April 25th: The political activism of the president of the British Fédération Zionist, Haïm Weizmann, leads so that with the Conférence of San Rémo, the declaration Balfour is included in waited British mandate on the Palestine until the Société of the Nations will approve two years later. By this act, the United Kingdom, chooses to support the Sionisme rather than the Arabisme to impose its control on Palestine.
    • the son of the sherif of Mecque, Fayçal, is driven out of Syria by France, and the independent Arab kingdom promised by the British will not be born.
    • British Mandate on Palestine: Nomination of the first High-Commissioner of Palestine, Sir Herbert Samuel. Within Yishouv, election in April by the vote for all of an assembly of deputies (Asséfath Ha' Nivharim) of 314 members, representing twenty different parties.
    • Foundation of the Histadrout (General confederation of Work).
    • Hamin Al Husseini (Hadj Muhammad Amin Al-Husseini) becomes Mufti of Jerusalem thanks to the British.
    • First disorders judéo-Arabic: pogroms antijuifs in Jaffa.
    • Foundation of Haganah (organization of Jewish self-defense).

  • In 1921:

    • Of passage to Jerusalem, the young British Secretary of State to the Colonies, Winston Churchill, receives a delegation islamo-Christian woman which declares to him: “ If the Zionists had come to Palestine only like hosts, or if the things had remained about it so that they were before the war, there would be no Juifs problem and not-Jews. But it is the idea of Palestine transformed into a Jewish national Hearth which the Arabs reject and fight ”.
    • Publication of the White paper of the British Secretary of State to the Colonies, Winston Churchill, where it defines the “ Jewish national hearth ”.
    • In June, the High-Commissioner Herbert Samuel decides restriction of Jewish immigration in Palestine.
    • the Palestinian movements refusing to guarantee the construction of a Jewish national Hearth, they reject any participation in the political institutions of the British mandate, except for the management of the religious affairs.
    • David Ben Gourion (1886-1973) founds the central trade-union “ Histadrouth ” (General confederation of the Jewish workers).
    • the United Kingdom, which declared itself favorable to the establishment in Palestine of a national hearth for the Jewish people , by the Déclaration Balfour in 1917, is seen conferring in 1922 a mandate on Palestine by the Société of the Nations.

  • 1922 : Transjordanie (oriental party of the territory British agent) becomes an emirate automonme. It is withdrawn from Jewish immigration.

  • 1923 : In August, 13th Congress Zionist with Carlsbad.

  • 1924
    • Beginning of the 3rd vagueness of immigration of the Jews ( Aliyah ) towards Palestine, in source primarily of the Poland.
    • Foundation of Technion of Haïfa.

  • 1925 :

    • Foundation of the Hebraic University of Jerusalem on the Mount Scopus.
    • Syrian Rising against France.
    • In August, 14th Congress Zionist with Vienna. Beginning of the economic crisis in Palestine.

  • 1926 : Economic serious attack in the Jewish community (yichouv), with a strong extension of unemployment.

  • 1927 : 15th Congress Zionist with Vienna.

  • 1928 :

    • Palestine lived until in 1926 in a relative calm, but the Jewish community it yichouv - since, a deep crisis crossed. The drying up of Jewish immigration even makes it possible to speak about “ bankruptcy of the project Zionist ”. This year there, the commemoration by the Jews Zionists of the destruction of the Temple by the Romans is radicalized and is felt like a provocation by the Muslim community. Many incidents take place close to the Wailing Wall.
    • Shortly after of the rumors starts to circulate, about a Jewish plot, of which the goal to seize the Esplanade the mosques.
    • Creation of the movement of the Muslim brothers in Egypt.

  • 1929 :

    • the rumor leads to riots which take forms of pogrom anti-Jew; massacres with Hebron then with Safed: 113 killed Jews and 339 others wounded. However in front of the rise of the Nazism, of many Jews of Central Europe continue to arrive to Palestine, bringing capital and buying Arab grounds more and more.
    • In July, 16th Congress Zionist. the Jewish Agency for Palestine, in charge of the immigration of the Jews in Palestine, is extended to not-Zionists and becomes officially the Jewish Agency.
    • on August 23rd, harangue of the Mufti in Jerusalem.
    • New disorders; massacres in Hebron then with Safed: 133 killed Jews, 339 wounded.

  • 1930 : Publication of the the second White paper British, far-sighted to limit for the first time the immigration of the Jews in Palestine.

  • In 1931:

    • Foundation of the Irgoun Tzva' I Leumi (Etzel), clandestine Jewish organization of tendency revisionist, which is a dissidence of the Haganah.
    • Creation with the the United States of the American Palestine Committee.
    • February 13rd: Letter of British the Prime Minister McDonald with Haïm Weizmann in which it is committed repealing the provisions taken in Passfield White paper.
    • June: 17th Congress Zionist with Basle at the time which Sokolow replaces Haïm Weizmann with the direction of the Organization Zionist.
    • Estimate of the Jewish population in Palestine: 174  000.

  • 1932 : Foundation of the daily newspaper Jerusalem Post.

