After a conclave of hardly more than twenty-four hours, the April 19th 2005, white smoke appears on the roof of the Chapelle Sixtine with 17:56. With 18:35, the Cardinal protodiacre Chile in Jorge Arturo Medina Estévez, publicly announces on the Place Saint-Pierre traditional the Habemus papam and the election of the Ratzinger cardinal like successor of Jean-Paul II as a 265 {{E}} pope on the papal throne.

During his first public appearance, the new pope, under the name of Benoit XVI, pronounces the following words: ““ Dear brothers and dear sisters, after the large pope Jean-Paul II, the Cardinals elected me me, simple and humble worker in the vine of the Lord. The fact that the Lord can work and act also with insufficient instruments comforts me and especially, I go back to your prayers, in the joy of Christ ressuscity, trustful in her constant assistance. We go from front, the Lord will help us and Marie, Her Very Holy Mother, is on our side. Thank you. ”” After Albino Luciani (Jean-Paul I {{er}}) and Karol Wojtyła (Jean-Paul II), it is the third cardinal named by Paul VI with becoming pope. However, on a hundred and fifteen cardinals having taken share with the conclave, only two had not been named by Jean-Paul II.

At 78 years, he is the oldest pope at the day of his taking of since Clément XII in 1730. It is about the first Germanic pope of origin since Victor II (1055 - 1057), originating in the Souabe, and Adrien VI (1522 - 1523), Dutch originating in Utrecht (Spanish Netherlands), then concerning the Saint Germanic Roman Empire.

The mass of inauguration of the pope Benoît XVI took place the April 24th 2005 in the presence of many dignitaries of planet. France is represented by the President of the Republic, Jacques Chirac and his wife, and the the United States by its last three presidents George Bush father and wire and Bill Clinton. In his first Homélie, the pope Benoît XVI specifies that it will not deliver a " programme". It is noted however that contrary to the dialog with the world Juif and the oecumenism, the dialog with the Islam is not quoted among its priorities.

During months which followed, the pope into practice put a Dicton Bavarian which recommends to a bishop to observe during at least a year and nothing to touch with the administration of his diocese. Since then, the pope curtly returned the president of the pontifical council for the interreligieux dialog, Mgr Fitzgerald, " promu" Apostolic nuncio in Egypt, whereas one gave it like being able to be promoted with the cardinal row of , and amalgamated this council with that of the culture.

The pope accomplished several voyages, in Italy (in particular with Bari, in the Pouilles), in Germany (August 2005 for the world Journée of youth and September 2006), in Poland (May 2006), in Turkey (November 2006), with the Brésil (May 2007) and in Austria in September 2007.

Secrecies of the conclave

In September 2005, the review of Italian geopolitics Limes publishes a text presented like the Journal of the conclave of a cardinal having taken share to the vote. This text affirms that the Argentinian cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio would have been his more serious rival. These figures should have remained secret, more especially as before returning in conclave the cardinals voters solemnly swore all never not to violate the secrecy of the election, except papal authorization. However, as of the exit of the conclave, several cardinals did not fail to tell some confidences and anecdotes, like that of the difficulties in making function the old man stove out of cast iron designed to burn the bulletins, the sheets of calculations and to announce the election of a new pope thanks to a white smoke. The recent history had already known anonymous testimonies. To the first turn, the cardinal “papabile” Carlo Maria Martini, Jesuit 78 years and old Archbishop of Milan and leader of the camp says “progressist”, known for his doctrinal rigor but especially for his positions the innovative on social questions and pastoral and given favorite by the journalists vaticanists, would have collected only 9 votes, the cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio, 10 and the Ratzinger cardinal, 47.

