Cannes festival

The Cannes festival , founded in 1946 under the aegis of Jean Zay and called until 2002 the International festival of the film , became with the passing of years the cinema festival more mediatized with the world, and its influence did not cease growing thanks to the media and sponsors present for the event, in particular at the time of the opening ceremony and the traditional rise of the steps: the famous red carpet and its twenty four “steps of glory”. In spite of this prestige, the Festival was often criticized, and it was at the origin of several scandals or controversies which relayed Magazine S and newspapers, French and foreigners.

Each year, during second about fifteen May, the town of Cannes (the Alpes-Maritimes) is invaded by Cinéaste S and catch of attack by thousands of Photographe S. It is with the Palais of the Festivals and the Congress, located on the boulevard of the Small cross, that principal projections take place.

Parallel to the Festival with the passing of years, several sections were created. Among them, one finds the Quinzaine, the Cinéfondation, the Semaine of criticism, a Certain Glance, and especially the Marché of film of Cannes, the first with the world, in importance. During these festivities, the occasion is given to many the producing and distributers present on the spot to find partners for the financing of their projects of films, or to sell the already turned works with the distributers and Télévision S of the whole world.

Although it had the appearance of a tourist and fashionable demonstration initially, the Festival was created to reward the better film, or the better actor and the better actress. However, with the passing of years, other prices appeared and came to be added with prestige Cannes-native, like the price of the jury, and especially the Palme of gold.

History

Genesis and first edition (1939)

At the end of the Years 1930, shocked by the interference of the fascistic governments German and Italian in the selection of films of the Mostra of Venice - inaugurated in August by the Doctor Joseph Goebbels -, Emile Vuillermoz and Rene Jeanne subject to Jean Zay, Minister for the State education and the Art schools, the idea of an international festival of the cinema in France. Jean Zay is strongly interested by the proposal, the Americans and the British encourage it in this direction. Several cities are then candidates, in particular Vichy, Biarritz and Algiers but it is Cannes which gained the votes. Philippe Erlanger, associated with the company will be the first acting general of the Festival.

In June 1939, Louis Lumière agrees to be the president of the first edition of the Festival which must proceed 1st to the 30 September. He had then stated to want “to encourage the development of the cinematographic art in all his forms and to create between the countries film producers a spirit of collaboration”. The French selection is stopped and includes/understands:

•  the Hell of the angels of Christian-Jaque;
•  the phantom Cart of Julien Duvivier;
•  the Track of north of Jacques Feyder;
•  the Man of Niger of Jacques de Baroncelli.

The painter Jean-Gabriel Domergue, resident of Cannes by adoption, creates the poster of the 1st Festival, which became besides celebrates today.

As of the month of August, the high-speed motorboats start to flow, the Subway-Goldwyn-Mayer charters a Transatlantic liner to bring the stars of Hollywood: Tyrone Power, Gary Cooper, Annabella, Normalized Shearer or George Raft. Memorable festivals are envisaged; inspired by the film Quasimodo the Americans have even in the idea to build a counterpart of Notre-Dame de Paris on the beach of Cannes. September 1st, day of grand opening, the German troops penetrate in Poland, putting at the same time fine at this first edition of a Festival still-born child, and the September 3rd, it is the declaration of war of the France and the the United Kingdom to the Germany.

Beginnings of the Festival

The first true edition of the Festival is held after the war, of the September 20th to the October 5th 1946 in the old casino of Cannes grace, inter alia, with the will of the General confederation of the work, whose realizer Louis Daquin is then member. The first edition of the Festival is financed by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs and the town of Cannes. In the beginning the Festival was to compete with the Mostra of Venice but the Italy and the France being become again of the friendly nations, it was a had a presentiment of time that the Cannes festival and the Mostra of Venice take place each year in alternation.

This contract was not announced at the beginning. The France and the professionals of the cinema were thus not with the current. In 1946, the Festival had had a considerable success and the scenario writers impatiently awaited the following edition of 1947, the government of the time refusing to finance an annual Festival. Therefore the CGT Federation of the trade unions of the spectacle sits at the board of directors of the Festival still today. Moreover, this year, will be founded the principle of equality . I.e. the organizers of the Festival had decided that the jury was to be made up only of one representative per country.

Thus, in 1947, takes place the inauguration of the Palais of the Festivals (also called Palais Small cross) which will be replaced by a new palate in 1983. The inauguration of the Palate Small cross will be done the evening of the September 11th 1947 (and the Festival of the 12 to the 25). It is thanks to Doctor Picaud, Maire of Cannes, that this new palate is born. Only the roof is not finished and it will fly away at the time of a violent one storm at the end of the Festival. It is the municipal Casino which will be used as relay for the ball of fence and the handing-over of the prices.

It is as in 1947 as Robert Favre Bret joined the direction of the Cannes festival. It will then found the Commission of selection . The principle was simple: the National center of cinematography was to give to the commission selection the dates and payments of the other international festivals by specifying the times of the sending of films. The producers were then informed and could thus send to them (S) film (S) to the Commission. This one established then the selection. These films were to be in conformity with the rules of censure of the time. In spite of this free choice, the list was all the same to be validated by the Ministry which dealt with Cinematography, and that of the Foreign affairs, at least during the period of the Cold war. Thus, during the year 1947, the Festival institutionalizes, organizes, and finds its marks within the Europe, whose cinema festivals multiply, even if it does not take place in 1948 and 1950 officially because of budgetary problems, or perhaps semi-officially because of the contract with the Mostra of Venice, which aimed at making them be held in alternation one year out of two.

At the end of the agreement with the Mostra of Venice, in 1951, the Festival will take place finally during spring, and will not have to undergo any more the competition of the Mostra of Venice and the Festival of Locarno which were held appreciably at the same date. Four years later, in 1955, is created the Palme of gold, on the initiative of Robert Favre Bret. Until there, it was the Grand Prix which was given. The Acting general had then joined together all the Board of directors of the Festival and guest of the jewellers of all the Europe to present their model of the Palme of gold. It is the drawing of Lucienne Lazon which gains the approval of the Council. It is this same year that Delbert Mann is seen giving the first Palm of the history, for Marty . But, of 1964 with 1974, the Grand Prix takes again its place, for finally disappearing forever.

