Carl Gustav Jung

This article treats Psychiatre Swiss Carl G. Jung. For the homonymous articles , to see Jung. ----

Carl Gustav Jung is a Psychiatre Suisse born the July 26th 1875 with Kesswil, Thurgovie, † June 6th 1961 with Küsnacht, Canton of Zurich (Swiss). Influential thinker, author of many works of Psychology and Social psychology in German language, it founded the current of the analytical Psychologie.

He often is compared or put in connection with Sigmund Freud, of which he was one of the collaborators in his beginnings. Carl Jung was a pioneer of the Psychologie the depths, and one of the disciples of this approach most largely read at the twentieth century. Its theoretical and clinical entry underlined functional connection between the structure of the Psyché and that of its productions (i.e., its cultural events). This led it to introduce into its methodology of the concepts coming from the Anthropologie, of the Alchimie, the Rêve S, the Mythologie and the Religion, but also to bring enrichments to these fields.

Carl Jung was not the first to be devoted to the study of the oneiric activity. However, its contributions to the analysis of the Rêve S were wide and highly influential. He wrote a prolific work. Although, during most of its life, it centered its work on the formulation of psychological theories, and on the clinical practice, it also made incursions into other fields of the Humanités: since the comparative study of religions, the Philosophy and the Sociology, until the criticism of the Art and the Literature. The concepts of Prototype, Unconscious collective and Synchronicité constitute its essential contribution.

Carl Jung, puts forward a comprehension of the heart, which one names today more readily Psyché, through the exploration of the dreams, the figures and the processes symbolic systems conveyed by the Mythologie and the Religion, interprets the interior disorders like symptomatic of a lack of spiritual unit. The analytical model of cure that it conceives, centered on the heart, work with the Individuation of the subject by the interior dialog. In its eyes, the human modern ones depend too much on the Science and the Logique and would gain to be interested in the Spiritualité. Also Jung sees it such a gap like source of Misonéisme (rejection of progress of the knowledge), attitude by which he explains the aversion of the public for the idea of heart and individuation. Certain scientists think a contrario that it is the step of Jung which is in resistance to science, seeing its writings like esoteric or pseudo-scientists. For this reason, the majority of the university departments of psychology do not teach the ideas jungiennes, which are seen rather studied in Lettres or philosophy.

Biography

The Biographie Carl Gustav Jung is not perfectly known because he always refused with the autobiography. Its appointed biographer is Aniéla Jaffé, which obtained that he entrusts to him a certain number of elements of his life starting from 1957. It resulted from it the work My life - Memories, dreams and thought -, collected by Aniéla Jaffé (1961).

Its beginnings

Carl Gustav Jung was born in 1875, in Kesswil (Swiss), within a family of German ascent and ecclesiastical tradition (his/her father was Pasteur Lutheran).

• During its childhood, he was an introverted child and very isolated, although the relation with his/her parents is very close and affectionate. From this time, it will keep a certain disappointment for the manner with which his/her father tackled the subject of the faith, that regarded to him as sadly precarious. During its adolescence and its youth, he was an enthusiastic reader, especially captured by the literary work of Goethe. He had also a deep interest for the tests of philosophers like Von Hartmann but also Nietzsche. In his autobiography, Carl Gustav Jung describes these bringings together with the work of this last: " Also sprach Zarathustra". In German, the exact title is: Also sprach Zarathustra. Ein Buch für Ale und Keinen a philosophical Poem of Friedrich Nietzsche, published between 1883 and 1885). The title can be translated by " Thus Zarathoustra spoke (or Thus Zarathoustra spoke). A book for all and personne".

• Between 1894 and 1900, initially, C.G JUNG, wished to study the Archéologie at the university. Unfortunately, its family missed money to further send it that the Université from Basle, where this discipline was not taught. This is why, it had to be solved has to study medicine with the Université of Basle. The student, initially introverted, could with time to open out in this new university context. Towards the end of its studies, its readings of Kraft-Ebing persuaded it to specialize in psychiatric medicine.

• During the year 1900, carrying out part of its specialization in Psychiatry, it attended the courses of Pierre Janet in Paris.

