Catherine de Médicis

See also: Catherine de Médicis (homonymy)

Catherine of Médicis was born the April 13rd 1519 with Florence under the name of Catherine Marie Romola and died the January 5th 1589 with Blois.

Girl of Laurent II of Médicis (1492-1519), duke of Urbin, and Madeleine of the Tower of Auvergne (1495-1519), it grows in Italy from where it is originating from her father. With died her parents, she inherits the titles countess of Auvergne and duchess of Urbin O.

By its marriage with Henri II, it is queen of France of 1547 with 1559. Mother of François II, Charles IX, and of Henri III, it controls France as a queen-mother and was regent of France of 1560 with 1564.

Catherine de Médicis is an emblematic figure of the 16th century. Its name is irremediably attached to the wars of religion against which she fought all her life. Partisane of the civil tolerance, it has many times tried with the assistance of skilful advisers, a policy of conciliation.

A black legend, which continues it for a long time, made of it wrongly an austere person, attached to the capacity, even malicious. Today, Catherine de Médicis is rehabilitated by the historians who recognize in it one of largest the queens of France. Its role in the Massacre of the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre however contributes to make a discussed figure of it.

Youth

The heiress of the Médicis

Born with Florence, the April 13rd 1519, Catherine de Médicis finds very quickly Orphelin E, since his/her parents die a few days after his birth. Placed under the Supervision of the old aunts of its family, it becomes the single heiress of the fortune of the Médicis and takes the title of duchess of Urbino. Médicis played a big role during the childhood of Catherine. She profits from the protection of her uncle the Pape Leon X, then especially that of Clément VII, another of her uncles, elected official pope in 1523.

The childhood of Catherine in the town of Florence is disturbed by the war that deliver Clément VII and the emperor Charles Quint. The republicans florentins benefit from the defeat of the pope and the disorder which reigns with Rome to revolt against Médicis and to take the control of the city. In 1529, Catherine is taken in Otage by the republicans who threaten to violate it and kill her when the pontifical troops set up the seat of the city. Catherine does not have whereas ten years and will remain all her life marked by the political cruelty of this conflict. To protect it, one places it in a convent of the city where by preoccupation with a safety, one makes him take the dress of nun. Once the town of Florence subjected to the capacity of the pope and the emperor, Catherine is taken along to Rome where from now on it will grow.

Placed under the direct protection of the pope, it receives a very neat education there. It thus profits from a refined, impregnated culture humanism and of neoplatonism. It leaves the Italy in 1533, when the pope makes alliance with the king of France, François {{Ier}} - which envisages to marry it with the one of its sons juniors, Henri, then Duc of Orleans.

The dauphine of France

Catherine leaves Florence on September 1st 1533 on board the galère of the pope. She brings with her a dowry of 100.000 ecus money and 28.000 ecus of jewels. He had been agreed in the contract which the pope would get an enough important dowry to fill the hole of royal finances. The marriage takes place with Marseilles in October 1533 in the presence of the pope come to discuss with the king and to give the hand of Catherine personally to him. Follow of the sumptuous festivities which last several weeks.

Alliance with the pope finally effective because of did not die of this last, not occurred the following year. At the beginning of her marriage, Catherine occupies only little place at the Court. She is not fifteen years old, does not speak well French and her young husband is interested more by his mistress Diane of Poitiers.

August 10th 1536, the destiny of Catherine rocks. The oldest son of François Ier, François de France, dies. Catherine becomes dauphine Viennese and titular duchess of Brittany (1536 - 1547). She takes her place at the Court gradually.

But Catherine and Henri still do not have a heir (they will spend ten years to have one of them). For Catherine, the threat of repudiation planes as of 1538. But it receives the unexpected support of Diane of Poitiers, her own cousin and that of Henri. She lets Henri raise the colors of Diane everywhere.

Noticed for her intelligence, Catherine is appreciated by the king, her father-in-law. Sharing with it a taste for arts and letters, Catherine becomes the friend of her sister-in-law Marguerite de France, and of the queen of Navarre Marguerite of Angouleme with which it takes part in literary meetings.

It is at that time that Catherine chooses her own emblem: the scarf of Iris (the rainbow). She fears more and more to be repudiated. Finally, it is confined in January 1544 of a heir: Francois, future François II of France. Its birth, followed two years later by that of a girl, baptized Elisabeth, consolidates the position of Catherine at the court. To died of François Ier in March 1547, Henri of Orleans assembles on the throne under the name of Henri II and Catherine becomes queen of France.