New ambitions

In 1959, the Marché of the film is founded. It then will give to the Festival a commercial dimension, it will make also easier the exchanges between salesmen and purchasing of the industry of the film. For soon fifty years of activity, the Marché of the film has become the first world platform for the international Commerce of the film. In 2007, it accommodated more: 10000 participants coming from 91 different countries.

One will notice in 1962 the first International Semaine of Criticism, then created with an aim to put at the honor the first and the second works of the scenario writers of the whole world . For a certain time, one speaks, in the streets of Cannes, of private projections, in connection with the International Semaine of Criticism. Indeed, of projections of Miramar, a cinema of Cannes, tend to be reserved to the celebrities of the Cinéma, as with the entry of Alejandro González Iñárritu, Walter Salles, Guillermo del Toro, Javier Bardem, Carlos Reygadas and Harmony Korine, which them did not take the queue, contrary to film enthusiasts who had to wait two hours and to intend themselves to say that the room was full. In addition, the international Semaine of criticism accommodates seven short and seven feature-length films in competition but views several other films except competition. Thus François Ozon, Alejandro González Iñárritu, Julie Bertuccelli, Eleonore To mow,… were discovered there. Two years later, in 1965, the Festival pays homage to Jean Cocteau, deceased the October 11th 1963, by appointing it honorary president of the Festival with life. The year according to, the president of the jury is a woman, it is Olivia de Havilland; it was the first time that a woman occupied this station.

But, in spite of this considerable development, the Cannes festival 1968 will be stopped the May 19th. Whereas Université S are closed, the meetings of official projection of the Festival are often cancelled because of student demonstrators. As of the May 13rd, these students had started to invade the Palate of the Festivals. The May 18th, François Truffaut, Jean-Luc Godard, Claude Lelouch, Richard Berry, Roman Polanski, Louis Malle and Jean-Pierre Léaud mix with the student movement which agitates Cannes. They will also revolt against the Minister for the culture André Malraux which had then dislocated Henri Langlois of his position of director of the French Cinémathèque. To help these celebrities, Alain Resnais, Carlos Will know and Miloš Forman withdraws their film in competition of the Cannes-native selection. The Festival is taken by storm, and becomes a place Politique. Thus the May 19th, the organizers decide to cancel the Festival, which constituted a first in the Histoire of the cinema.

Major changes

In 1969, Pierre-Henri Deleau created About fifteen the realizers and will direct it during thirty years. This new event had then been created to present film S foreigners carried out by scenario writers still little known of the public, and who did not make parties of the selection. The maxim of the Fortnight was then Cinema in freedom . For its first edition, the event is organized in hardly two months, which did not leave time to a film selection: sixty two feature-length films, and 26 short films are thus projected free: the public is free to enter there. The first film to make the opening of the Fortnight is that of the Cuba in Manuel Octavio Gómez: the First load . This Feature-length film will receive directly after its projection a distributer Japan ais.
About fifteen the realizers will return, in 1977, a homage to Henri Langlois, deceased the January 13rd 1977, by putting it at the foreground on the poster of the Festival. Then, of 1981 with 1983, the Fortnight will create the section Super 8 , but which did not have a great success.

In 1972, the Cannes festival will change figure: Robert Favre Bret is named president and Maurice Bessy is elected acting general. This major change gave a revival to the ceremony. Before this date, the States chose the films which would represent them with the Festival. From now on, the new acting general founded the two selection committees, for the France, and another for the international Cinéma. This revival will bring some problems for the selection of the Cannes festival 1972.

It is in 1978 that the greatest modifications had miles. Gilles Jacob arrives then at the station of acting general of the Festival and creates the Caméra of gold which rewards best first film for all the sections via an independent jury and the section a Certain Glance. This section was created to help films strokes about it with the distribution. A film arises gaining of a selection of twenty films. The Cinéma of kind is often put at the honor in this section. Moreover, Gilles Jacob will benefit from it to reduce the duration of the Festival to thirteen days (it was two weeks before), which will decrease at the same time the number of selected films. Moreover, whereas since his beginnings the jury is mainly composed Academicians, it will be from now on primarily made up of celebrities of cinema industry. One notices also the presence of the Festival on the tele screens via Antenne 2.

The Palate of the Festivals and the Congresses of Cannes was to be increased. The old Mediterranean palate changes then into bunker . This new de luxe hotel is more comfortable and roomy. But it will not achieve the unanimity at the beginning. Work having been taken charges some too late, the handing-over of the prices of the edition 1983 will be done in dust… What had failed to make stop Festival.
The Architecture of the new palate is rather monumental and present: 10000 m ², the festival ones will call it then The Bunker . One will notice also this year the rise of the steps of Isabelle Adjani which had caused the strike of the journalists. In 1984, one will notice the election of Pierre Viot with the statute of President of the Festival, to replace Robert Favre Bret.

Cinéfondation

Then, in 1998, Gilles Jacob created the Cinéfondation to support the creation of works of cinema in the world and to help at the entry of new the Scenario writer S in the circle of the celebrities. It is each year ten Réalisateur S having carried out one or two short films of Fiction which is accommodated with Cannes. Since its creation, it is forty country and seventy scenario writers who gathered for the thirteen days of Festival. Cinéfondation places at the disposal of the Réalisateur S a residence with Paris and a help with the writing of a Scénario. Moreover, it offers 800 to them € per month, and an free access with several rooms Paris iennes. One notices since the Années 2000 the projection of more than thousand films of students, who are pilot diversity and dynamism of the youth of the Cinéaste s.
In 2005, the Workshop is created. The Workshop is a section of Cinéfondation. It was designed to put in contact the young realizers with celebrities for the Production or the Distribution of their film.

