Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius
Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius is a Botaniste and a German explorer , born the April 17th 1794 with Erlanger and dead the December 13rd 1868 with Munich.
It obtains a title of doctor of medicine at the university of Erlangen in 1814. Its thesis is the critical catalog of the Plante S of the Botanical garden of the university. After that, it is devoted entirely to botany.
In 1817, it leaves with Johann Baptist von Spix to the Brésil. They explore the basin of the the Amazon during nearly three years.
On its return in Europe in 1820, he becomes the conservative of the botanical garden of Munich and in 1826, professor of Botanique. They preserve its two stations until in 1864.
It devotes mainly to the Flore Brazil. It publishes in particular Nova Genera and Species Plantarum Brasiliensium (1823-1832, 3 volumes) and Icones selectae Plantarum Cryptogamicarum Brashiensium (1827). It also makes appear the account of its voyage in three volumes of 1823 with 1831, accompanied by a volume of boards.
Its most famous work is undoubtedly Historia Palmarum (1823-1850) in 3 great volumes, in which it describes the Palmier S that it discovered in Brazil. In 1840, it begins its Flora Brasiliensis , in collaboration with European botanists, which is actually a whole of monographs on varied orders. This publication is continued after the death of Martius by August Wilhelm Eichler (1839-1887) until in 1887, then by Ignaz Urban (1848-1931).
It also makes appear work drawn from the collections of zoology consisted Spix after the death of this last in 1826.
It makes appear its observations in 1842 on the epidemic of Mildiou which strikes the culture of the Potato in Europe.
It also publishes some articles on the Amerindian S of Brazil and particularly the Tupi.
However, its production is not restricted only with botany, and, according to Erwin Theodor Rosenthal (1926-), it is impossible not to consult its works when it is question of historiographic methodology at the 19th century, or even of Ethnographie, Brazilian folklore and study of the indigenous languages. Indeed, Von Martius wrote a monograph How must be written the history of Brazil , in 1845.
In fact, the concern to define a history which formats a national past is born with the birth of independent Brazil. The historical and geographical Institut of Brazil (Instituto Histórico E Geográfico Brasileiro) is created in 1838. The question of the national history is then recognized like crucial by the leading elite, to sit the bases of the imperial State. The secretary of the institute, Januàrio da Cunha Barbosa (1780-1846), proposes in 1845 a contest, in which he is asked which would be the best system to write the Histoire of Brazil. Gaining contest Von Martius is, which proposes a history of Brazil which is at the same time " philosophique" and " pragmatique" , centered around the formation of the Brazilian people, formation which should include the " mix races". The monograph of Von Martius How must be written the history of Brazil ( Como deve escrever has história C Brasil ) falls under the idea that the History must take into account a national past, common to all the " brésiliens" , which emerges with the political appearance of independent Brazil.
December 20th 1838 -->
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