• In 1902, it collaborates with Eugen Bleuler. At that time, Eugen Bleuler

and Pierre Janet was pioneers in this discipline. It will be brought has to work in the Burghölzli, for a psychiatric hospital with Zurich, which enjoyed a great reputation. Raise Eugen Bleuler, it supports a thesis of doctorate concerning “the psychopathology of the phenomena known as occult”. It is under its direction that he also works in Bürgölzi, where it meets, inter alia, Sabina Spielrein of which he becomes the psychiatrist, the analyst and the lover. They will have five children. (Emma dies in 1955, a few years before him. Their relation was disturbed by inaccuracies of Jung of which one, known of all its close relations, with his old analyzing itself become analyst, Toni Wolf with which it will maintain also a fertile intellectual relation.)

• In 1905, it is named professor of psychiatry to the Université of Zurich, and already published the two volumes devoted to the study of free associations. On the basis of clinical experiment, Jung conceived the experiment of the " free Association " is updated, a technique which bears this name today. This discovery and this practice are often allotted to Freud.

• In 1906, it has written and has made known its work on Psychology of Insanity early (in reference so that it would be then known under the name Schizophrénie), it is at that time that he makes the choice send a copy of his book to Sigmund Freud, it with what Sigmund Freud answered favorably and he followed an intense friendship " from there; conflictuelle" between the two.

The relation with Sigmund Freud

The relation with Sigmund Freud is consolidated during the year 1907. This meeting with Freud (19 years its elder) is for him determining. He writes for example: “a surface glance on my work is enough to see what I owe with the brilliant designs of Freud. I then to ensure that at the beginning, I reviewed all the objections which were launched by the specialists against Freud. But I said myself that one could refute Freud only in condition of having often used oneself the psychoanalytical method and to have really made research in the same way as Freud, i.e. by considering the daily life, the Hystérie and dreams it from its point of view, over one long period and with patience. If one cannot do it, one does not have the right to give an opinion on Freud unless wanting to act as these famous scientists who refused to look through the glasses of Galileo. ”

In 1908, Jung took share with the first Congress of Psychanalyse, carried out with Salzburg. On this occasion, was appointed director of International the Annuaire publication of Psychological and Psychotherapeutic Research (Jahrbuch für Forschungen psychopathologische und psychoanalytische).

The following year, in 1908, it accompanies Sigmund Freud and Ferenczi at the time of their voyages to the United States, where it dictates conferences with the Université of Clark to Worcester, Massachusetts. It receives the title of " there; doctorate honoris causa". It is during this period that Sigmund Freud explicitly indicated it like its " successor and prince héritier"

1910, With the Congress of Nuremberg, Jung is indicated president of, recently founded, International Psychoanalytical Association (API). However, the following year, during the Psychoanalytical Congress held in Weimar, one can find the trace of the primary symptoms of dissension in connection with the concept of Libido.

Towards 1912, during several conferences with New York, after Jung publishes " Wandlungen und Symbol der Libido" , the theoretical divergence had reached intolerable levels. They face, each one allotting to the other the incapacity to admit its error. In November of this year, proceeds the last personal meeting between the two psychoanalysts.

It is annoyed with Freud and the psychoanalysis freudienne and the scientific reason of the rupture are the approach of Jung on the Inceste, which it regards as a desire of return to the mother before to be a genital desire aiming at the relative of opposite sex. This calls into question the primacy of the Sexualité of the libido freudienne. Jung will introduce later the term of Inconscient collective that Freud always regarded as useless.

After a great period of loneliness and doubts, Jung continues personal research, melting an approach of the human heart which it names analytical Psychologie. The relations between holding of the approach freudienne and those of the approach jungienne are at the time (and still today, sometimes) much passion than scientific.

To the Congress of Munich (1913) the differences were made available of public and Jung gave up continuing to direct the Directory, while he wrote " Theory of Psychanalyse".

In the following lines, an extract of the reproduced letter, " part of text and image" , that Freud sent to Jung in 1913, in the middle of the crisis which affected the relation between both. “… Your allegation, like what, I would treat my partisans as patients is obviously false… ()… Consequently, I propose that we give up our personal relations completion.” Sigmund Freud, 1913.

Climbing of war and post-war period

Then, in 1914, the Swiss psychiatrist resigned of his load in the API one and organized, with has Maeder, the bases of what one called school of Zurich.

After the episode of rupture, Jung tested one period of emotional turbulence, exacerbated by the emergent news of the First World War, which had on him a devastator effect, even if it were located in neutral Switzerland. Henri Ellenberger qualified the experiment of Jung like a " disease créative" and it definite that in terms of Depression and hysteria.