In 2002, the International festival of film takes officially the name of Cannes festival , which usually indicated it.

A Festival always of topicality

See also: Contenu= See the related article [[Cannes festival {{CURRENTYEAR}}]]

In 2007, the Festival celebrates its sixty years, which can lend to confusion since its first edition took place in 1946 and that it should thus have celebrated them in 2006. It is in addition about the 59e edition of the Festival (there no was Festival in 1948 nor in 1950). This edition is marked by history Festival, which leads this last to invite Bernard Thibault, which greets the will “to mark its fidelity with the history of a Festival where CGT is almost at it, even if he changed much”.

The Festival beats on this occasion its record of the projection of the longest film. Previously held by Parsifal (4. 40), and Our best years (6 H), it is the film of Ken Burns named the War ( The War ), a documentary on the Second world war during 14 hours, which establishes a new record.

For the 60e birthday of the Cannes festival, Luc Besson, president of the Cannes festival 2000, created the Festival Cannes and Banlieues , whose slogan is: If you cannot go to Cannes, it is Cannes which will come to you! . The purpose of this Festival is to organize in several cities of the Parisian suburbs of the film projections of the official selection, accompanied by a Short film which will recall the 60 years of the Cannes festival.

For sixty years, the Cannes festival always has innovated and clarified of the realizers or cinematographies. Of the Battle of the rail to Indigenous , of Michele Morgan with Penélope Cruz, the history of the cinema was written on a red carpet. It also innovates with the recent installation of numerical in the Cannes-native rooms, and the entry of the Cinéma of kind in the selection.

The organization of the Festival

Sections of the Cannes festival

The Cannes festival includes/understands two great sections which include several under-parts, of which oldest is the Week of criticism, created in 1962. Here the list of these sections:

Selection of a film

To be selected in the famous Cannes-native competition is a privilege and an crucial issue for a Cinéaste as for the producing S which wish to still send often films in turning. The works arrived at the selection committee undergo a long line of waiting. Moreover the public and the film enthusiasts discover the final selection only one month before his advertisement: certain films are actually selected tardily, but of others have been reserved semi-officially for several months, so that the Festival has the exclusiveness in work. The delegate of the Festival, Gilles Jacob, founds, as of his first year at this station, the principle of film surprised with the Man of marble of Andrzej Wajda whereas the film was interdict in Poland. The reels are hidden in boxes on which a false title is registered, which makes it possible film to pass the border and to contribute to the Cannes festival. the Man of iron , of Andrzej Wajda always, even was selected whereas the competition had already started. Consent of Gilles Jacob in an interview with the magazine Studio, “it is the only case of figure where another candidate could have protested”.
At the beginning, the films were selected by their States which then tried to make pressure on the jury. That will last until the creation of the Relaxation, selection committee, in 1972.

Nowadays, there exist two types of committees:

  • One, created by Gilles Jacob, and directed today by Thierry Frémaux, chooses foreign films. This committee is composed of four members: a journalist, a realizer, a film enthusiast and Laurent Jacob, the son of Gilles Jacob.
  • the second chooses French films in competition. A share of mystery is kept on the composition of this jury.

These committees view six films per day. Moreover, with the documentary arrival of the S, cartoon films, or films of kind, the committee had to view some: 3200 feature-length film in 2005, and: 4000 in 2007.

Moreover, so that a film is selected, its turning must be completed less than twelve months before the Festival and it should be exploited only in its country of origin. It should not be presented either in another International festival. For the short films, the maximum duration is fifteen minutes.

Decreed prices

See also: List of the prices decreed with the Cannes festival

Whereas in 1946, a Grand Prix was given to only one film, in 1947, the prices are allotted by categories: one finds that of films of police adventures and , of the cartoons, psychological films and love, of social films, and the musical comedies. It is the only year besides when this reward system will be used.

In the Years 1950, and particularly under the presidency of Jean Cocteau, certain prices with a little whimsical name are decreed such as the Price of lyric film (1952), the International prize of film of good mood (1953), the International prize of film best told by the image (1953), inter alia.

With the arrival of the Palme of gold, the title of the granted prices homogénise even if one still finds a Price of poetic humor in 1957. It however will be created thereafter prices to reward certain films not having obtained “official” prices but deserving all the same, according to the jury, to be mentioned with the prize list. Thus were distributed prices such as the price of the best evocation of a revolutionary epopee in 1963 to the optimistic Tragedy of Samsonov, or the Grand Prix of the cinema of creation in 1983 given to Bresson and Tarkovski because the jury could not decide between them.

These prices were created most of the time for the occasion. Thus, so that Died in Venice of Luchino Visconti, does not set out again bredouille in 1971, one allots the price of the 25e birthday to him. The realizer will say: “that one, at least, nobody of other will have it! ”.

It should be noted that after the Jury awarded to Barton Fink three important prizes in 1991, the payment was modified: the jury does not have indeed any more the right to give several prices to the same film. Only a price of interpretation can be added at another price.

Since 1955 the, most prestigious of the prices decreed with Cannes is the Palme of gold, given to best film. The second most prestigious price is the Grand Prix.