The queen of France

The reign of Henri II

June 10th 1549, Catherine is officially crowned queen of France to the Basilique of Saint-Denis. The advent of Henri II devotes also the rise of Diane of Poitiers. Catherine must suffer the presence from her rival and accept that it takes a place as important as his at the court. Diane exerts a very important influence on her lover and receives many responsibilities n the other hand. She thus obtains the load of the education of the royal children and the title of duchess of Valentinois. Catherine suffers from this situation in silence. She is opposed to Diane and in the famous duel which opposes the Chestnut grove and Jarnac, Catherine takes the party of the second, that of the duchess of Stamps, the enemy one sworn of Diane.

The role conferred on Catherine at the court is that to procreate. In the space of about fifteen year, Catherine will put at the world ten children, of which seven survived. The difficulties of the childbirth of two binoculars in 1557, reflect a term with the series.

In her house, Catherine joins together around it a court where it places many Italian compatriots. She remains very attentive with the Italian policy of France and protects the opponents with the large-duke from Tuscany who exiled themselves in the kingdom. With these Italian who prefers France with the emperor Charles Quint, it pushes Henri II to give them military or administrative responsibilities. Among these men are Ruggieri, Simeoni, Gondi and the cousins of Catherine, the brothers Pierre and Leon Strozzi.

Catherine obtains responsibilities when the king takes again the war in 1552 against Charles Quint and goes away to carry out the operations in the east of the kingdom. Catherine is named regent and with the assistance of the constable Anne de Montmorency, it ensures the provisioning and the reinforcement of the armies. She also intervenes in 1557, after the disaster of Saint-Quentin. She is sent by the king to ask the town of Paris of the money necessary to continue the countryside. Lastly, Catherine does not fail to disapprove openly signed peace in April 1559 in Cateau-Cambrésis which makes lose the main part of the Italian possessions in France and puts a term at its Italian policy.

The signature of the treaty is followed by the marriage of his/her oldest daughter Elisabeth, with the king Philippe II of Spain. In February, Claude, the junior had just married the duke Charles III of Lorraine. During a tournament organized within the framework of the festivities, the king is mortally wounded with the head. He dies on July 10th 1559, leaving widowed Catherine. To mark her sorrow, Catherine decides that it will get dressed only in black as a sign of mourning (whereas royal mourning was marked by the white). She changes her emblem: the broken lance, with the currency: “From there my tears and my pain come” ( Lacrymae hinc, hinc dolor )

The reign of François II

When his/her François son goes up on the throne, Catherine de Médicis intervenes in the redistribution of the royal favors. She recovers the jewels of the crown which Diane of Poitiers held and the castle of Chenonceau against that of Chaumont exchanges to him.

From now on, Catherine sits at the royal council but remains with the variation of the clan of the Guise which holds the reality of the capacity. François II indeed entrusted the reins of government to the family of Marie Stuart, his wife. Members of the House of Lorraine - they are first cousins of the young duke of Lorraine, Charles III - the Own way are powerful, rich and also related with the royal family (François de Guise is married with Anne d' Este cousin of the king, and the son of Antoinette of Bourbon). They knew to be made a place of first importance at the court and their sister Marie de Guise, the mother of the new queen, is regent of Scotland for her daughter. Their influence on the young person François II enables them to draw aside the Montmorency capacity and they hope for the obliteration of Catherine.

The reign of François II is marked by the religious problems. Until now Henri II had repressed very severely the Protestantisme. The death of this last encourages the Protestants to be shown at the great day. The civil war threatens and the Guise, chiefs of the party of the intransigent catholics, are favorable to a policy of repression.

Catherine de Médicis does not hear it thus. She plays within the council a part of counterweight where she is done mediating and the echo of the party of the regulators which wants to found the civil tolerance. If it is linked with the Guise at the time of the Conjuration of Amboise and approves the repression of the rebellious huguenots, it becomes at the court the firmest support of the partisans of the political tolerance called also S. the rise of the moderating party increases its political influence and the Guise are constrained to listen to it more. In June, the lawyer Michel of Hospital, opposing to repression is named chancellor France. In August, an assembly is held in Fontainebleau under the aegis of Catherine to discuss the need a religious reform.