With the second round, the next morning, the cardinal Carlo Maria Martini would not have collected any voice, the cardinal cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio would have collected of them 35 and the cardinal Joseph Ratzinger would have joined together 65 of them. With the lunch, the Bergoglio cardinal, by gestures, would have made include/understand with his partisans who he did not want to be elected. With the third turn, the final election of the Ratzinger cardinal would not have been any more doubts, the Bergoglio cardinal would have collected only 40 votes and the cardinal Ratzinger 72. With the fourth turn, the Bergoglio cardinal would have collected only 26 votes and the Ratzinger cardinal would have obtained 84 votes out of 115 cardinals, that is to say 7 of more than the necessary majority to be elected pope. According to the newspaper, the advertisement of the results would have been followed of a long silence then greeted “ a length and cordial applause ”.

The cardinal Chile in Jorge Arturo Medina Estévez, which, as a Protodiacre, announced since the central loggia of the Basilique Saint-Pierre with the whole world the name of the new pope, thinks that this anonymous testimony of a prince of the Church lacks nobility: “ I find that extremely unpleasant. ”

Choice of the name of reign

The choice of the name of reign has a value Symbolique and tends to register the new pope in the line of the preceding pope having borne the same name. The choice not to continue the line of the “Jean” and the “Paul” thus shows a distance with its four immediate predecessors, by modesty or preoccupation with an evolution. It never happened besides that three consecutive popes bear the same name of reign.

During the general audience of Wednesday April 27th 2005, the pope explained, in French, why it had chosen the name of Benoit:

“ I chose the name of Benoit in reference to Benoît XV, which guided the Church during the difficult period of the First World War. On his traces, I wish to take part in the reconciliation and the harmony between the men and the people.

the name of Benoit evokes also the father of the Western Monachisme, Co-owner of the Europe, particularly venerated in my country and especially in Bavaria. Saint Benoit (Benoit de Nursie) had registered in his rule anything to put above the Christ. We will thus ask him to help us to remain the glance fixed on Christ.”

The preceding bearing pope this name, Benoit XV, reigned of 1914 with 1922. While remaining neutral in the conflict, there sought during all its pontificate a Christian exit with the First World War, proposing in vain a peace without overcome winners nor. Its attitude will be worth to him the nickname of “pope boche” on behalf of the French camp and of “French pope” on behalf of the German camp. For the Church, it remains like the “pope of peace”. He also tried to find a solution of consensus to the modernistic Crise.

The pope Benoit XIV, as for him, was a legislator of the modern Church which had marked the 18th century by its long pontificate and its intellectual scale. Its pontificate proceeded with said Age of Enlightenment.

But Benoit XVI fact initially reference to saint Benoit de Nursie, owner of Europe, born towards 480 with Norcia (Nursie in Italy), founder of the principal Western monastic order, the order of the Benedictine S.

Before the explanations given by the pope himself, other interpretations circulated:

Joseph Ratzinger was born in Bavaria the April 16th 1927. The saint of the calendar which corresponds to date is Benoît Joseph Labre, dead this same date. A put forth assumption is that Benoît XVI|16 wished to mark a filiation with him.

Moreover, certain newspapers also point out that on April 1st 2005, the day before died of Jean-Paul II, the Ratzinger cardinal received with Subiaco the price Saint Benoit for the promotion of the life and the family in Europe.

Lastly, some interpretations refer to the Prophétie of saint Malachie, who allots to each pope a currency: to Benoît XVI, the currency gloria olivae is allotted (the glory of olive). The olive-tree is the Symbole olivétains, one of the branches of the Ordre of Saint Benoit, which made accept some that the pope would be Benedictine, by confusing Benedictines and olivétains.

Joseph Ratzinger was neither one nor the other, but it chose the name of Benoit.

Armorial bearings and currency

Of mouths cap of gold, to the 1 with the head of brownish Moor capped with sand, the lips, the crown and the collar of mouths, and carrying to the ear a gold ring, which is of Freising, to the 2 with the gold shell which is of Jacques Saint, to the 3 with the lampassé brownish bear of mouths carrying a cross pack of sand mouths, which is of Saint Corbinien, the ecu posed on two keys passed in saltire, one of gold out of bar, the other of money in band, which are Saint Pierre, dependant points some by a cord mouths on which is placed a pallium, and is surmounted by a pontifical Miter of money bordered of gold struck of an of the same cross.

