Ashkénaze
The culture ashkenaze (or achkenaze ) is the culture of the Juif S coming from France, Germany, Poland, Russia, old the Empire Austro-Hungarian and more generally from Europe Centrale and of the East. They have a language which is clean for them, the Yiddish, which is a language derived from the German enriched by loans to the Hebrew , with the Polish and the Russian . Their Liturgie was probably influenced by the surrounding cultures in these countries. The word ashkenaz indicated the grounds which extended beyond the the Rhine is Germany - German. In the Hebrew authors of the the Middle Ages, this same word indicates the Pays Germanique S and of Central Europe, grounds where Jews started to settle. It is borrowed from chapter 10, verse 3 of the book of the Genèse: " Wire To gum: Aschkenaz, Riphat and Togarma " (transl. Louis Segond), thus returning to the popular genealogy. In the plural, one says ashkenazim (plural regular of the Hebrew ), and ashkénaze in the case of a Adjectif ( ashkenazic in English).
In the Bible, Ashkenaz indicates in the beginning the Scythes and their country (see further), the assimilation with Germany was undoubtedly facilitated by the consonance between Gomer, the father, and Germanie.
The Jewish populations ashkénazes lived in these regions between the centuries. It is estimated that the ashkénazes accounted for 3% of the world Jewish population at the 11th century.
Origins and history
In year 2947 of the Hebraic calendar (-727 of the Gregorian calendar ), the last king of Israel, Dared, revolts against the Assyrie, thinking of receiving a help of Egypt. Salmanazar, king d' Assyrie, goes up then against him and the captive fact. During three years, the town of Samarie is besieged by the Assyrian troops. It ends up being destroyed, forcing with the exile part of the inhabitants of the Royaume of Israel. They would be the Ten tribes lost, whose places of Diaspora gave course to very many conjectures, often erroneous even whimsical. Some thus reduce the ashkénazes from the Tribu of Éphraïm, assumption little accepted among the Jewish and nonJewish historians who rather make go up the origin of the ashkénazes to the first and second diaspora of the inhabitants of the Royaume of Juda.
After the deportation forced of the Jews of Judaea in 70 of our era then following the last Jewish revolt of Bar-Kokheba towards 133 - 135, the Jewish population was dispersed around the sea the Mediterranean. The majority of the population was always in Orient (Asia Mineure, Mésopotamie), but also in Greece, in the south of the Italy, in Gaulle, Spain and North Africa. Roman citizenship granted to them in 212, but they had still to pay a particular tax until in 363. During the first three centuries, the Jews did not have any problem to maintain a cultural network and monks between communities and a great part of them were Commerçants.
After the Germanic and cruel invasions in the Western Roman Empire, of the Jewish communities was with Cologne and on the future territory of the France between 300 and 600. The king of the Francs, Dagobert I {{er}}, expelled them in 629.
The powerful Church began persecutions against the Juifs, which pushed the Jews to emigrate towards the cities of the the Rhine then always more towards the East of Europe. Charlemagne, at the 9th century, gave again with the Jews the rights which they enjoyed under the Roman empire and these conditions supported the Jewish communities in France. The Jewish Marchands began activities of Prêts of money because the Église prohibited the trade of Usurier to the Chrétiens, which turned into to Jews an essential economic partner. The ground possession was in addition prohibited to them and thus the Agriculture.
Traces of Jewish communities in the the Alps and the the Pyrenees showed their displacement towards the north of the Europe then it seems that they settled in England at the time of the conquest Norman in 1066 and along the the Rhine. The Crusades then expulsions of England (in 1290), of France (in 1394) and certain areas of Germany at the 15th century century led the Jews to still migrate to the East in Poland, Lithuania and Russia. As from the 15th century, the Polish Jewish community was most important of the Diaspora. That was the case until the drama of the Shoah.
The Jewish migration towards the Europe of the East did not enable them to escape from the Antisémitisme and discriminations recurring in all the countries where they settled. After two centuries of relative tolerance, the Pogrom S again pushed the Jews towards the West of Europe at the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. Some emigrated also massively towards the American continent to seek new opportunities. The large majority of the American Jews is of origin ashkénaze since the Années 1750 (except with regard to the Jews of Amsterdam, of Spanish origin). The the Synagog Touro, oldest of the the United States, was inaugurated the December 2nd 1763. Influenced by the congregation of the Spaniards and the Orthodoxe Portuguese , the architect Peter Harrison imported bricks of England so that it resembles the old synagogs of Amsterdam and of London.