During the first post-war period, Jung was transformed into a traveller of the world, thanks to the funds abundant which it had obtained by the sales of his books, its fees and the money perceived to have reached the higher statute in the medical institutions for which it worked.

It had then a course in the north of the Africa. About the middle of the years 1920, he visited the Nouveau Mexico, where he contacted indigenous groups (in particular, the " Pueblos" Indians; of North America), and it coexisted with them while trying to know with more close this culture.

Little then, it will leave towards the Kenya and the Uganda. It is at that time that it published its theory on the psychological Type, in which it developed its theory of the personality.

• 1938 : Travel to India

• It forever been able to visit Rome, in spite of a major attraction. There too much impressed by the history of the city to dare to go in its youth, it organizes displacement in 1949 but is prevented by it by its health condition.

Nazi regime and last years

In 1930, Jung had been named honorary president the German Association of psychotherapy then professor of medical psychology to the federal Polytechnic school of Zurich. The field of the Psychanalyse was at that time that many experts Juif S. In spite of his/her many friends and Jewish colleagues, Jung sees, in 1933 a shade to weigh on its career: a rumor which makes of him a sympathizer Nazi. With the catch capacity of Hitler in Germany, association mentioned, to which many Jewish psychoanalysts had adhered, dissolved and was absorbed by another the larger and of international significance, with Jung like chair: the “ Medical Company of Psychotherapy ”.

In 1933 it accepts the presidency of the international general medical Société for psychotherapy , to replace Ernst Kretschmer, resigner. It makes amend immediately “in order to allow to the German Jewish psychotherapists an individual affiliation” - those were indeed prohibited of affiliation to any learned society in Germany. But it thus found editor association of the publication Zentralblatt fur Psychotherapie , in which was inserted, without its knowledge , a leading article recommending to the psychotherapists to read Mein Kampf.

Jung affirmed that it had acted thus in agreement and with the assistance of his colleagues and friendly Jewish to save the psychoanalysis which the Nazis regarded as a “Jewish science”. The fact that Jung agrees to be an honorary president of the Medical Société of Psychotherapy and director of the Review of Psychotherapy ( Zentralblatt fur Psychotherapie ), both exits of the system Nazi, was used like argument to allot inclinations pronazies and anti-semites to C.G.Jung. After the war this kind of charge could darken its career even its life until the end of its days. Jung gives up the position of president of the international general medical Société for psychotherapy in 1939 and joined the allied cause with the the United States. Moreover, in 1943, it collaborates with the Office off Strategic Services.

Carl Gustav Jung dies the June 6th 1961, after a short disease, in his house close to the Lake Zurich, in Suisse, at the 86 years age.

Its Work

Jungienne psychology or analytical psychology

See also: analytical Psychology

The analytical psychology proposes to give direction to which it names the heart (psychic system) and proposes a form of development of oneself leading to discovered our clean heart. The terms to name it are: psychology jungienne, psychoanalysis jungienne, analytical psychology. Certain works to indicate this psychology speak about a psychology of the complexes (because it is interested in it), or, of a psychology depths (since it is interested in the depth of psyché but also gives a depth to psyché).

Analytical psychology made it possible to describe and update invariants of the heart. By giving direction to the heart, by describing for example certain aspects of this one (like the Prototype S), the man ou/et the woman could, while putting herself in dialog with them-even, to enter a process of individuation (they become more them even, more mature). That can be done for example through a discussion with oneself on its dreams, but that does not constitute the only way. During this process the mature man and woman meet resistances, they can when they for of test the need to ask for the assistance of one (E) psychological junguien.

Each concept of psychology jungienne, gives direction to an aspect of the psychic system. Connected the one with the others, they give has to see the direction which tried to give, analytical psychologists (psychological jungiens), on " what is what the psychic system? ".

However to take them separately great directions would not have but in more would not really allow to include/understand. Moreover the simple reading of what is psychism at Carl Gustav Jung does not bring anything to the individual if it is not a certain sensitizing with oneself even. What is interesting, from the jungien point of view is to be even discovered oneself, for truth.

" The complexity of the psychoanalysis jungienne is due to the fact that all the psychic authorities are in close relations the ones with the others. To describe a concept separately gives of him a vision inevitably partial because not holding account neither of the dynamic relationship with the other authorities nor of the whole of the psychic system. All is bound, all is in mouvement." in the psychoanalysis jungienne, Essentialis Collection, ED. Bernet-Danilot, April 2002

The difficulty of the comprehension of psychism in the theory jungienne lies in the fact that it is necessary to open has oneself for truth, i.e. " with penser" , " with ressentir" and with " to question itself on soi".