The death of his/her son François II, in December 1560, the meurtrit deeply but enables him to take in hand the reins of the capacity.

The exercise of the capacity

The Regency and the policy of tolerance

The younger brother of the king assembles on the throne under the name of Charles IX. As it is only ten years old and that he is still minor, Catherine de Médicis is declared regent. It is it which will control in its place the time of its minority (majority of the king being to 14 years and 1 day).

At its sides Antoine is held of Bourbon, first prince of blood, that Catherine had succeeds with évincer of the Régence by naming it general Lieutenant kingdom. With Catherine de Médicis with the capacity, it is the way of moderation and the tolerance which triumphs.

Catherine de Médicis is inspired by two currents: the erasmism, directed towards a policy of Peace, and the Néoplatonisme, which preaches the divine mission of the sovereign to make reign the harmony in its kingdom. Catherine de Médicis and the chancellor Michel of Hospital is to be classified in the camp of the “post-evangelic ”, (which also gathers number of abbots, bishops, clerks and people of the Parliament to the enlightened spirit ). The post-évangéliques ones converge on certain points with the calvinists from the theological point of view. They have the same design augustinienne of the Man marked by the Péché. They deviate however from the Protestantisme on the fact that, for them, the Man has a share of free-referee which avoids to him falling arbitrarily into the good or the evil. The Man is in collaboration with God to make of course the Earth.

The emergence of Catherine de Médicis and Michel of Hospital on the political scene induced a relaxation of the pressure on the Reformed . Those reveal at the great day them Foi and the court installed with the castle of Saint-Germain sees the arrival in great number of " schismatiques".

To improve the fate of her subjects ready with entredéchirer, Catherine de Médicis multiplies the negociations and the assemblies of decision. As of December 1560, General states gathering the three orders of the company had been held with Orleans. They again sit during the summer 1561. Finally at September of this same year the Colloque is held of Poissy intended to reconcile the Catholic religion and the Protestant religion. While thus acting, Catherine de Médicis puts at back the intransigent pope Pie IV and catholics, but it is very optimistic on the evolution of the situation.

To finish, on January 17th, 1562, Catherine de Médicis promulgates the Edict of January, which constitutes a true revolution, since it calls into question the crowned bond between religious unit and perenniality of the political organization. The Edict of January indeed authorizes the freedom of conscience and freedom of worship for the Protestants, provided that those restore all the places of worship which they had seized. This edict belongs to the policy of harmony wanted by Catherine de Médicis and Michel of Hospital. For them, reformed are not the cause of the evil which fell down on the ground but they are an agent of conversion that God sent to wake up humanity with the conscience of her sin. For it, the mission of the political directors consisted before very breaking the cycle of violences which devastated the kingdom.

But the Edict of January fails because of too strong antagonisms which oppose Protestant and catholic. A Triumvirat composed of the three old Favori S of Henri II is opposed to the policy of tolerance of the queen-mother. Antoine of Bourbon, king of Navarre chooses the camps of the catholics. The position of the regent is difficult. She hopes for a support on behalf of the prince de Condé, the chief of the Protestants.

The first war of religion begins in March 1562 with the massacre of Wassy with the troops of the duke François de Guise who tries a takeover by force then to Fontainebleau to oblige the queen mother to follow it to Paris. Catherine de Médicis must await the death and the imprisonment of the main leaders of war. Thus one year later she manages to bring back the Paix. While taking its distances with the Own way, it finally grants to the Huguenots the Paix of Amboise in March 1563. The edict envisaged already a certain freedom of worship in the houses seigneuriales and the cities. In August 1563, Charles IX becomes major. Catherine gives up regency, but Charles IX immediately confirms it in its capacities. For Catherine, the hour is with the rebuilding, because the civil war involved very large destruction.

The policy of royal ostentation

Catherine de Médicis continues the sumptuous policy that his/her father-in-law François I {{er}} had inaugurated. The court knows at the time of Catherine de Médicis a life of festivals and pleasure which reaches its apogee. In February - March 1564, the queen-mother organizes in the park of the Château of Fontainebleau the most sumptuous festivals which the kingdom ever knew.

