Chronology of Italy

Antiquity

Beginning of thousand-year-old Ier? : installation of Indo-European people Italiotes
-753: Foundation of Rome by the 2 brothers Remus and Romulus, adoptive wire of the Roman she-wolf. This event will constitute year I of the Roman Calendrier.
VIIe century: Greek Colonization on the coasts of Italy of the South, development of the Etruscan cities in Tuscany
~-450 to -272: the history of Italy merges largely with the Histoire of the Roman Republic which conquers little by little the peninsula
-225: Invasion of the Italy by the Celtic . Creation of the Gaulle cisalpine.

After the Roman conquest, several conflicts ensanglantent Italy:

-218 with -202: Second Punic War
-91 with -89: social War between revolted Romans and Italians.
-83 with -82: civil war between Sylla and partisans of Marius
-73 with -71: servile War against Spartacus

Under the Roman Empire Italy enjoys the Pax romana, until the cruel invasions
330: Constantinople becomes the new capital of the Empire
408: invasion of the Visigoths which forward by Italy to gain Gaulle

The Middle Ages

476 : Romulus Augustule, last Roman Emperor of Occident is deposited. Odoacre proclaims king d' Italie.
490 with 552: Kingdom ostrogoth of Italy.
535 with 540: Byzantine reconquest of Italy by Bélisaire
568 with 774: Kingdom and duchies Lombards
774: Charlemagne becomes king of Lombards
800: Sacring of Charlemagne.
827 : The Arabs invade the Sicily
876: The Byzantines take again the South of Italy.
1061 - 1091: The Normands conquer Sicily
1081: Henri IV, Germanic emperor, invaded Italy
1082: Byzance recognizes the equality of power of Venice.
1084 : Bag of Rome by the Norman ones.
1130 : Roger II becomes king de Sicile.
1176 : The Ligue lombarde demolishes the emperor Frederic Ier with Legnano.
1183 : The Paix of Constancy puts a term at the conflict between the Germanic emperor and the Ligue lombarde.
1237 : Frederic II demolishes the Ligue lombarde
1260: Charles of Anjou, brother of the king de France, invaded Italy with the call of the Pope.
1282 : The Sicilians revolt against the French sovereigns during the Sicilian Vêpres .
1303 : Beginning of the pontificate of Benoît XI papacy settles with Avignon.
1314 - 1321: Dante writes its Divine comedy .
1348 - 1353: Boccace writes the Décaméron .
1377 : The pope Gregoire XI brings back papacy to Rome.
1378 - 1415: Great Schism, two Pape S reign, with Rome and another with Avignon
1420: Return of the pope Martin V in Rome.
1442 : Alphonse V of Aragon seizes the kingdom of Naples, beginning of the Spanish influence in Italy.

Modern time

See the article detailed on the Wars of Italy.

1494 - 1497: First war of Italy.

1499 - 1500: Second war of Italy.

1500 - 1504: Third war of Italy.

1508 - 1513: Fourth war of Italy.

1515 - 1516: Fifth war of Italy.

1521 - 1526: Sixth war of Italy.

May 6th 1527: Bag of Rome by the armies of Charles Quint, at the time of the pontificate of Clement VII.

1526 - 1529: Seventh war of Italy.

1536 - 1542: Eighth war of Italy.

1545 with 1563: Council of Thirty

1543 - 1545: Ninth war of Italy.

1547 - 1556: Tenth war of Italy.

1556 - 1559: Eleventh war of Italy.

1713 : The Traité of Utrecht puts an end to the Spanish domination at the profit of Austria.

Contemporary time

1796 April 11th: Crossing by Napoleon Bonaparte of the collar of Cadibone, beginning of the countryside of Italy.

1849-1859: “The decade of preparation”

1850 : Cavour is minister then president of the Council (1852) in Piedmont; the middle-class of businesses supports it. He wants to create a national conscience on the basis of common economic interest: he stimulates the economy by free trade and the railway equipment. Moreover, it starts, not without opponents, laicization partial of the State.
1855 : Piedmont takes part in the Crimean War in order to raise the Italian question with the Congress of Paris and to assert the application of the principle of nationalities.
July 21st, 1858: Napoleon III and Cavour work out in Plombières a plan of federal reorganization.

Italie= Piedmont + Pope + Kingdom of Naples.

1859

January: treaty of Turin with France.
June: War of alliance free-Sardinian against Austria: bloody victories of Magenta (June 4th) and Solferino (June 24th). However, Napoleon III stops, fearing a Prussian intervention and not being supported by the opinion, and Cavour resigns and Rattazzi takes its place. (So fatal Battles that they contributed to the signature of Geneva Convention and the creation of the Red Cross in 1864).
July: Piedmont receives Lombardy after the Entrevue of Villafranca between Napoleon III and François-Joseph.

