Chronology of Tunisia

This page presents a chronology of Tunisia :

Ancient era

1100 av. J. - C.: Foundation of the first Carthaginian counters

814 av. J. - C.: Carthage is founded, according to the Légende, by colonists Phéniciens led by the queen Didon (princess of Tyr). The new city develops quickly and becomes a large hearth of civilization and a frightening power which worries Rome.

480 av. J. - C.: Carthaginian Defeat with Himère in Sicily in front of the army of Gélon of Syracuse

264 - 146 av. J. - C.: Three wars against Rome, last with the posterity under the name of the Punic Wars, are engaged and give place, inter alia, with the forwarding led by Hannibal Barca through the the Alps (218 - 202 av. J. - C.).

146 av. J. - C.: Demolished Hannibal and destruction of Carthage by Scipion Émilien

27 av. J. - C.: the North Africa becomes a Roman Province.

3rd century: Christianization of Africa

429 : Carthage is taken by the Vandales.

The Middle Ages

533 - 647: Carthage is taken again by the Byzantine which found to them domination.

647 : Arab Invasion

661 : Beginning of the reign of the Dynasty of the Omeyyades

670 : Kairouan is founded by Oqba Ibn Nafaa.

697 : the Arab conquer Carthage and put an end to the Byzantine exarchat.

750 : Fine of the reign of the Dynasty of the Omeyyades and beginning of the reign of the dynasty of the Abbasid

800: Beginning of the reign of the dynasty of the Aghlabides

876 : Foundation of Raqqada

909 : Fine of the reign of the dynasty of the Aghlabides

910 : Arrival of Ubayd Allah Al-Mahdi with Kairouan and propagation of the Shiism to the the Maghreb.

916 - 921: Foundation of Mahdia

946 - 969: the Fatimides unify the the Maghreb.

973 : Departure of the Fatimides for Cairo and beginning of the reign of the Dynasty of the Zirides

1016 - 1017: Massacres of Shiites in the Maghreb

1148 (July 2nd): the armed forces of Roger II, king of Sicily, attack and take the town of Sousse without too much damage.

1050 - 1052: Invasion of the Hilaliens

1152 : Fine of the reign of the dynasty of the Zirides

1236 : the Hafsides, vassal of the Almohades, are declared independent and founded a new dynasty with Tunis.

1270 : Driving of the Eighth crusade, the king Louis IX of France unloads with Carthage. He dies the August 25th of Dysenterie during the seat of Tunis.

Modern time

1534 : Khayr AD-DIN Barberousse, Othoman Corsair , takes Bizerte, Goulette and Tunis with the Hafsides. The Tunisia is declared territory Turkish.

1535 : Charles Quint drives out Khayr AD-DIN Barberousse of Tunis. The Tunisia passes under Spanish domination .

Contemporary time

1857 (September 10th): Mohammed Bey promulgates, on the Othoman model , a “pact fundamental” which establishes the equality of all the Tunisians in front of the law whatever them Religion.

1861 (April 23rd): the Tunisia adopts its first constitution.

1875 (January 13rd): the Collège Sadiki, which will become the fish pond of the Tunisian Nationalisme, is founded by Kheireddine Pasha.

1878 (June 13rd - July 13rd): At the time of the Congress of Berlin, the the United Kingdom and the Germany gives freehand to the France in Tunisia.

French protectorate

1881 (April 6th): the consul of France Theodore Roustan announces with Sadok Bey that the France will intervene in reaction to the incursions of tribes of Kroumirie in territory Algérie N.

1881 (April 7th): Sadok Bey decides to send two columns in Kroumirie to restore the order, one ordered by the Minister for the war and the other by his/her Ali brother.

1881 (April 23rd - July 3rd): the first phase of the countryside of Tunisia results in the “pacification” of the Kroumirie and the occupation of the strategic points of the North-West of the country.

1881 (May 12th): the treaty of Bardo is signed by the Bréart general, the consul Theodore Roustan, Sadok Bey and the top dog Mustapha Ben Ismaïl. It places the government beylical under French protectorate. The France becomes responsible for defense and the foreign relations placed under the responsibility of the resident general.

Independence

1956 (March 20th): the Tunisia obtains its independence following the abrogation of the Traité of Bardo and the Conventions of Marsa.

1956 (March 25th): a constituent National Assembly is elected. She begins the drafting from the new constitution.

1956 (April 8th): At the time of the first meeting of the constituent Assembly, elected the March 25th, Habib Bourguiba is elected with its presidency.

1956 (April 11th): Habib Bourguiba, after consultation of its team-members, is named by decree beylical Prime Minister (president of the Council) and cumulates also the loads of Minister for national defense and the foreign affairs.