When the weapons are keep silent, the court is only festivals and shooting parties. Catherine wants to dazzle her subjects and its enemies like had made François Ier with the Camp of the Gold Cloth. Catherine is surrounded whom charm women who attract at the court the men and lead them to give up the party of the war for that of peace. Mythological ballets and spectacles put in scene the policy of tolerance of the queen as well as the glory of France and the royal house. The children of Catherine take part in the dances and disguise themselves in spectacles which emphasize the unit of the royal family. At the time of the royal entries, triumphal arches and small animated scenes rent the king and his government. Catherine de Médicis is surrounded poets as Ronsard which does not dry up a praise on it. Charles IX is compared with Mars and Catherine de Médicis with Junon.

Everywhere where it passes, Catherine de Médicis intends to make forget the destruction of the war and the dissensions religious. The great festivals of Fontainebleau mark the departure of the “turn of France” which the royal family undertakes during two years. Wanted and organized by Catherine, the royal voyage lasts 28 months. It finishes on May 1st 1566 with Moulins. The king traverses France and with each stage it makes its entered royal . Catherine thus gives to the honor the royal entries, it wants to make known the young king with the people, to show it.

Catherine also at that time undertakes architectural constructions and transformations: she makes build not far from the Louvre the castle of the Tuileries by Philibert Delorme and makes increase the Château of Chenonceaux. Its larger building site is that of the sumptuous mausoleum of the Valois to Saint-Denis, built with the antique in the form of a Rotonde which sliced radically with the style means-âgeux of the basilica. Today disappeared, this monument raised with the glory of the Valois last was to contain all lying his/her children laid out around the monument dedicated to it and her husband. One found the three there lying royal couple of which those carried out by the Primatice and Germain Rammer. It writes in 1564 a letter for her son “for the police force of Court and the government”, series of councils which establishes the timetable of a king and the manner of dealing with its court.

The time of disillusions

After four years of peace, the religious conflict begins again. In 1567, the prince de Condé tries to seize the king by surprise. It is the “ Surprise of Meaux ”: Charles IX and Catherine take refuge in Paris, amazed at the treason of the Protestants. Catherine charges to the chancellor Hospital the failure of the policy of civil tolerance and in May 1568 returns it. The royal capacity decides to finish some with the rebels and of terrible wars follow, ruining the country.

The two armies arrive at end of force in 1570. Catherine pushes the Protestants to accept the Traité of Saint-Germain, who grants nothing any more but the freedom of conscience to them (in the absence of freedom of worship).

Peace returns and Catherine seeks a durable conciliation between the two religious parties by organizing the marriage of her daughter, Margot with the prince protesting bourbon Henri de Navarre.
But it worries soon about the growing importance of the party huguenot and the influence which on the king the party warmonger takes which wants to carry the war to the Spanish Netherlands, and whose the admiral de Coligny becomes the principal leader following the death of the queen of Navarre, Jeanne d' Albret. The reformed chief rejoins with him rancours of a turbulent nobility and, during June 1572, pleads actively with the Council of the king for the armed intervention.

Following the attack missed against Coligny on August 22nd 1572, Paris is at the edge of the civil war. Catherine is solved to make kill the main leaders Huguenot S assembled to Paris for the weddings. The massacre, known as of the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre, begins in the night of the 24 to the August 25th 1572. Contradictory historical theses clash: with which to allot the responsibility for this massacre? One of it allots to Catherine the principal responsibility, but of others insist on the will, then latent, of the young king to dissociate influence of his/her mother and her policy of tolerance. This massacre, which makes several thousands of victims with Paris then in province, will weigh heavy on the popularity of Catherine among Protestants and in the History. Two years later, Charles IX dies of tuberculosis.

The reign of Henri III

The inexhaustible research of the harmony

The duke of Anjou, third wire of Catherine, succeeds his brother under the name of Henri III. It is his/her preferred son, and undoubtedly most intelligent. He has twenty-three years. Catherine lets it even control by him. She leaves Louvre for her Parisian hotel which she made build not far from the church Saint-Eustace. Built by Bullant of 1574 to 1584, this hotel of which there remains only the large astrological column today, was with the current site of produce exchange.

Under the reign of Henri III, Catherine does not cease acting in favor of the peace of the kingdom. It is it which carries out the negotiations and continuous to traverse the kingdom to make respect the edicts of peace. It thus starts in 1578 a second round of France which brings it to Nérac where it reconciles her daughter Marguerite with her husband the king de Navarre. Catherine is particularly attentive so that the agreement reigns in its family. She plays the role of mediator to reconcile the king with her younger brother François in constant rebellion.