Accession with the capacity of Adolf Hitler

  • 1933 :

    • Adolf Hitler reaches the capacity in Germany. It is the beginning of the 5th Aliyah , mainly coming from Germany and of the territories controlled by the Germans.
    • in October, with Haïfa, of the Arab rioters is caught some with the British authorities which they regard as persons in charge of progress of the Sionisme.

  • 1934 : Beginning of the Ha' apalah, undertaken illegal immigration of Jewish refugees whereas their number exceeds the quotas imposed by the British.

  • 1935 :

    • With the autumn: an Arab popular revolt bursts, with a clear coloring of populist Islam and holy war, carried out by the Sheik Aldine Izz Al-Qassam. After the death of their chief, in November, a general strike is launched to obtain the stop of Jewish immigration and the sale of the grounds to the Jews. It will be prolonged until October 1936.
    • on September 15th, the anti-Jewish laws of Nuremberg are proclaimed in Germany.
    • Estimate of the Jewish population in Palestine: 335  000.

  • In 1936:

    • Beginning of the operation Homa Oumigdal ( walls and turn ), which is a company of establishments succeeding, of 1936 with 1939, with 51 new localities created each one in only one night.
    • April 1936: An Arab revolt, pushed by the large mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin Al Husseini, starts bloody disorders.

  • 1937 :

    • the British commission Peel, proposes a project of partition of the Palestine between Juifs and Arabs. The British government ends up accepting the principle of this recommendation. It is the first text suggesting the division of the country between Juifs and Arabs. In this direction it can be regarded as the text founder of modern Israel.
    • Of the Arab armed groups is caught some to the British, to the Jews and with the “ treacherous Arabic ”. The British carry out a hard repression, and in two years succeed in overcoming and decapitating this Palestinian national movement.

  • In 1939:

    • May 3rd: Publication of the 3 {{E}} '' White paper '' (of MacDonald) which envisages to very strongly limit the quota of immigration of the Jews in Palestine.
    • September 1st: beginning of the Second world war. David Ben Gourion declares: “ We will make the war as if there were not White paper, and we will fight White paper as if the war did not exist ”. Creation of the clandestine movement Le' hi.

  • 1940 : First actions of Irgoun against the power agent, then stop of his actions to the release of the Second world war. Certain Arab leaders, like the Mufti of Jerusalem, go on the German side, initially Vichyist Syria passes on the side of the Free French Army.

  • In 1941:

    • Creation of the commandos of guerilla of the Haganah: Palmach ( sections of shock ).
    • Haj Amin Al Husseini seals an alliance with Hitler, and pleads to solve the problem of the Jews in the Middle East “ according to the methods of the Axis ”.

  • 1942

    • January 20th: the Conférence of Wannsee decides Final solution for the extermination of the Jewish people, which will lead to the elimination of a third of the Jewish people.
    • February: shipwreck of the Struma boat containing 767 Jewish refugees who had seen themselves refusing the entry in Palestine.
    • Creation with the the United States of the Christian Council one Palestine.

  • Of 1943 with 1944:

    • the Jew-Palestinian parachutists of the British army try to join again the contact with the Jews of the occupied countries; seven of them will leave their life there.
    • the Jewish Brigade of strong Palestine of 30  000 combatants, takes part in the war, like integral part of the British army.

  • 1946 :

    • the illegal Jewish immigrants are off-set by the British in camps of displaced persons in the island of Cyprus.
    • July 22nd: Irgoun it (Etzel) made jump the right wing of the Hotel King David to Jerusalem (which sheltered the staff of the British Mandate).
    • the Transjordanie acquires its independence and becomes the Hachémite Kingdom of Jordan.

  • July 1947: the boat Exodus is expelled of the coasts of Palestine towards Europe, carrying on its board 4  500 survivors of the Shoah.

Creation of Israel

  • In November 1947: Whereas the idea of a State-refuge in Holy Land for the survivors of the Shoah is essential in the Western opinion, as if it discharged thus from its own culpability on Palestine, the plan of division of Palestine, is presented by UNO as solution to the conflict between the Jews and the Arabs, granting, at the new Jewish State, 54% of the territory. The old Zionist project ended up succeeding the November 29th, 1947 .

For the movements Zionists, this plan of November 1947, rejected by the Palestinian leaders, is an enormous victory, because this division is the recognition of the foundation of the new State of Israel, which they called of all their wishes and a suitable fulcrum for later extensions.

  • Between May and October 1948, the Israeli-Arab war will drive out their grounds and their houses, more than seven hundred and twenty thousand Palestinian, as a majority of the peasants, on the roads of the exile. Palestine which counted more than one million inhabitants (Moslem and Christian) empties of 90% of its population.

the leaders of the movements Zionists estimated, at the time, that the close Arab countries, in particular Iraq and Syria, had the capacities in term of place, finances and culture, integrating the refugees on their territory and in their population.

  • From there, and during the years which followed, six to nine hundred and thousand Jews of the Arab countries will be exiled of on their premises, dispossessed of their grounds and goods, badgered by the populations and the authorities. That put an end to the antique Jewish civilization of the East, the Arab countries being emptied near total of their Jews, henceforth taken refuge in Israel, Europe and North America.

See too

Palestine (area, terminology, general history)

Palestine (Arab)

Israel

Israeli-Arab and “israélo-Palestinian Conflict ” '

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