1956 (April 12th): the work hour changes because of the Ramadan and the single meeting is founded.

1956 (April 15th): Habib Bourguiba announces the formation of its government.

1956 (April 26th): a Decree load the ministry for finances to manage the private field and the field of affected State to the crown, as well as the civil list of the bey, up to that point managed by the residence of the Council. He is also put an end to the functions exerted by the French official who was appointed “administrator of the civil list”.

1956 (May 3rd): Two Décret S restores and organizes the ministries for the foreign affairs and national defense.

1956 (May 31st): All the “privileges, exemptions or immunities of some nature that it” is recognized with the family members beylicale are abolished. Any good having the character of public Habous is integrated in the field of State and dealt with by the service of the fields.

1956 (June 7th): the operating conditions of the constituent Assembly are fixed.

1956 (June 21st): the territory of the kingdom is cut out of 14 Gouvernorat S having at their head of the assisted governors general secretaries, each area capping several delegations, to replace the Caïd ATS and of the khalifats.

1956 (August 13rd): the Code of the personal status, improving the statute of the Tunisian women, is promulgated by the Prime Minister Habib Bourguiba.

1956 (August 17th): Two buses are set fire to by Fellagha S.

1956 (November 12th): the Tunisia is officially recognized like member of the United Nations.

1957 (March 14th): the women see themselves granting the right to vote and the right to stand as candidate to the elections.

1957 (May 17th): Ali Belhouane is invested in the capacity as mayor of Tunis.

1957 (July 15th): the guard beylicale is replaced by the Tunisian Armée which retains the captive bey, like its entourage, since nobody can any more enter or freely leave the palate beylical of Carthage.

1957 (July 18th): Slaheddine Bey, wire junior by Rolls Bey, is stopped and transferred to the civil prison for “aggravated assault against a police inspector which supervised the palate”.

1957 (July 23rd): the palate beylical is encircled and locked and the cut Téléphone.

Bourguiba presidency

1957 (July 25th): the constituent Assembly votes the abolition of the monarchy beylicale, with the capacity since 1705, and proclaims the République. She elects Habib Bourguiba, outgoing Prime Minister, with the functions of president of the Republic. A delegation of the constituent Assembly, made up of Jallouli Farès, Ali Belhouane and Driss Guiga comes to mean with Lamine Bey her deposition.

1958 (February 8th): French aviation bombards the village of Sakiet Sidi Youssef, which would shelter a camp of FLN, killing out of tens of inhabitants.

1958 (June 17th): the last French soldiers stationed in the south of the country evacuate their bases.

1958 (October 18th): the Tunisian Dinar into force replaces the Tunisian Franc before independence.

1959 (June 1st): the republican constitution, founding a presidential regime, is promulgated.

1959 (June 17th): the France and the Tunisia sign an agreement guaranteeing the withdrawal of the French troops of all the Tunisian territory except for the naval base of Bizerte.

1961 (February 27th): At the time of a meeting with Rambouillet, Habib Bourguiba press the president Charles de Gaulle to restore the base of Bizerte. This last moderates it by evoking negotiations.

1961 (July 23rd): a Cessez-le-feu is signed following the violent ones confrontations which have occurred between the French Army and the population with Bizerte which make, according to the estimates, between 600 and 2000 dead Tunisian side.

Presidency Ben Ali

1987 (November 7th): the Prime Minister Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali deposits the president Habib Bourguiba who is judged in the incapacity to take up his duties.

1987 (December 25th): the House of Commons adopts two bills putting an end to the Cour state security and the function of public prosecutor of the Republic.

1988 (January 23rd): the government announces the resumption of its diplomatic relations with the Egypt after a eight years consecutive rupture to the signature of the Camp David agreements.

1988 (February 27th): the Socialist party destourien is transformed into Constitutional Democratic Assembly.

1988 (March 18th): the fines pronounced by judgment against the media of the opposition parties for infringement to the Code of the press are amnestied.

1988 (April 30th): the president Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali decides of gracier the former minister for the nation's economy Ahmed Ben Salah. It pardoned also, the May 14th, the president of the Mouvement of the Islamic tendency, Rached Ghannouchi, that the Cour of state security had condemned the September 27th 1987 to the forced labors with perpetuity.

1988 (July 25th): a revision of the constitution removes the presidency with life and limit the number of mandates with three, each of one five years duration.

1988 (November 7th): the national Pact is signed between the political capacity and main forces except for the islamist ones.

1989 (April 2nd): At the time of the presidential elections, Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali (only continuing candidate) is elected president with 99,27% of the voices.