In the years 1580, Catherine de Médicis in vain approaches seventy years, she never hesitates to pay her person. In 1585, it leaves in the East to recall the Guise to the order. In 1586, it starts in the South-west of the negotiations with his/her son-in-law Henri de Bourbon, king of Navarre. Finally at the time of the Day of the barricades (1588), it is not afraid to face the Parisian rebellion, by traversing the streets of Paris to foot and by cutting through a path among the Barricade S. By her combat, towards and against all, for the harmony, Catherine de Médicis became with the eyes of her contemporaries a person out of the commun run which imposes the respect. However, its stubbornness to be fought unnecessarily for a cause which seems lost discredits it with the eyes of those of its subjects which want in découdre with their adversaries.

Failure and end-of-life

The end of the lifetime of Catherine is marked by the preparations of marriage of its grand-daughter Christine of Lorraine which it raised since the death of the duchess of Lorraine her mother (1575). Its last months are obscured by the rise to power of the catholic Ligue which, at the time of the Journée of the barricades, takes possession of the town of Paris. Captive in the city, Catherine forms the link of the duke of Own way to reconcile it with the king, which it grows to have succeeds, when they are found with Chartres. Catherine undertakes then her ultimate voyage when the court goes to Blois for the meeting of the General states. On arrival of the Winter, Catherine takes cold. Confined to bed in December 1588, its health is degraded quickly with the assassination of the Duc of Own way which worries it more especially as the king had not informed it. A few days later, she dies of a pleurisy, surrounded of the love as of his but completely shot down by the ruin of her family and her policy. As the Basilique of Saint-Denis is with the hands of the Ligueur S, it cannot be buried in the sumptuous tomb that it had made there build for its family. Its skin will be spent there only twenty-two years later, and at the XVIIIe century its monument will be destroyed.

The black legend of Catherine de Médicis

Historiography

The Personnalité of Catherine de Médicis is difficult to seize because a black legend since is always associated with its image. Of a temperament jovial and optimistic, of a nobility of soul, lenient and clear-sighted, Catherine de Médicis in the collective memory the incarnation of blackness, the Machiavélisme and the Despotisme became.
This historical misinformation remained a long time intact owing to the fact that the historians conveyed to them-even this image without concern for Objectivité. It was necessary to await second half of the 20th century so that the traditional historiography of the queen is then called in question, in particular thanks to contemporary historians like Garisson, Bourgeon, Jouanna and Crouzet.

As of the time of the wars of religion, the catholics and the Protestants scoffed and scorned the policy of tolerance of the queen-mother. A true work of Propagande drawn up against the Valois conveyed a very erroneous image of the queen. The death of the last of Valois in 1589 did not allow its rehabilitation. At the 17th century, one forgets that completed work by Henri IV then by Richelieu is only the continuity of the policy of Catherine de Médicis. At the 18th century, the philosophers criticize the Absolute monarchy and the wise policy of the queen from now on is perceived only like one oppressive and arbitrary despotism. Under the Revolution, time is with the denunciation of the kings and the revolutionists as Marat takes again the sometimes sordid legends which ran about it to vilify monarchy. It is the French revolution which gives to the black legend of Catherine de Médicis her final aspect. At the 19th century, the republican school and the popular tradition perennialize this legend from now on made popular by the historical novels like the queen Margot of the writer Dumas or wrongfully objective historical work of Balzac.

The legend

The black legend of Catherine de Médicis maintained until the middle the 20th century made it a dominating woman who seek to monopolize the capacity, a follower of the Machiavélisme which does not hesitate to use the most extreme means, Italian which leaves France controlled by foreigners and finally a woman acariâtre, devoured jealousy.

When Catherine becomes regent of France, it controls for her children who are too young to reign by themselves. Vis-a-vis the various religious parties and policies which try to monopolize the capacity by making pressure on it, Catherine tries to remain firm to avoid the collapse of the royal capacity. It is from there that was born the legend from a queen go-getter and despotic. Catherine de Médicis had legitimacy with it. As a queen mother, to preserve the royal heritage of his/her children was his role. Because France is put at evil by the factious ones, she considered that to make respect monarchy and save the integrity of the kingdom was its Owe. The catholics reproached him for granting too many freedom to the Protestants, the Protestants not to grant enough of it. Taken between these two antagonistic parties, Catherine de Médicis tried after a fashion to maintain her policy of national union around the throne.