1859- 1870: formation of the Unit

April-June 1859: the Italian national company supported by Cavour starts in the duchies of central Italy (Parma, Modena, Tuscany) and pontifical legations (Romagna) of the revolutionary movements asserting the union with Piedmont.
January 1860: Cavour returns to the capacity and sign the treaty of Turin with Napoleon III on March 24th, yielding Savoy and Nice n the other hand of the assistance brought in 1859.
March-April 1860: Tuscany, Modena… are joined Piedmont.

Conquest of central Italy and the South

1860

May-October: forwarding of the Thousand carried out by Garibaldi, old mazzinien, supported in writing pad by Cavour. Thus, the Thousand red shirts drive out the Bourbons of the kingdom of Deux-Siciles, gain Naples in September.

Cavour intervenes then:

September 18th: Victoire de Castelfidardo against the “pontifical zouaves” of Lamoricière (who include/understand many noble French). The Piedmontese army confiscates all the conquests of Garibaldi in the Neapolitan States.
November 5th: kingdom of Naples annexed after plebiscite.

1861

April 27th: a National parliament proclaims in Turin Victor Emmanuel II king d' Italie.
June 6th: died of Cavour.

1861- 2 0ctobre 1870: the hard completion of the Unit

Financial crisis, armed robbery… Risorgimento lost its guide and tramples. The annexations in Piedmont run up against the dissatisfied peasants, with the partisans of the deposed Bourbons. France always prohibits the access to Rome.

August 1862: Garibaldi tries a knack against Rome: it is stopped in Aspromonte.

Assistance of Napoleon III: September 15th, 1864: convention of September negotiated with Minghetti: Napoleon leaves Rome, provided that Florence is the capital and that the integrity of the pontifical territories is respected.

1865 : Napoleon III entremet with Bismarck for a Piedmont-Prussia alliance against Austria.
1866 : defeats with Custoza (June 24th) and Lissa (on July 20th). But Prussia gains in Sadowa.
October 1866: Treated of Vienna which confers Venezia on the Kingdom of Italy.
November 1867: Napoleon III pushes back Garibaldi with Mentana.

Ø Achèvement of the Unit without Napoleon III: The unit is done after the defeat of France (without Thirty and Trieste). The Convention of September is denounced and Rome is taken by the soldiers of Victor Emmanuel II: it is annexed after plebiscite and is proclaimed capital kingdom on October 2nd, 1870.

1870- 1898: mistakes of the young parliamentary monarchy

Demographic, social, economic characteristics.

1861 : illiteracy of 74%.
1861: 26 million inhabitants 1875: 28 million 1890: 31 million

Strong emigration towards the USA. · Agricultural economics which does not take part in the 1st industrial revolution because it does not have the essential resources. 1887- 1896: recession, crisis of the banking system, deficit.

Political life: between corruption and opposition.

1870 : vote censitaire; 2% of the population. The notable ones direct.

Late south (the Mezzogiorno) vis-a-vis North. The “campanilism” survives. Corrupted leading minority, still reduced by the pontifical veto. Pie IX maintains open the Roman question and in spite of the Law of the Guarantees of May 13rd, 1871.

March 18th, 1876: turning political. The left anticlerical, monarchist beats the “historical line” of the successors of Cavour. They are old mazziniens and garibaldiens.
1878 - 1887: Agostino Depretis and the trasformismo: corruption…

1878: re-established protectionism.

May 20th, 1882: adhesion in Triplice with Germany and Austria, without France. The movement “irredentist” is persecuted for a time.

Expensive policy of armament in spite of the deficit in order to seal thirst colonialist (1885: Assab and Massaouah, Red Sea)

1887-1896: repressive conservatism of Francesco CRISPI, ex-mazzinien and nationalist. It faces the socialist opposition since 1890.

Customs war vis-a-vis in France. Colonialism (creation of Erythrée in 1890). Defeats in Ethiopia in March 1896 and falls of CRISPI.

1896 - 1898: political and social disturbances which call into question the constitutional monarchy.

1898 - 1914: the start of era GIOLITTI

… “transformism” and corruption (Maffia) towards liberalism. It faces the oppositions Socialist, nationalist and of the democracy social-catholic. Fast economic expansion thanks to cheap labor and with the second industrial revolution founded on electricity. FIAT (Fabricca italiana automobili Torino) in 1899.

1911 : vote for all: 24% population.
1913 : end of the catholic opposition to the government.
August 1914: proclamation of neutrality by the president of the Salandra Council. But two currents clash: “neutralists” of GIOLITTI and the “interventionists”, nationalist garibaldiens, Socialists with Benito MUSSOLINI.

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