  • Feature-length films of the official competition:

    • the Palm of gold, since 1955, is decreed with best film,
    • the Grand Prix reward the film which expresses the most originality or of spirit of research,
    • the Prix of female role is given to the best actress,
    • the Prix of male interpretation is given to the best actor,
    • the Prix of the setting in scene is given to the best realizer,
    • the Prix of the scenario is given to the best scenario writer,
    • the Prix of the Jury;
    • the Price of international Criticism, created especially in 1946 to reward Georges Rouquier for Farrebique , eliminated from the selection.
  • Short films of the official competition:
    • the Palme of gold of short-measuring is decreed with the best short film
    • the Trophée of the Cannes festival east gave to pay homage to a personality of the cinema for the whole of its career
    • the Prix of the jury of short-measuring
  • official Sélection (competition and a Certain Glance), About fifteen the realizers and the Week of criticism:

Direction of the Festival

The Cannes festival is directed by several people, at the very different stations. These various functions are explained evolution and growth of the Festival: until in 2000, two people dealt with the direction: the President and the Acting general, who occupied itself the places of managing director and artistic director. The general secretary was placed at the intendance.
But, in 2001, when Gilles Jacob is promoted President, two additional people were employed to replace old the function of the new president: a managing director, and an artistic delegate who will deal with the selection of films. A Financial Comptroller will return in 2001 in the circle of the direction of the Festival of Cannes.
Ci-right-hand side, the people who occupied these places since the creation of the Festival, until today:

; General secretary: The General secretary deals with the reception of works ; Artistic delegate: To be Artistic Delegate with the Cannes festival, it is necessary to have a knowledge on the Histoire of art. This person will have to then follow a formation to the cinematographic techniques, since it deals with the selection of films ; Acting general: The Acting general is recruited by the President of the Festival. It deals with checking that the tasks proceed normally, by coordinating them. He is also the representative of the technicians near the President ; President: The President is the “director” of the Festival. It accommodates the celebrities of the world of the Cinéma in top of the steps. But it is also there to direct the other people working for the Festival ; Managing director: The Managing director is there to supervise the tasks. It is the second places most important of the Festival.

The French Cinema with the Festival

The Cannes festival is the most media cinema festival in France and in the World. The French cinema is not therefore privileged. Indeed the French prizes winner of the Palme of gold are rare: one notices Claude Lelouch (with a man and a woman ) in 1966 and Maurice Pialat (with Under the sun of Satan ) in 1987. In 2007, three French films out of twenty-two were in competition. Since 1966, they is thus every twenty years that French is rewarded by the supreme price. The organizers justify themselves by saying that the Festival is not only national but international. Moreover the France is the fourth country in the classification of the number of prizes winner of the palm. However, since 1987, no French gained the Palme of gold. In 2007, the France will have to be satisfied with the Prix of the Jury for Persépolis of Marjane Satrapi and Vincent Paronnaud, the Palme of gold having been given to Cristian Mungiu for 4 months, 3 weeks, 2 days . Therefore, for more than twenty years, the Palme of gold has not been given to a French, which breaks the chain manufactured by a man and a woman and Under the sun of Satan .

In addition, the French Cinema, is subjected at a specific selection committee, and generally provides three of the twenty two candidates of the official selection. Until in the Years 1980, the Selection committee French E, composed of four to twenty people according to the years, was named by the Minister for the Culture. In 1983, Daniel Toscan of Plantier and Alain Terzian persuaded the minister to let the Festival select the French films. To avoid an extra work, Gilles Jacob will create the same year a selection committee dedicated to the French films of which it chooses itself the advisers and of which the number is not preset. The French prizes winner of the Palme of gold are seven, with in particular Claude Lelouch (with a man and a woman ) in 1966 and, the last to date, Maurice Pialat (with Under the sun of Satan ) in 1987, which places the France at the fourth rank of the classification of the countries of many prizes winner of the palm, after in particular the the United States.

Since 1946, the French prizes winner of the Grand Prix or Palm of gold, the principal price of the Festival, according to the date, are Jean Delannoy with the pastoral symphony in 1946, Henri-Georges Clouzot with the Wages of the fear in 1953, Jacques-Yves Cousteau and Louis Malle with Le Monde of silence in 1956, Henri Colpi with such a long absence in 1961, Jacques Demy with the Umbrellas of Cherbourg in 1964, Claude Lelouch with a man and a woman in 1966 and lately Maurice Pialat with Under the sun of Satan in 1987.

Lessons

The Cannes festival will inaugurate in 1991 the lesson of cinema . This lesson is directed by a famous scenario writer. One notices in particular Nanni Moretti, Oliver Stone, Stephen Frears, Francesco Rosi, Wong Kar-wai and Sydney Pollack… Ainsi, from their style, they illustrate their strong moments, their course of artist in the cinema world and their visions of ideal film. These lessons were conceived to make like and discover the Cinéma in a spirit of creative and opened dialog. The admirors of celebrities will be able to thus discover them more concretely than with the rise of the steps, for example. The public will be able to also learn how to know the trade of Réalisateur, and to discover cinematography. Lessons of cinema of this scale were never presented in international festivals before, like the Mostra of Venice or the Berlinale, it will have been necessary to await the idea of Gilles Jacob to be able to take part in it.

In 2003, the lesson of music is created on the model of the Lessons of cinema. It is here that large a Compositeur of film musics will share his musical career with the public. Followed one another Nicola Piovani and Alexandre Desplat for example.

Then, in 2004, it is with the tower of the Leçon of actor to be innovated. One already found Catherine Deneuve, max Von Sydow and Gena Rowlands.

The public, which seldom has access to official projections, can then have a direct contact with the celebrities become “professors”. It is on the ton of the intimate confession that a single exchange in the world was set up by Gilles Jacob. It is a concrete division where each professional delivers himself to the questions of most curious, by telling its lived experiments.

Cannes-native protocol

During ten days, the town of Cannes is entirely chamboulée by the Festival. The Croisette is invaded by more: 4500 journalists. During the first two weeks of May, crowd of the cinema flows. Thus, a protocol was established in this International festival. Some Residents of Cannes evoke the Festival of antan with nostalgia.

Each evening during the Festival, is projected a film of the competition. The press is invited the day before for projection of this same film or with the meetings of the morning open to the people having an official invitation, and to the media. Indeed, official projections of the evening are done in the presence of the team of film viewed, after the famous rise of the steps. Guests are also present, like the notable ones, and certain great organizations whose influence is important. One sees some festival amateurs all the same, not having an invitation, to wait the foot of the steps until one gives them one of them, but rare are these privilégiés.
Moreover, there exists a priority of entry to projections for the press. The accreditations of the thousands of journalists, photographers or writers present are distributed according to five strict levels which determine the order of entry in the room. The attribution of the levels of accreditation is decided by the service of the press, which slices according to the importance of pullings, of the extent of the cover by the title, the frequency of publication and the number of required accreditations.