Like " Jung does not cease saying it: the meeting of psyché is an experiment, it passes at the same time by the mental one and the heart, intellect and the emotional one. That requires a circular reading, with the image of the spiral: intellectual comprehension grows rich by emotional resonance, interior confrontation which, in its turn, leads to the deepening of the compréhension" in the psychoanalysis jungienne, Essentialis Collection, ED. Bernet-Danilot, April 2002

In that the heart of the theory jungienne is the theory jungienne heart.

The creator of concepts

Jung continues, throughout its life, an analysis of the human psychology which makes it be interested in the Psyché of the normal person before being interested in psyché of the nevrotic person or psychotic. This basic difference in the approach enables him to clarify major psychological concepts, among which the psychological Archétype S, the unconscious collective (starting from its studies of the Mythologie, the Alchimie and starting from a bringing together between Eastern thought - Kundalinî Yoga - and psychoanalytical theories), the Persona, the Animus and the Anima. It also contributes to the Psychologie by its theory of the psychological standard : it is him which invents the concepts of introversion and of extraversion . It develops also the concepts of oneself and of Individuation, final stage of the psychoanalysis jungienne and considers the phenomena of Synchronicité.

As regards the introversion and extraversion, Jung takes again the Platonic categories of extraversion and introversion to describe the " surdétermination" external or intern of the behavior. Here how Jung describes the extraverti type: " Who thinks, feels, acts, in short, who lives in immediate agreement with the objective conditions and their requirements, into good as in bad share, is a extraverti… its very whole conscience looks towards outside because it is always there that comes the decisive important determination. Not only the people, but also the things captivate it. Also it under the influence of the people and the things acts… " . Here now the portrait of the introvert: " At his place, it slips between the perception of the object and its own action a personal opinion which prevents the action from taking a character corresponding to the objective data. The usual reaction of the introvert is a reaction of stop, criticism, return of oneself. " .

Jung left, in the psychoanalysis, an original step and érudite of the study of psyché. In particular, it will contribute all its life to a representation of psyché human in its complexity, namely its reports/ratios at the company, the myths, the prototypes but also with the Spiritualité and the Transpersonnel.

An initiator, a man which one takes as a starting point:

• the Unconscious (analytical psychology): Compared to Sigmund Freud (1856 - 1939), introducer of the modern concept of Unconscious, Carl Gustav Jung brings the concept of Inconscient collective. It moves the base of the instinctual duality freudienne on a double duality, which it regards as archetypic: the duality creativity/destructiveness and the Instinctivité duality/spirituality, these two dualities not being superposable (there is, for example, of dynamic spiritual destroying). Jung sees in the myth, and in particular the biblical myth, the projection of the unconscious collective. The theories of Jung on the unconscious collective and the relationship between the Conscience and the unconscious one had all kinds of applications, for the private clinic and until derivatives in the field of the Coaching.

• the interior Child: The paternity of this term is allotted to Carl Gustav Jung. This term has value of concept then. The interior child (or divine child), for Carl Gustav Jung, is, within this theoretical framework, the childish share of the man and the woman. It is about a prototype, therefore of a formation of the Inconscient collective. It inspired, of the psychotherapists for whom " To work with the bond with his/her interior child is then used also in a step psychothérapeutique" , certain currents of the Psychoanalytical Psychotherapy of Inspiration, (P.I.P. designates a family of psychic care), as at John Bradshaw or Hall and Sidra Stone in its work the interior Dialog .

• the free Association and the psychological Type gave birth has two theories:

• the Standard Myers Briggs Indicator: It created celebrates it test of associations of words of which Katharine Cook Briggs (1875 - 1968) and Isabel Myers (1897 - 1980) was inspired to develop the questionnaire MBTI ® (for Myers-Briggs Type Indicator) used in certain methods of Coaching. It will not guarantee any approach claiming itself of him.
• the Socionique: The Socionique is a theory of the relations between the types of personalities inspired by the ideas of the Psychanalyste Carl Gustav Jung .c' is Aushra Augustinavichute which was creative the socionique one.