1989 (June 27th): the House of Commons vote a general law of amnesty which allows 5416 people, condemned paddle of independence to the November 7th 1987 for political reasons or trade-union, to recover their civic rights and political.

1990 (January 13rd): Of the students of the Faculty of Arts of Kairouan puts at bag and sets fire to a police station in charge of “university safety”.

1990 (October 31st): the seat of the the Arab League, located at Tunis since 1979, is officially brought back to the Cairo.

1991 (September 19th): Two Tunisian hijackers try to divert on Algiers a DC-9 of Alitalia ensuring the connection between Rome and Tunis. The plane, which transports 130 passengers and 7 team members, lands finally in Tunis as envisaged.

1991 (October 9th): Three integrist condemned to dead in June, and whose grace is rejected by the president Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali, is hung with the civil prison of Tunis.

1992 (March 5th): the president Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali raises on the level of a ministry the secretariat of State to the religious affairs.

1992 (July 30th): the government Sudan board breaks its diplomatic relations with the Tunisia which shows it to support islamist activities on its territory.

1992 (August 28th): 35 members of the movement Ennahda are condemned to the life imprisonment of which the chief of the movement Rached Ghannouchi.

1993 (July 12th): a law sets up the mother as an household head with the right to represent his/her children in a series of legal documents of the daily life. Tunisian married to a foreigner can from now on transmit automatically his nationality to his/her children even if the latter were born abroad.

1993 (December 23rd): the deputies adopt an amendment of the Electoral code to allow to the representatives opposition to make their entry with the House of Commons.

1994 (March 20th): At the time of the general elections, Ben Ali is re-elected for a second mandate with 99,91% of the voices. Its party, the Constitutional Democratic Assembly, gains 144 seats with the House of Commons. The amendment of the Electoral code makes it possible the opposition to occupy for the first time 19 seats out of 163.

1994 (March 20th): the president Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali announces the creation of Canal 21, the television of the young people, which starts to emit the November 7th.

1995 (February 11th): Six national guards is killed by a commando of the Islamic Groupe armed Algerian at the border post with Tamerza. According to the government, it would not be acted in fact that of one “banal road accident”.

1994 (July 11th): the leader of the Liberation organization of Palestine, Yasser Arafat, leaves the country after a 12 years stay.

1995 (March 20th): the president Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali announces the creation of Radio Young people which begins its emissions the November 7th.

1996 (April 14th): the Pape Jean-Paul II carries out a 10 hours lightning visit to Tunis.

1998 (February 11th): the vice-president of the Tunisian League of the human rights, Khemaïs Ksila, is condemned to three years of prison.

1998 (March 1st): the agreement of association with the European Union, signed the July 17th 1995 and which must lead the Tunisia to complete a economic liberalization from here 2008, between in force after its ratification by the Belgium (last European country to initial the text).

1998 (June 2nd): the criminal Court of Tunis condemns to sorrow a 20 years of prison each of the two Tunisian murderers of the former Deputy Prime Minister socialist Belgian André Cools (assassinated the July 18th 1991 in Belgium).

1999 (October 24th): the president Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali and for the first time two other candidates, Mohamed Belhaj Amor and Abderrahmane Tlili, present himself to the presidential ones. The outgoing president is re-elected with 99,44% and the Constitutional Democratic Assembly gains 91,6% with the legislative ones.

2000 (January 21st): Several hundreds of people pay homage, with the cathedral of Tunis and in the presence of representatives of the government and of political personalities Italy, with the former chief of the Italian government Bettino Craxi deceased the January 19th. It is buried in small the Christian Cimetière of Hammamet where it lived in Exil since 1994.

2000 (April 3rd): the journalist Taoufik Ben Brik starts a Hunger strike to protest against the confiscation of sound Passeport and the harassing of which it is the target. It stops it only the May 4th.

2000 (April 6th): the former president Habib Bourguiba dies in his residence of Monastir at the 96 years age. The president Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali proclaims 7 days a national mourning. Its Funérailles takes place the April 8th in Monastir.

2000 (May 23rd): the former writer of the Arab edition of the diplomatic Monde Riad Ben Fadhel is seriously wounded by bullets with Carthage.

2001 (February 12th): justice cancels the acts of the congress of the Tunisian Ligue of the human rights.

2002 (April 11th): a tanker of Natural gas stuffed Explosif S jumps in front of Synagog of Ghriba and keep silent 21 people (14 German , 5 Tunisia NS and 2 French). 30 people are wounded.

External bond

Files of the National institute of audio-visual (France) on Tunisia

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