A strict behavior is required at the time of the rise of the steps, which did not prevent Pablo Picasso from assembling the steps with a jacket in sheepskin at the time of the Festival 1953.
But, since the beginning of the Years 2000, the Festival tends to open more largely with the public, the leaders created evenings of projections of various feature-length films out-competition free, where everyone can enter.

Cannes makes the wall

Annual appointment since 2004, “Cannes makes the wall” is an exposure various photographs life size of Cinéaste S, exposed between the houses, or on monuments. These photographs are printed on kakémonos , large covers perforated not to balance with the Pression a Vent. Attached to the project, it is Denis Rouvre, professional Photographe, which deals with the choice of the images, and the places where they will be suspended. One finds them in particular on Ranguin space, the Alexandra building in Bocca, on the Lycée Jules Ferry, the Mairie, or on the Renoir hotel.

To be done, Corbis-Outline, place its works in the public domain, and Multiplast provided free the covers. In spite of this voluntariate, they are 40000 [[euro €]] spent for the assembly, and the disassembling of the toiles.
This event is organized in collaboration between the town hall of Cannes, and the Cannes festival.

Far from the photographers and tourists, the mountable studio is in fact only a photomaton, and alone, the scenario writer photographed is completely free to make its photographs, as he hears it. Revealed with the Cannes-native, seven artists are exposed during the Cannes festival in all the city.

Parmit the exposed celebrities, one finds Samuel L. Jackson, Elijah Wood, Rossy de Palma, Kevin Bacon or Maïwenn Besco: Here their photographs: ci-droite

The range and the influence of the Festival

The Market of film

Created in 1959, the Marché of the film is one of the commercial facets International festival of film of Cannes. It is one of the most important appointments to the world with regard to the meetings, negotiations and transactions of the industry of the Cinéma. This section is reserved for the producing at least film left in rooms during the three previous years. The Producers Network assistance with the international coproduction, by the means of dialogs between professionals. To be done, the producers have each one twenty minutes to present their project to other more important producers. Each year, it accommodates five hundred producing foreign.

To facilitate these twenty minutes exchanges, and the production, the Producers Network inaugurated in 2004 a room where are laid out of the roundtables, where every morning, during the Festival, the producers will come to lunch, and to discuss their projects, and with the multiple parraineurs. One notices in particular Kerry Washington, Gong Li and Andie MacDowell at the time of the assembled steps 2007, representative L'Oreal, industry group French specialized in the cosmetics and the beauty. Moreover, Penélope Cruz which had gained the Prix of female role for Volver had been criticized for its sponsorship with this industry group. Collaboration between the Festival and L'Oreal celebrated its ten years in 2007.
Multiple newspapers of written press are also present on the Croisette, like Paris Match, or Le Monde. One finds in the same way magazines of cinema with Première, or Ciné Live.

The transport of the celebrities in Cannes is very snuffed. Renault, official conveyer of the celebrities until the Palate of the Festivals and the Congresses of Cannes, and its Vel Satis, which, in 2007, celebrated their twenty five years of collaboration, but also Audi, which signed a contract besides with Jean Roch, director of VIP Room , for three years.

Also, the masters of ceremony are equipped by the “large ones with the mode”, which benefit from it to be seen of the public: Diane Kruger, mistress of ceremonies of the edition 2007, wore a dress draped out of blue satin harms of Chanel, firm of the haute couture. This dress had been especially created for it by Karl Lagerfeld. It is another manner here of pointing out itself by crowd.

Besides film enthusiasts will criticize the imposing presence of the media. They will notice the fact that the given prices are also touched by the sponsors: the Palm of gold which was remelted by the jeweller Suisse Chopard, was also decreed to him as a Producteur of cinema. Mercedes-Benz deals with the handing-over of the price of the international Semaine of criticism, and the Foundation sponsored Gan the price of the section a Certain glance.

The Festival thus seeks to be sponsored, the media retransmettent the event in the whole world, and the sponsors make publicity of it. This attracts crowd. But, this phenomenon world event walk also contrary: the Publicitaire S fight to become official partner of the Festival and thus to be seen of all. Here remarks of the group Maxell: This sponsoring is an excellent opportunity for Maxell, the Cannes festival is an planetary event, diffused in the whole world, and which enjoys an important recognition .

Here in some figures the presence of the media in 2007:

The influence of the Festival

The Cannes festival became with the length of the years one of the most important ceremonies of cinema to the monde.
This same Festival which was recognized of public utility and First great cultural event international of the Post-war period in 1972 by the Ministère of the Culture.
In the book European Cinema: Year Introduction , Jill Forbes and Sarah Street affirm that “Cannes became extremely important for the interests of criticism and the trade, moreover the scenario writers can promote their films there,…”.

The Festival acquired a notoriety which is based on balance between the artistic quality of the films and their commercial impact . Many a world celebrities of the Cinéma wishes to come for the famous rise from the steps, and to thus create an brand image near many the Média S present for the event. The press tackles sometimes the Festival, but this one keeps its image, moreover its influence tends to increase year by year, with a number increasingly larger visitors come from abroad.

The Festival has also a local impact: during the two weeks of Festival, the town of Cannes sees its population tripling, of: 70000 with: 210000 inhabitants, the sales turnover of the trade, hotels, restaurants of Cannes increases enormously. In the hours preceding the opening by the Festival, the airport and the station of Cannes are upset. The city is entirely renovated for the International festival of the film which makes Cannes radiant.

People the most rewarded

Among all the scenario writers in competition with Cannes, some of them were privileged for their art, their style, or their kind. Their cinema their was worth to be rewarded several times. Moreover, on the official poster of the Cannes festival 2007, memory 60 years of the Festival, were gathered nine celebrities pets of the Festival. One finds Souleymane Cissé, Penélope Cruz, Wong Kar-Wai, Juliette Binoche, Jane Campion, Gerard Depardieu, Bruce Willis, Samuel L. Jackson, and Pedro Almodóvar.