• the Model sociopsychologic of the phenomenon UFO: Compared to the phenomenon Ovni, it is one of the first authors, in a modern myth (1958), to suggest the importance that there is to study as much the witness who reports the observation that the observation per , and that the explanation of the phenomenon would be as much in the psyché that in the outside world. So it is one of the precursors of what one names today the Modèle sociopsychologic of the phenomenon UFO. Like material, he proposes case studies of dreams with set of themes Ovni of his patients. Its principal assumption is that the UFOs have the shape of saucer by analogy with the Mandala S.

• the Trickster: It is Paul Radin which returned celebrates the Trickster, (literally “joker”), small mythical character present in all the cultures. Trickster is for example the equivalent of the Lutin in the culture of the Indians of America. The trickster, “rascal divine”, fact of the rotten tricks, has a ceaseless disordered activity, an overflowing sexuality, etc, it is according to Paul Radin (1956) a mirror of the spirit, a “ speculum lied ”. What gave place thanks to its Co-work with Carl Gustav Jung to the development of the concept of interior Enfant, but also inspired by many psychotherapeutic practice. The first work was published by the anthropologist Paul Radin The Trickster (1956). It coécrivit also in bond with this subject, the divine Rascal: an Indian myth, which includes/understands texts of the precursors of the Greek Mythologie of the academic Karl Kerényi and them analyzes of the Psychanalyste C.G. Jung.

Works to include/understand the author and his theories

Works of Jung

• Aion , studies on the phenomenology of self, Albin Michel
• Aspects of the contemporary drama , Georg
• CG Jung speaks , Buchet-Chastel
• Commentaire on the mystery of the gold flower, Albin Michel
• Correspondance, volume 1,1906-1940 , Albin Michel
• Correspondance, volume 2,1941-1949 , Albin Michel
• Correspondance, volume 3,1950-1954 , Albin Michel
• Correspondance, volume 4,1955-1957 , Albin Michel
• Correspondance, volume 5,1958-1961 , Albin Michel
• Dialectique of ego and unconscious the , 1933 Zurich ; Gallimard, coll Folio, 1986
• Test of exploration of unconscious the , Gallimard, coll Folio, 1988
• Tests on the symbolic system of the spirit, Albin Michel
• Introduction to the gasoline of mythology , Payot
• psychological Cure , Georg
• the Heart and the life , LGF - Book of Pocket, 1995
• Buchet Chastel (large size)
• the book of pocket (format pocket)
• the Heart and it oneself, rebirth and individuation , Albin Michel
• psychic Energetics ,
• Georg (large size)
• the book of pocket (format pocket)
• the Man with discovered of his heart , Albin Michel
• the Man and his symbols , Robert Laffont
• the Life symbolic system: psychology and religious life , Albin Michel
• the divine Rascal (Skinflint/Kerényi/Jung) , Georg
• Energies of the heart , Albin Michel,
• nouv. ED. under the title Psychology of the yoga of the Kundalinî , 2005
• Metamorphoses of the heart and its symbols , ED, LGF - Book of Pocket, 1996
• the roots of the conscience
• Buchet Chastel (large size)
• the book of pocket (format pocket)
• the Child's dreams, volume 1 , Albin Michel
• the Child's dreams, volume 2 , Albin Michel
• Lettres on the religion , Albin Michel
• My life (memories, dreams and thoughts collected by Aniéla Jaffé), 1961. Gallimard 1966,1973 (coll Witnesses). Gallimard, coll Folio, 1991
• Mysterium conjunctionis, volume 1 , Albin Michel
• Mysterium conjunctionis, volume 2 , Albin Michel
• Present and future , Buchet Chastel, Denoël, the book of pocket
• Problems of the modern heart , Buchet Chastel (17 work drawn from 4 works per Roland Cahen)
• Psychogenesis of the mental diseases , Albin Michel
• Psychology of unconscious the
• Georg (large size)
• the book of pocket (format pocket)
• Psychology of the transfer, Albin Michel
• Psychology and alchemy , Buchet Chastel
• Psychology and education , Buchet Chastel (meeting of several scattered articles).
• Psychology and orientalism , Albin Michel
• Psychology and religion , Buchet Chastel
• Answer to Job , Buchel Chastel
• On the interpretation of the dreams , LGF - Book of Pocket, 2000
• Synchronicité and paracelsica , Albin psychological Standard Michel
• , Georg
• a modern myth , Gallimard
• Wolfgang Ernst Pauli & Carl Gustav Jung; Correspondence 1932-1958 , Paris, Albin Michel, 2000. (coll Sciences). Pauli, physicist, followed in the years 1930 an analytical cure with one of the pupils of Jung, clean of which the series of dreams was studied by Jung itself in Psychologie and alchemy .