The Blazon being reproduced on the news papal Armorial bearings, made public the April 26th 2005, is a simplification of that which it used as a archbishop of Munich and Freising, then of prefect of the congregation for the doctrines of the faith. The remainder of the drawing presents an innovation however: the Tiara which, as a sign of humility, was not carried any more by the popes since the first years of the reign of Paul VI, but which remained represented on the papal armorial bearings, from now on is replaced by simple a Miter of bishop. Papal dignity, i.e. of bishop of Rome, is represented by the whole of the episcopal miter, the keys of saint Pierre and of the Pallium archiépiscopal during under the blazon.

The blazon is of type “ecu with chalice”, of one ecu gold mouths coped, carrying the emblems of the Moor, the shell and the bear. These three symbols mean “the universality” of the Church, “without meaning of anybody”, the “permanent walk” of the Christian, and the “draft animal”, with the “service” of God:

• On the left is the “ Moor of Freising ”, a head of Ethiopia N crowned which is reproduced since the bishop Conrad III in 1316 on the blazons of the évêché-principality of Freising.

• In the center of the blazon, a Scallop evokes in particular the Saint-Jacob monastery of Ratisbon, where the seminar of priests of the diocese is where Joseph Ratzinger taught theology. It also evokes, inter alia, the pilgrimages of Saint-Jacques-with-Compostelle.
• On the right figure “  the bear of Holy Corbinien   ” , the bishop of Freising (680-730 after J.C.) which converted the pagan Bavaria with the Catholic religion at the 8th century. The animal refers to the bear which killed the mounting of Corbinien Saint at the time of a voyage to Rome, and to which Corbinien ordered to be used to him as mounting to the Holy City, before returning its freedom to him once arrived at destination. The bear of Corbinien Saint symbolizes the “  thus; domestication of pagan brutality   ” by the catholic faith and at the same time “  the burden of the function ” as “a   carrying God ”.

At the time of the inaugural mass of the April 24th 2005, Benoît XVI insisted lengthily on the role given to the Pallium:

The pallium, fabric in pure wool placed on my shoulders can be regarded as an image of the yoke of Christ. And this will is not for me an external weight, which oppresses us and our freedom removes us. Actually the symbolism of pallium is even more concrete: the wool of lamb intends to represent the lost ewe or that which are sick or that which are weak, that Pasteur puts on his shoulders and that it leads to the sources of life. the son of God cannot give up humanity under such a miserable condition . He puts himself upright, he gives up the glory of the sky, to find the ewe and to follow it, until on the cross. He charges it on his shoulders, he carries our humanity, he carries us nous-mêmes.

Benoit XVI chose for currency a word extracted the third letter of holy Jean: “Co-operators of the truth”.

Its pontificate

the Curia

Nomination

In April 2005 it names monseigneur Georg Gänswein as private secretary.

The May 13rd 2005, it appoints prefect of important the Congrégation for the doctrines of the faith the archbishop of San Francisco, William Joseph Levada. It is the first time that a citizen of the the United States is named at this station.

The February 22nd 2006, it creates 15 new cardinals. Contrary to its predecessor it strictly respects the number of 120 cardinals voters fixed by Paul VI.

See also: Cardinal created by Benoit XVI

Reforms

• Election of the popes.

Benoit XVI changed the rules of election of the pope, ghost to those of before the modification decided in 1996 per Jean-Paul II. Next sovereign pontiff will have to thus collect two thirds of the voices of the cardinals brought together in conclave to be elected. Jean Paul II had allowed the election in the majority absolute in the event of blocking of the negociations during several days.