The allegations according to which it would have made poison the queen of Navarre Jeanne d' Albret then, involuntarily, his/her son Charles IX, are the work of two novelists (Michel Zévaco for the first and Alexandre Dumas for the second) and do not rest on any tangible element. The novelists and the cinema are mainly responsible for this black legend of the queen mother. In the Princess of Clèves , film made in 1961, Catherine de Médicis uses dwarves spies and makes fall her enemies in trap doors which give on deep oubliettes. The historians believed wrongly that it was it which had organized the Massacre of the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre. Some even imagined it traversing with contempt the heaps of corpses of the Protestants massacred in the court of Louvre, whereas actually the queen mother was recluse in Louvre at this time, locked up in greatest concern.

The adversaries of Catherine reproached him for wavering between the parties and for even creating the discord for better reigning. Actually, Catherine de Médicis was wary of all the parties and it passed its life to all to lower them to emphasize one of them, that of the king. It is the decrepitude of the royal capacity and the weakness of its means which obliged Catherine de Médicis to rest on such or such party.

Catherine was regarded as foreign by much. It is true that she had marked an enough Italian accent. When it arrived to France to marry the duke of Orleans, it could hardly speak French. But the queen always regarded herself as Frenchwoman. She actually introduced at the court and the capacity some of her familiar of Italian origin like the Gondi and the Birague. But the majority had grown in France and had a culture and a refined intelligence, and they could be generally put at the service of their country of adoption.

The writers tended to exaggerate the hatred of Catherine de Médicis for Diane of Poitiers, mistress of her husband. It is true that Catherine hardly had sympathy to that which she called the whore of the king , but he not very probable that she sought to take her revenge on the favorite one, with died of Henri II. The novelists took again wrongly the myth according to which Diane of Poitiers had in load the education of the royal children and that caused of the bitterness to the queen. Actually, Catherine de Médicis also devoted most of her time to the education of her children.

Personality

Catherine de Médicis is a queen-mother who devoted most of her life to preserve the heritage of her children. It is a very determined woman, by which optimism astonished its contemporaries. With the age and the multiplication of the failures, it became less condescending. Catherine de Médicis always showed herself very rigorous on the questions of morality, paying great attention to the virtue of her lady-in-waitings, but not hesitating to use a “flying squadron in addition” - the following tempting ones -, to extort information. Catherine de Médicis is sometimes demanding and tends to be a mother enough possessive.
Heiress of Médicis and their taste for arts, Catherine de Médicis likes to be surrounded poets, artists and men of letters. She protects the men like Montaigne or Ronsard. She creates a collection of drawn portraits which she acquires near portraitists such as François Clouet. With its death, its collection of portraits included/understood from 600 to 700 drawings which are scattered today in the world. She imposed the corset and the pants at the time of the walks on horse with the ladies of her court. Sometimes excellent riding, One allots to Catherine de Médicis the importation in France in the manner of assembling to the Amazon .

Descent

the children

the small-children

Catherine de Médicis , (1517 - 1589) │ ├─> Elisabeth de France, queen of Spain │ X Philippe II of Spain │ │ │ ├─> Isabelle Claire Eugenie, governor of the Spanish Netherlands │ └─> Catherine Michele, duchess of Savoy │ ├─> Claude of France, duchess of Lorraine │ X Charles III of Lorraine │ │ │ ├─> Henri II (1563 † 1624), duke of Lorraine │ ├─> Christine (1565 † 1637), large-duchess of Tuscany │ ├─> Charles (1567 † 1607), cardinal of Lorraine │ ├─> Antoinette (1568 † 1610), duchess of Juliers and Berg │ ├─> Anne (1569 † 1676) │ ├─> François II (1572 † 1632), duke of Lorraine │ ├─> Catherine (1573 † 1648), abbess of Remiremont │ ├─> Elisabeth (1575 † 1636), married to Maximilien I {{er}}, duke of Bavaria │ ├─> Beatrice, nun with Remiremont │ ├─> Claude (1575 † 1576) │ └─> Charles IX, king de France X Elisabeth of Austria │ └─> Marie-Elisabeth de France (1572-1578) X Marie Touchet │ └─> Charles de Valois (1573-1650), duke of Angouleme

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