; Translation in English:

Works on analytical psychology

• Frieda Fordham, Introduction to the psychology of Jung , ED. Small Payot Library, 1988 (ISBN 2902702299) .

• Carole Sédillot "ABC of psychology jungienne" , Editor: EdGrancher (May 6th, 2003)
• C.G. Jung " Dialectical of ego and unconscious the " , Ideas/Gallimard, 1973
• C.G. Jung, Correspondence 1950-1954, Paris, Albin Michel, 1994
• Elie Humbert: Jung , Hatchet (Plural), PARIS 2004
• Christian Gaillard: Jung , PUF (Which I know), PARIS 2001
• Aimé Agnel: Jung, the passion of the other , Milan, PARIS 2004
• Juliette Vieljeux: Jung, Catalogs chronological writings , Cahiers jungiens of psychoanalysis, PARIS 2004

Bibliography on Jung

• Marie-Louise von Franz: CG Jung , Editions Buchet/Chastel
• Barbara Hannah: Jung, its life and its work: a biography according to the memories , Dervy, PARIS 2002
• Christian Gaillard: the Imaginary Museum of Carl Gustav Jung , Stock, PARIS 1998
• Linda Gift, Freud and Jung: Friendship with the rupture , PUF, PARIS 1995
• Hake Wilson: Jung, the lord of unconscious the , Editions of the Rock, 1985
• Michel Cazenave: Jung, the interior experiment , Editions of the Rock, 1997
• Charles Baudouin: the Work of Carl Jung , Small library Payot
• Georges Bertin and Veronique Black poplar: Large Images, reading of CG Jung , university Presses of Laval, Quebec, 2005,180p.
• Kaj Noschis: Carl Gustav Jung - Life and psychology , collection Swiss knowledge , Presses Polytechnic and French Academics (PURE), 2004,143 p.
• Alain de Mijolla: " International dictionary of the Psychoanalysis " , ED.: Hatchet, 2005, ISBN 201279145X
• Ferne Jensen: C.G. Jung, Emma Jung and Toni Wolf: With Collection off Remembrances , ED.: Analytical Psychology Club, 1983, ISBN 0961123206
• Sophie Blacks Square: " The philosophy of imaginary at Carl Gustav Jung" , ED.: University presses of North, 2002,705p. ISBN 2-284-02647-3
• Sophie Blacks Square: , Jung criticizes of Freud: the question of symbolism in Respublica 1999

Other references

Internal bonds:

• the Archétype (psychoanalysis) fundamental are: Animated - Animus - Ombre - interior Enfant - Trickster

• the processes : Individuation - Unconscious collective - interior dialog - Transfer - heart in analytical psychology - Synchronicité - Complex - Standard psychological

• related fields : analytical History of psychology - Psychoanalysis, Psychoanalysis of the children, Psychoanalysis of the teenagers, dynamic Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Socionique, sociopsychologic Assumption

• the People : Carl Gustav Jung, Carl Alfred Meier - First president of the Institute C.G. Jung of Zurich, Herbert Silberer, Alfred Adler, Marie-Louise von Franz - Founder of the Institute C.G. Jung of Zurich, Sigmund Freud, Sabina Spielrein, Michael Fordham, Erich Neumann and Charles Baudouin

External bonds

• Bonds on Jung
• Which is Carl Gustav Jung? Article of an association jungienne oeuvant for the diffusion of the knowledge on Jung and analytical psychology (CGJungNET).
• In what Jung is it current? Association Jung (France). Reproduction of an article of Actua-Psychiatrist with Norbert CHATILLON on this question.
• Rupture between Freud and Jung. Reproduction of the letter of rupture in Jung of 1913. Put on line by the library of conger and translated into English.
• free association Titrates " Classics in the History off Psychology". History of psychology. Resources Internet in English, of Christopher D. Green of the university of York of Toronto, Ontario. Articles exits in first edition of American Newspaper off Psychology, 31,219-269 speaking about the " association libre".

• French-speaking Associations of analytical psychology

• analytical French company of psychology (SFPA-Institute C.G. Jung)
• analytical Belgian society of psychology (SBPA)
• Site of Association jungiennes in France

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