• Reform of the Curia

March 12th, 2006, Benoît XVI starts the reform of the Roman Curia. The pontifical council for the pastoral one of the migrants and the itinerant people and the the pontifical Council Justice and Peace are reunified, under the direction of the cardinal Renato Raffaele Martino (73 years), just like those of the interreligieux dialog and the culture. He is from now on with the head of two Dicastère S. the meeting of the dicastères is a sign of the will of Benoit XVI to reduce the Curia.

June 25th, 2007, Benoît XVI names the cardinal Jean-Louis Tauran with the head of the pontifical council for the interreligieux dialog, making become again thus the interreligieux dialog like a service distinct from the Roman Curia.

Pastoral

• Beatifications

The May 13rd 2005, it announces the beginning of the lawsuit in Béatification of Jean-Paul II, by exerting its prerogative not to take account of the five years deadline after the death normally required by the right of the Church.

• Canonizations

In the line of his predecessor Jean-Paul II, the pope Benoît XVI continues - but at intervals much slower - to canonize Christians and Christian women who can be regarded as models of evangelic life.

See also: List of canonizations by Benoit XVI

• Appearances and public exhortations

In May 2005, it restricts the rallys of activists franciscains.

In its first message of Christmas, addressed to the world since the central loggia of the Basilica Saint-Pierre of Rome, the December 25th 2005, the pope Benoît XVI calls the humanity of the 3rd millenium to a spiritual alarm clock , without which it has tells “to the man of the technological era is likely to be victim of successes even of her intelligence ”.

Lesson

Vision of the Vatican II

Benoit XVI is favorable to the Concile Vatican II, of which it was one of the actors. He tells: “ I lived, me also, the time of the council the Vatican II, I were in the Basilique Saint-Pierre with much of enthusiasm ”. He will tell his vision of the after-council thus, which is according to always difficult Benoît XVI, and made crisis in a discussion with priests at the time of his holidays on July 24th, 2005.

The shortly after its election as a pope he affirms that “ the implementation of the Concile Vatican II ” is its priority “ in faithful continuity with the tradition bimillenary of the Church ”, sentence which was very commented on. Critical Benoit XVI thus vision of the Concile Vatican II which would be a rupture in the history of the Church. He sees there on the contrary not a radical rupture but a “ revival in continuity ” of the Church. Benoit XVI in an intervention of December 22nd, 2005 is explained at greater length; he denounces a certain vision of the Concile Vatican II which he names some “spirit of the council ”, which would oppose “ the letter and the spirit of the Council ”, a central debate which has divided the interior of the Church for forty years between those which are delighted to see that the Church Catholique is “ opened in the world ” (the spirit of the council) and those which deplore its loss of substance and call with a new rooting (those which sees only the letter of the council). Benoit XVI thus considers that the Church has, with the Concile Vatican II, “ maintained and looked further into his intimate nature and his deep identity ”. He affirms thus that “ Those which yes waited with this ``'' fundamental at the time modern (of the Concile Vatican II) until all the tensions disappear, and that the opening in the world is transformed into a pure harmony under evaluated the interior tensions and also contradictions of this modern time ”.

JMJ

• Cologne

from August 16th to 21st 2005, Benoît XVI celebrated his first world days of youth to Cologne in Germany, country of birth of the pope.

As of its arrival, the August 18th 2005, it receives an enthusiastic reception in spite of the forecasts of the skeptics who compared his charisma with that of Jean-Paul II. It showed throughout these JMJ that there remained faithful to the political line of its predecessor.

See also: world Days of youth 2005

• Sydney

Next the world days of youth will be held from July 15th to 20th 2008 with Sydney in Australia.

Voyages and pilgrimages

In Italy, Benoît XVI went in 2005 in Bari; in 2006 in Manoppello and Vérone; in 2007 in Vigevano and Pavia, Base, Lorette, Velletri and Naples.

Apart from Italy, it went in 2005 to Germany (Cologne) for the JMJ; in 2006 in Poland, Spain (Valence), Germany (Munich, Altötting and Ratisbon) and Turkey; in 2007 in Brazil and Austria.