Certain realizers obtained two Palmes: Francis Ford Coppola (with secret Conversation and Apocalypse Now - divided with another film in the second case); Ball August (with Shovel the conqueror and the Best Intentions ); Shōhei Imamura (with the Ballade of Narayama and the Eel - divided with another film in the second case); Emir Kusturica with ( Papa is in business trip and Underground ); Luc and Jean-Pierre Dardenne with ( Rosetta and the Child ).

Few actors obtained two Prix of male interpretation: Marcello Mastroianni (for its role in Drama of jealousy and black Eyes ); Dean Stockwell (for its role in Genius of the evil and Long voyage about the night - each time divided with two other actors); Jack Lemmon (for its role in Missing and the China syndrome ).

Actresses also obtained two Prix of female role: Isabelle Huppert (for its role in Violet Nozière and the Pianist - divided with another actress in the first case); Helen Mirren (for its role in Cal and the Madness of the king George ); Barbara Hershey (for its role in Bayou and a world with share - divided with two other actresses in the second case); Vanessa Redgrave (for its role in Morgan and Isadora ).

Certain scenario writers often saw their films selected by the Cannes festival. One can quote Federico Fellini and Carlos Will know (with 11 selected films); Ingmar Bergman and Andre Techine (with 10 selected films); Wim Wenders, Shine Buñuel, Michael Cacoyannis, Ettore Scola and Andrzej Wajda (with 9 selected films) and finally Claude Lelouch (with 7 selected films).

Around the Festival

The Festival and Cannes

To evoke Cannes in the world comes down to speaking about the International festival of Film of Cannes . Cannes evokes the celebrities of the cinema world and the rise of the steps, representing the ceremony simply. It is astonishing that the residents of Cannes do not complain about the reduction of their city to a few meters of red carpet.

Thus some will say that the Festival benefits from its popularity without to be popular. They will use the fact that the public does not have accessibility with the official selections contrary to the professionals.

Festivals of the Festival

At its beginnings, the Festival was especially an event society man and the films were in fact only one pretext to meet. What counted really they was the receptions and the festivals in the villas of the Riviera. These festivals organized for the majority by the Begum, the woman of Aga Khan, in its Yakimour villa made the reputation of Cannes.

Today, the Festival is regarded as a single place of promotion to international for films and the Acteur S. Apart from the usual press conferences, the tradition was essential to give a festival for the large productions. These festivals have a topic which is related to films, and their organization gives place to a higher bid of means to mark the spirits. It is as difficult to enter there as projections of the competition officielle.
In addition, every evening, in the discotheques with VIP Room , on the beach of the Palm Beach , the stars mix with the public to dance all during the night. Many celebrities present themselves to it, with platinums international Discs jockey. It is the occasion for much to show itself.

The evenings organized since the beginning of the Années 2000 in the transitory franknesses from largest the discotheques of the world nevertheless gave a serious blow of Frein to the spirit of the Fête S organized in Villa S on the surrounding hills of Cannes. For economic reasons , but also by facility, more and more of company S calls upon these large discotheques (or are canvassed by those several months in advance) in order to organize their annual evening there, with the detriment of the evenings in Villa. General opinion (festival and journalists), the evenings in these conventional discotheques are very far from being as exceptional as those in villa, and are especially used to promote marks not having any relationship with the Cinéma

CCAS on the Pantiero Esplanade

Since 1995, the central Caisse of social activities of the gas electricians and is installed on the Esplanade Pantiero located at Cannes, at the time of the Cannes festival. On a surface of: 3000 m ², space offer close to: 300 places with the residents of Cannes and tourists. The entry is free and free. In 1998, the cinema Algérie N had been présenté.
Then in 1999, it is the African Cinéma which was presented as well as the black cinema American. One projected there film of Jacques Kébadian on the Without papers , that of Paul Vecchiali on Victor Schoelcher and the Abolition of slavery.
The goal of this project was at the base D-to adapt itself what, at the beginning, belonged to them.

Certain realizers never gained the gold palm, in spite of the talent of which they could make proof in addition. One can quote the case of Ingmar Bergman, which gained Palme forever of gold but which is however seen allotting the Palm of the palms for the fiftieth anniversary of the Festival. One can also quote Woody Allen, Alfred Hitchcock, Stanley Kubrick, Steven Spielberg, Claude Sautet, Bertrand Tavernier, Andre Techine, François Truffaut. As for Jean-Luc Godard, it was selected in official competition only starting from 1980 with Sauve which can (life) .

It is only in 1993 that a woman obtains the Palme of gold, in the person of Jane Campion with the Piano lesson .

Some also note that the films of kind are represented very little in Cannes: few or not films of horror, kung fu, etc were selected in official competition. For some time, the Cinéma of kind entered the closed circle of official projections. A newspaper will even write: Where does the Cannes festival go? . The press will give him even the name of obsolete Festival , and will compare it with large the mark S, for which the need is not obvious, but whose commercial interest is emphasized at the Blockbusters , for example with the end of the saga Star Wars: episode III - The Revenge of Sith . Or in 2006, with the Da Vinci Code, which after its projection in Cannes left in: 20000 rooms. With the Boxoffice, it then generated: 24000000 of dollars in one weekend… Second better financial starting of the History of the cinema. However, at the time of the opening of the Festival, this film received a reception of the least cordial: 2000 journalists, by laughter glacials or criticisms poignant, contrary to the public.

The interest for the spectaculars of the journalists is also disappointed by the number of entry of films having received the Palme of gold: for twenty years, only five prizes winner of the palm have exceeded the million entries in France.

According to certain journalists, being selected in the Cannes-native competition means exit in the French rooms . With regard to the other sections, the films will profit from a sale pronounced with the foreign . Indeed, the presence of more than: 4000 Distributeur S offers a formidable prospect for the producers.