During the Second world war, the Final solution applied by the Nazis decimated the communities ashkénazes methodically Europe which one estimated at 8,8 million people before the war. Approximately 6 million Jews was thus systematically killed in the death camps of the Shoah: 3 million the 3,3 million Polish Jews, 900 000 of the 1,1 million Jews of Ukraine, the near total of the Jews of the Netherlands and between 50 and 90% of the Jews of the Slavic Pays, of the Baltic States, the Austro-Hungarian ex-empire, Germany and Greece, a third of the Jews of France (country less touched) also (the massive transfers of population led so that the Jews living in a country given at the time of the deportation are not necessarily citizens of this country; such was the case of France). The survivors of these communities emigrated after the war towards Israel, the the United States and the France to a lesser extent.
Culture
The Jews ashkénazes developed centers of religious studies in Poland, Russia and Lithuania during generations. Movements like the Hassidisme, the Haskala and even the Sionisme were also born in Eastern Europe. Haskala in Germany, with Brace Mendelssohn -
The traditions of Ashkénazes are also different from those from the other Jewish ethnos groups, Séfarades and mizrahi. All these habits are mentioned in the Choulhan Aroukh of Moses Isserles.
Transfer the blossoming of a very rich intellectual life; it is at that time that lived the
- Rabbin Gershom of Mainz, known as MEOR ha GOLA, “the Light of the Exile”; among his great decisions, one finds the abolition of the lévirat and polygamy.
- Solomon Ben Isaac de Troyes, known as RACHI. (1040/1105) “Eminent Jewish commentator of the Bible and Talmud, Rabbi Shlomo Itshaki (Rabbi Solomon wire of Isaac) known as Rachi was born with Troyes, in Champagne, area in which, during the major part of its life, the Jews profited from good conditions of life”
See also the article Yiddish
Origin of the name Ashkenaz
The name Ashkenaz in the Bible indicates the Scythie. The Scythes were wandering people of the steppes of the southernmost Russia (until the north of the the Caucasus). Indeed, the Hebrew term Ashkenaz came from the name Persan of the Scythians, Ashkouza . During the 10th century - century during which the existence of the Empire Khazar was revealed with the other Jewish populations (sépharades, Eastern) by the means of the Khazare Correspondence, between the Spanish statesman sépharade Hasdaï Ben Shatprut and the Jewish king of the Khazars, Joseph -, the rabbi Gershom of Metz (also called Gershom of Mainz) and especially Saadia Gaon named Khazars Ashkenazim (“inhabitants of the Ashkenaz kingdom”). They are two very influential personalities of the Jewish world of the time, in particular Saadia Gaon theologist author of one of the first philosophical treaties in connection with the Jewish religion. It is that the Empire Khazar was precisely on the territory where the Scythians lived ten centuries earlier, at the time of the writing of the Bible. These two personalities there (it must certainly have of them others) had then interpreted as a prophecy the passage of the Bible (this book being at the time the historical source of reference, undeniable) of the Livre of Jérémie (51,27) where the prophet calls “the kingdoms of Ararat, of Minni, and Ashkenaz” to draw up itself against Babylon; indeed, to this period the Khazar S led ceaseless wars against the projection of the troops of the caliphate of Baghdad (geographical area of old the Babylon).
Origin possible or partial of Ashkénazes: Khazars
He was proposed by various authors, of which Arthur Koestler, that the Jews of Europe of the East came from the “thirteenth tribe,” those of the Khazar S, a tribe of probably Turkish origin whose nobility had converted with the Judaism. Although having been used to feed the speech Antisioniste of Benjamin Freedman inter alia, by aiming at the ideology political Zionist (articulated in addition by ashkénazes) in his bases, the postulate neither ideological in itself nor is stripped of bases: it is attested by many historians (Kevin Alan Brook, Poliak, Balinski, Lipinski) that a certain number of Khazars migrated in Eastern Europe (Ukraine, Poland, etc) after the fall of their empire. It in addition was never marked that the Jewish populations of Eastern Europe went down completely from the Khazar S, nor of the tribes of the north of the kingdom of Israel. It was suggested that certain Jewish populations residing in the the Caucasus, as the Krymchak went down from there.
See too
External bonds and references
-
a reflection of Kevin Alan Brook: ashkénazes are descendants of Khazars?
- Problematic Khazars-Ashkenazes
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