In 2008, it will go to the United States at April; in Australia in July and France in October.

Encyclicals

Deus Caritas Is

The January 25th 2006, it publishes its first Encyclique Deus Caritas Is , “ God is love ”. In this encyclical the pope tries to explain the Christian direction of the Love, criticizing the fact that the name of God is associated with revenge or violence. For that he speaks about the Love which the Church must transmit. The encyclical obtains a leading success (sold has more than 1,45 million specimens).

See also: Deus Caritas Is

Spe Salvi

November 30th, 2007, Benoît XVI publishes his second encyclical: Spe Salvi (the Hope saves) which is a reflection on the topic of the Christian hope, fascinating like reference the Letter of Saint Paul to the Romans, “it is by hoping that we were saved” (Chapter VIII verse 24).

See also: Spe Salvi

Deliver

Benoit XVI publishes in May 2007 its first book as a pope. The book is the first tome cheese of the life of Christ, Jesus de Nazareth . It signs " Joseph Ratzinger, Benoit XVI " , because he wants to affirm consequently that this book is a personal vision of the life of Jesus and not a dogmatic teaching, concerned with pontifical magistère. By signing Joseph Ratzinger, he insists on the fact that the pope is not infallible. Benoit XVI affirms on July 17th, 2007 to work on the second tome cheese of the life of Christ

Liturgy

At the beginning of 2007, it publishes a post-synodal apostolic Exhortation name of Sacramentum Caritaris which aims at defending the beauty and the eucharistic need for the worship, central in the Christian liturgy.

Motu landlord Summorum Pontificum

Since the beginning of its pontificate, the sources of press discuss on a possible reconciliation with the sacerdotal Fraternité Saint-Magpie X and on liberalization of the Rite tridentin. The French episcopate, however, expressed reservations on this opening, which causes various internal problems with the curia.

The journalists evoked the discussions between Jean-Pierre Ricard, Bernard Fellay and Benoît XVI. Moreover, it was announced that Mgr Ranjith wants in the long term to lead the liturgical reform while opening entirely to Sacrosanctum Concilium, which allows the modern use of Latin.

On Saturday, July 7, 2007, Benoît XVI publishes the Motu landlord Summorum Pontificum, allowing the celebration of the missal of 1962 (or mass known as of Saint Pie V in its version revised by Jean XXIII) by all the priests on request of the parishioners, accompanied by a letter to the bishops. The letter of the pope affirms thus that the mass of Magpie V in its version of 1962 and that of 1970 of Paul VI is one and even Rite having two different expressions (criticized by the current lefevrist), denouncing “unbearable” excesses of the post-conciliar liturgical reform (in accordance with the thought of this same current), it calls by this text with “an internal reconciliation” within the Catholic church, as well as the unit of the schismatic Christians (Lefevristes). This text can thus seem a small victory for the Lefevristes, which are delighted by its publication. However Benoît XVI remains in the hot line of the Vatican II (assertion of the validity of the mass of Paul VI, as expression of the ordinary rite whereas the mass of Magpie V is recognized, but remains the exceptional expression about it….). Thus the publication of the motu landlord seems a will of reconciliation and unit of the Christians as well as the letter requiring the unit of the Christians of China.

See also: Summorum Pontificum

Interreligieux dialog

• Jewish

May 29th, 2006, to the court of a voyage in Poland, country of his predecessor, the pope Benoît XVI goes to Auschwitz, highly visits symbolic system because of nationality of the pope who is German.

• Islam

The relationships to Islam very quickly prove difficult in the pontificate of Benoit XVI, because of the international context tended after the September 11th, 2001, of the business of the Caricatures of Mahomet of the newspaper Jyllands-Posten, but also because the pope had supported the refusal of the entry in Turkey in Europe. The extracts of the matter of the pope, at the time of the speech of Ratisbon are then regarded by some as a provocation, thing which the pope does not have does not seem it desired.