Cannes has become for a few years a festival for the great authors. In competition, one finds many celebrities of the cinema world, who already contributed in official selection. David Lynch, Clint Eastwood or David Cronenberg is accustomed Festival. But it is noticed, in 2007 that thirteen films out of twenty-two are realizers never yet come with Cannes .

One thus reproaches him for inviting only stars confirmed. However, when amateurs are rewarded, the room whistles them. Indeed, in 1999, the Prix of male interpretation returns to Emmanuel Schotte, that of the female role in Severine Caneele and Emilie Dequenne. At the time of their rise, the two young women are whistled by the public. Some will entrust to journalists: One wants strass and spangles .

The diplomatic newspaper Le Monde will write that Réalisateur S only carry out films to be selected with the Festival and thus use this official selection like a justification of their work in their country, in spite of the little of business success that it meet there.

The organizers of the International festival will be as overpowered to have forgotten as the cinema was a popular art rather than an industry.

Famous scandals and controversies

The Cannes festival was often animated by scandals and controversies, indifferently implying journalists, celebrities or the political world. Other international festivals as the Mostra of Venice seem less exposed with this phenomenon, perhaps partly because they are médiatisés. Indeed, so certain professionals of the cinema openly try to avoid the photographers, it is not unthinkable that others seek to make event, if not scandal, to benefit from the great concentration of media during the Cannes festival.

Because of the public

The public sometimes appeared against the professionals of the cinema during the handing-over of the prices. In 1960, the Feature-length film Avventura , first shutter of trilogy such a made up of the Eclipse and the Night , from Michelangelo Antonioni accepted a very cold reception in Cannes. This film was hooted by the public during its projection because the absence of explanation on the disappearance of Anna had been badly included/understood. Moreover, the public launched tomatos on the realizer and the actress during the handing-over of the price of the jury. More isolated reaction but not less radical took place during the Festival of 1987. This year, the film Yeelen of Souleymane Cissé represented the African cinema in Cannes - for the first time since 1946 - and gained the price of the jury. During the handing-over of the price, a man seized the microphone and shouted: Then, salts negro, which effect that makes you have a price? . The realizer tore off the microphone to him and launched to him to the face. Maurice Pialat, which had been encouraged by Souleymane Cissé when the public hooted its film, interposed. It was the first time that two Réalisateur S present at the Cannes festival were linked against a member of the public.
The meetings of handing-over of Palmes of gold were not saved by the hostile reactions of the public, in particular during the edition 1987, when Maurice Pialat was rewarded for Under the sun for Satan , or in 1994 during the handing-over of the price with Quentin Tarantino for his Pulp Fiction . The two realizers reacted highly: Pialat answered the public If you do not like me, will know that I do not love you either! , and the fist raised to the sky; Tarantino answered by a Doigt of honor.
More recently, same the Quentin Tarantino, president of the jury in 2004, was suspected of partiality to have allotted the Palme of gold to Michael Moore and its Fahrenheit 9/11 .

Concerning the Jury

The decisions of the jury on several occasions caused polemics, and were sometimes coldly accommodated by the public. The presidents of the jury, in particular, were often implied in these controversies. The writer Francoise Sagan was the actress of such a scandal. Seven months after having chaired the edition 1979, it denounced the work of the institution in the Morning of Paris . According to Sagan, the direction of the Festival would have tried to influence the jury (which rather leant for the Drum of Volker Schlöndorff) in favor of Apocalypse Now of Francis Ford Coppola. Normally, the members of the jury are held to maintain the secrecy on the deliberations leading to the choice of gaining. Francoise Sagan thus did not hold her promise to keep silence.
Finally, the two films divided the Palme of gold, ex æquo. This revelation caused a movement of revolt in the magazines which largely criticized the Festival, but this last did not answer these provocations. The incident put not fine at the career of the actress (who made since then seven films), and the Festival continued normally with a speech of the Dardenne.
brothers The celebrities themselves sometimes voluntarily initiated polemics during the ceremonies, in spite of the media pressure, if not against it. In 2007, for the 60 years of the Festival, thirty-five realizers had taken part in film with sketches Each one its cinema . One among them, Roman Polanski, criticized the journalists at the time of the press conference who joined together them after official projection, judging that the put questions were not with the height. It evoked, for the press, a unique opportunity to have an assembly of important directors , wasted according to him by so poor questions . The Polish realizer decided then that it was time to go to eat and left the room .

Of the policy: a censure

Selection of films to the Festival, which implied the participation of the States initially was sometimes the which can object of diplomatic and political power struggles, in an extreme case, to lead to the censure of a film. The payment of the Festival stipulated that the projected films were not to run up against the sensitivity of the other countries present in Cannes (article 5 of the payment). Thus in 1956 the France reached at the request of the Germany (Jacques Mandelbaum shows that France anticipated this request), which wished the withdrawal of the official selection of a Documentary film of Alain Resnais, Nuit and fog , which treated Shoah, concentration camps and death camps. This censure caused sharp protests in France and Outre-Rhin.
This movement will not remain without effect, because since this edition of the Festival, no film was withdrawn from a selection already communicated to the public for similar reasons. In 2007, the Foundation of the Farabi cinema, attached to the ministry for the culture Iran IEN, addressed a criticism by mail to the cultural attache of the embassy of France of Teheran, estimating that the selection of the film Persépolis of Marjane Satrapi was a political act or even anticulturel who presented an unreal table of the consequences and successes of the Islamic revolution . The Cannes festival thus evolved/moved much since 1956, the censure having apparently disappeared although the diplomatic pressures demeurent.
And other times, in spite of a pressure of the State, actors, or realizers, will come to present their films to Cannes. One notices in particular Wen Jiang which, for lay Guizi the in official selection, was prohibited of turning during five years in China .

The Church and selection

It is rare that the Église is involved in the world of the Cinéma and that of the Cannes festival. It however sometimes happened to him to condemn certain films. In 1960, the Osservatore Romano, newspaper of the the Vatican, published seven virulent articles against the Italian film the Dolce vita of Federico Fellini which had just obtained the Palme of gold. The Ministère of the Culture will censure parts of film.