The September 12th 2006, in a speech with the University of Ratisbon, it vigorously deplores any violence made for religious intentions. Its argument is this: God is the Verb, the Logos, the paramount Reason. However, the reason is opposed to violence and passions.

In this speech, it quotes in particular the Byzantine emperor of the 14th century Manuel II Paleologist: “ Shows me what Mahomet brought again, and you will find only things malicious and inhuman, as its order to diffuse by the means of the sword the faith which he professed ”. This detached evocation of its context started reactions in the Muslim world, reactions which went until burning effigies and to make aggressions.

See also: Declarations of the pope Benoit XVI of September 12th, 2006

• Buddhism

The October 13rd 2006, the pope Benoît XVI received the 14 {{E}} Dalaï Lama, spiritual leader Buddhist of the Tibet within the framework of a “deprived meeting, of courtesy, with the religious contents”. The December 13rd 2007, Benoît XVI was to receive the Dalaï Lama with the the Vatican. However, following a pressure of the Chinese government, the Vatican declares that the pope does not plan to meet Dalaï Lama on this date, raising a criticism.

• Indigenous

May 13rd, 2007, in his opening speech of the fifth General conference of the Latin-American episcopate and the Caribbean, to Aparecida, to Brazil, Benoît XVI said that the natives were silently on standby of Christ. He did nothing but quote the catholic doctrines on the religions not-Christian women, but that caused protests on behalf of religious leaders and experts of the Amerindian communities (AFP May 14th, 2007). Later, he declared that the conquistadors had committed serious crimes but that the Church had already denounced these same errors in the past.

Dialog Œcuménique

• Orthodoxe

The Italian newspaper Corriere beyond Will be of March 1st 2006 announces that Benoît XVI would have made the decision to give up under “Patriarche of the Occident. ”. This renouncement has two objectives, first is to retain only the universal title of the pope and either that of Patriarch of the Occident, the second reason aims at approaching the orthodoxe Christians, because the title of patriarch of the Occident was created mainly in opposition to the patriarch of the East, and thus orthodoxe.

March 16th, 2006, of the exchanges of letters between Benoit XVI and the patriarch of Moscow Alexis II are published, this exchange shows a beginning of bringing together, Benoît XVI wanting " a more intense collaboration in a spirit of truth and charity " and the patriarch as for him affirms that the Occident " is confronted with serious challenges which require common engagements ". The relations between Jean-Paul II and Alexis II were tended much.

• Anglicans

November 23rd, 2006, the pope and the archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams, chief of the Église Anglican, recognized the existence in a Joint Declaration “the long way that the two Churches have traversed together for 40 years forces to publicly recognize the challenge presented by new developments which (…) serious obstacles with oecumenical progress constitute”, underlines this declaration. They are committed “continuing the dialog”. The two religious leaders also invited their faithful to testify and act together for “peace in the Middle East and in other parts of the world” ".

• Other Christians

August 29th, 2006 the pope Benoît XVI meets monseigneur Bernard Fellay, superior of sacerdotal fraternity Saint Pie X , this meeting aims to the bringing together “by stage” with the community traditionalist, whose founder was excommunicated in 1988. Benoit XVI contributed to bring closer the Church and the sacerdotal Fraternité Saint-Magpie X, in particular with the publication of Motus Proprio Summorum Pontificum, on July 7th, 2007.

Positions Policy

• Da Vinci codes

Mgr Angelo Amato, secretary of the Congregation for the doctrines of the faith whose pope Benoît XVI was the prefect until April 2005, denounced the " erreurs" , " calomnies" and " insultes" against the Church contained in the work. The pope Benoît XVI as for him points out on April 30th, 2006, during the Sunday public prayer, that “ the resurrection of Christ is the central point of Christianity (…). To deny as one tried to do it various manners and like one continues to do it, it is to reduce (it) faith ”, thus criticizing in an indirect way the book which affirms that Jesus would be married with Marie Madeleine and showing Opus Dei, and the Catholic church as of the institutions which only seek to hide the truth of their marriage and their descent.