In 1961, the film Viridiana of Luis Buñuel was interdict in its country, the Spain, then under dictatorship pro-Franco and condemned firmly by the Catholic church which judged it blasphématoire. That did not prevent the jury of the Festival from decreeing the to him Palme of gold.

The different ones between Cannes and the Catholic church continue nowadays, for example in 2006, for the Da Vinci Code of Ron Howard. This feature-length film opened the Cannes festival 2006, although he was criticized in the world religieux.
Catholic associations conducted several campaigns against this film by deteriorating for example the advertizing posters, even if the the Vatican condemned any boycott and action against this feature-length film: he said that there was more important to make in the world, than the facts of film were false, and than it was not thus used for nothing to be defended .

Controversies

The Cannes festival often has had the unforeseen ones, controversies. Starlets who are made photograph, with part of the chest which leaves the dress, often they are the unforeseen ones which created movement with the rise of the steps. In 1946, first true edition of the Festival, the organizers proposed free projections with the public and the professionals. But, the tradesmen did not hear it same ear, and will make grêve during the totality of the Festival: they thought that would harm their economic activities. This same year, during the first projection, that of film of Alfred Hitchcock Connected the , the technicians mixed the reels of films and projection was a true catastrophe. One notices also the edition 1955: Gunther Sachs, the husband of Brigitte Bardot, which would have haggled over the arrival of its joint in exchange of the projection of the Documentary film Batouk that it produisait.
Another major controversy in 1975 with the explosion of the Palate of the Festivals and the Congresses of Cannes. This attack had been caused by the popular Committee of fight against the perversion of the people, extremely fortunately for the direction of the Festival, nobody was wounded, and the ceremony could continue

Photographers, and centres

At the time of the rise of the steps, sometimes, the female celebrities will have problems with their dress, and of another time, they will be the photographers who will strike because of the behavior of the stars. At the time of the Cannes festival 1954, whereas the festival was only with its 8th edition, Simone Sylva posed with Robert Mitchum for photographers. The sun heated, and the photographers encouraged the two celebrities. Thus, the actress will end up taking off her bra, and the actor will pose the hands above to him. The stereotype will make the turn of the world, provocant an enormous scandal around the Festival and of the actress. Simone Sylva will have to then leave the ceremony. To make forget this day, it will try to make some films, but will sink in the depression, and will commit suicide in 1957. Then, in 1983, whereas she had refused to take part in the press conference of the film the fatal Summer , Isabelle Adjani caused the first, and single, grêve of the photographers: they deposited their apparatus with the foot of the steps to protest against the attitude of the star.
Another event made the round the world tour: it is in 2006, whereas it assembled the steps, a strap of the dress of Sophie Marceau was detached, and one of its centres was exposed. Without wanting it, it will become the event of the Cannes festival 2006.

Critic, and journalists

The Cannes festival was often criticized. But, it is not the only one to be touched, some films also had to undergo the dires certain magazines. At the time of the Cannes festival 1973, part of the critics present, acompagnés by the public, will break out against the feature-length film the Large one Puffs out Marco Ferreri: Immonde and scatologic for Tele 7 Days, cinema of chamberpot for Minute, the hell and refuse, the nightmare and kindness, the trouble and the latrines for Jean Cau in Paris Match. But, the team of film will not hold account, and will counteract of it: Philippe Noiret will say: We tightened a mirror with people and they did not like to be seen inside. It is revealing of a great connery . One will see also the realizer, Marc Ferreri, the top of a balcony, to send kisses to people, with the open fly. This same year, the Mom and the whore of Jean Eustace also causes a strong polemic because of her believed dialogs. They will marry then in 1956, and will have three children. Same manner, in 1980, it is Kirk Douglas which will meet his future wife Anne Buydens, with which it will have two besides enfants.
Little time after the death of François Truffaut, at the time of the Cannes festival 1985, its actors principal meets on scene for a last homage and a family photo. A few years later, in 1989, the children and small children of Charlie Chaplin go up on scene and thus celebrate the centenary of its birth. One notices also the service of Vanessa Paradis with the Swirl of the life , then song of the film Jules and Jim . The chanseuse one and actress had made this gesture in honor with Jeanne Moreau, president of the jury of this edition. In the same spirit, one finds the five main actors of the film Indigènes : Samy Naceri, Jamel Debbouze, Roschdy Zem, Sami Bouajila and Bernard Blancan which will sing the Song of the riflemen during the handing-over of the Prix of male interpretation.
Other beautiful moment of the Cannes festival: handing-over of the Palm of gold, with tears, and a speech refined of gaining. In 1998, Roberto Benigni is in official selection with its Feature-length film the Life is beautiful . During the handing-over of the prices, it did not expect to receive a price. But, with the hands of the president of ceremony, Martin Scorsese, he sees himself giving the Grand Prix of the jury. Astonished, it will start on its seat by hearing its name, and will make a number all in excess, with Italian during obtaining the price: he will kiss the feet of the president.

The Festival in the cinema and television

The Cannes festival was the decoration, even the subject, of whole or part of following films:

Appendices

The Festival in figures

Of 1946 with 1996, thousands of films were projected. Here in short the most outstanding figures of the fiftieth anniversary of the Festival:

  • the five countries which presented the most films to Cannes are:
    • : 306 films in official selection
    • France: 277 films in official selection
    • Italy: 177 films in official selection
    • England: 150 films in official selection
    • Germany: 78 films in official selection
  • three countries not having presented that a film are:
  • On the whole these will be 1825 films which will have been projected in 50 festivals of which the first was Connected the of Alfred Hitchcock
  • Of 1946 with 1996, 58 palms were decreed with films originating in the following countries:
    • : 14 palms
    • Italy: 9 palms
    • England: 8 palms
    • France: 7 palms
    • Japan: 3 palms

  • the journalists were increasingly present at the Festival:

  • the Cannes festival is also attended by many visitors:

Prize list

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