Diplomacy

January 1st, 2006, during the mass celebrated with the the Vatican, at the time of the world Day of peace, Benoît XVI called the United Nations (UNO) with a renewed conscience of its responsibilities to promote justice, solidarity and peace in the world.

He makes a speech before the European episcopal assembly in whom he criticizes firmly the refusal of the European Union to recognize the Christian roots of the continent. Moreover, he affirms that Europe is likely to pass to the history if it is not turned over towards the hope and God.

Quotations

“  Enthousiasme : “  In Théo intérieur  ”, better is worth to believe in the man.

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• About the pope Jean-Paul II: “The example of a pope who suffers is very important. To suffer is a particular manner to preach. Many people who suffer feel finally accepted. ”
• On the Secularity and the Separation of the Church and the State: “This current of thought wishes that the public life not be touched by Christian and religious reality. Such a separation, that I would describe as absolute “profanity”, would be certainly a danger to the spiritual, moral and human aspect of Europe. ” “The distinction between what is in César and what is with God (cf MT 22,21), namely the distinction between State and Église or, like says it the council the Vatican II, the autonomy of terrestrial realities, belongs to the fundamental structure of Christianity. The State cannot impose the religion, but it must guarantee freedom of it, as well as peace between the faithful ones of the various religions. On its side, the Church as social expression of the Christian faith has its independence and, while being based on its faith, it saw its Community form, that the State must respect. The two spheres are distinct, but always in relation of réciprocité.  ” (encyclical Deus Caritas is ).
• On the Europe  : “  Europe is a cultural and not geographical continent. It is its culture which gives him a common identity. The roots which formed and thus allowed the formation of this continent are those of Christianisme.  ”.
• On the Knowledge and the Action  : “  just as the religion, as an ultimate attitude of the man, is never only of the theory. It requires this combination of knowledge and action, which founded the force of conviction of the Christianity of Pères.  ” (Speech with the Sorbonne).
• On the Nation and the Culture  : “  For a culture and a nation, to cut great ethical and religious forces of its history returns to suicider.  ” (speech of the November 6th 1992 with the Academy of Science morals and political).
• On the Dictatorship and the Nihilism  : “  in the dictatorship main road-Socialist as in the communist dictatorship there was no action which would have been looked like bad in oneself and always immoral. What served the goals of the movement or of the party was good, if inhuman that could be. Thus during whole decades one attended a collapse of the moral direction which was to be necessarily transformed into complete nihilism the day when none the preceding goals had more value   ” (speech of the November 6th 1992 with the Academy of Science morals and political).
• On the education  : “  The educational report/ratio is by nature a thing délicate : it indeed blames the freedom of the other which, however gently is it, is however thorough with a decision. Neither the parents, neither the priests, neither the cathechists, nor the other teachers can replace the liberté.  ” (speech of June 7th, 2005 to the congress diocesan).
• On the evangelization of America latine : “  The advertisement of Jesus and his Gospel comprised at no time an alienation of the cultures précolombiennes and did not impose a culture étrangère  ” and “  Christ was the saver to which they Amerindian aspired silencieusement  ” (speech with the Conference of the bishops of Latin America (Celam) with Aparecida, in Brazil, May 13rd, 2007).

• On the Poor place of the S: " The poor people of the urban suburbs or the countryside require to feel the proximity of the Church, that it is through the assistance for the most urgent needs, or the defense of their rights and common promotion of a company based on justice and peace. The poor are the privileged recipients of the Gospel (…)" (homélie with the bishops of Brazil, May 13rd, 2007)

Works

List not exhaustive :

Random links:

Canton of Allaire | Aspelt (Frisange) | Prohibited photographs | Nicolas Ysambert | Hubert Grouès | Sovetsk,_Kirov_Oblast

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