Arthur Miller

Youth

Miller is provided education for with the Public School #24 of Harlem, of 1920 with 1928. He sees his first part (a melodrama) played Schubert Theater in 1923. In Lincoln High School of Brooklyn, Miller is a poor pupil but a experienced Athlète. It generally seems an not-intellectual. He says itself that: " if I had an ideology, it is what I had learned from the newspapers Hearst ".

He is refused with the Université S of Michigan and Cornell and starts to work in a warehouse of spare parts for cars, where Miller is confronted with the Anti-sémitisme, which will influence also its works.

At that time, Miller reads works of Charles Dickens and Fedor Dostoïevski. It saves most of sound Salaire to be able in 1934 to postulate again at the University of Michigan where it is this time received.

Studies

At the University of Michigan, Miller studies the Journalisme and the Théâtre, being interested particularly in the Greek traditional theater and works of Henrik Ibsen. During the Holidays of the Spring 1936, it writes for Avery Hopwood Award (which it gains) its first true part: Honors At Dawn . The part has like subject a Grève and the incapacity of the hero to be expressed.

In 1938, Miller is graduate in English. It keeps its studies in addition to the bases that it is necessary for him to become the playwright that one knows, a Blessure of American football which will be worth to him to be exempted of Military service during the Second world war.

Moreover, the university will honor it thereafter, by decreeing to him an honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters in 1956.

After the university

In 1940, it marries Mary Slattery. He will divorce it in 1956.

In 1949, Mort of a commercial traveller gains the Prix Pulitzer, three Tony Awards and the New York Drama Critics Circle Award. It is the first part to have ever gained the three. Its following part, the Witches of Salem is played for the first time at Broadway the January 22nd 1953.

In June 1956, into full Maccarthisme, it is convened to be explained in front of the Commission of the not-American activities. It was indeed named by Elia Kazan like having attended meetings of the Communist party of the United States of America. He admits gone being with certain meetings but denies to be communist. He indeed attended 4 or 5 meetings of sponsored authors by the Communist party in 1947. He also gave his support for a conference for peace to Waldorf-Astoria of New York. And it signed many calls and petitions. He however refuses to quote other people associated with groups gauchists or presumedly communist.

The May 31st 1957, Miller is declared guilty of insult to the Congress to have refused to reveal the names of members of a suspecté literary circle of communist affiliation. Its judgment will be cancelled the August 8th 1958 by the American Court of Appeal.

It is as in 1958 as Miller publishes a collection of her parts, heading Collected Plays .

Marilyn and Inge

June 29th 1957 it marries Marilyn Monroe that Kazan had presented 8 years to him before. January 24th, 1961, they divorce. It is one year later, on February 17th, 1962, which Arthur Miller marries Inge Morath. They had met when it and other photographers of the Magnum agency made a report on The Misfits . They will have two children: Rebecca and Daniel. According to the biographer Martin Gottfried, Daniel was born in 1962 reached trisomy 21. Miller placed it in an institution at Roxbury and forever visited him (although Morath if). Miller does not speak about Daniel in Timebends , her autobiography of 1987.

Actions other than the writing of parts

Miller is politically active throughout her life. With democratic convention of 1968 it will be even deputy for Eugene McCarthy.

Miller is one of the founders of the International PEN' S Writers in Comittee Prison. In 1965 it is elected by it president, a function which it will occupy 4 years.

In 1985, it visits the Turkey and is honoured there with the American Ambassade. But it leaves the country earlier than envisaged, in protest after his/her travelling companion Harold Pinter is expelled to have spoken about the Torture.

End of its life

The January 30th 2002, Inge Morath dies.

May 1st, 2002, Miller receives the Spanish Prix of literature Principe of Asturias as an unquestioned Master of the modern theater. Inter alia prizes winner of this price, one counts: Dory Lessing, Fatty Günter and Carlos Fuentes.

In December 2004, Miller (then 89 years old) announces that he lives with Agnes Barley, a 34 year old artist, since 2002 and that they hope to marry. However, Miller dies at his place the February 10th 2005 of a Cardiac failure.

Work

Arthur Miller is without question the pioneer of the development of a new form of the American Théâtre .

Style

It always had a great admiration for the Greek Dramaturge S . That is seen much in its parts, especially in its first works.

But one can say that his style is realistic in the Dialog S, expressionist in the presentation.

Indeed, the majority of its parts correspond to the 7 characteristics of realism:

• They describe the reality in a very detailed way.
• the characters are more important than the history or the action.
• Of the ethical choice S complexes is often on the subject.
• the Natural , the relation interpersonal, the Social class and the past of the characters are very important for them. That complexes largely to them Tempérament and the mobiles of their actions.
• the social class is important for the history. In general the characters are Middle-class.
• the events are generally probable.
• the use of the convention of the 4th wall: the characters never express themselves directly with the public. The 4th wall separates the characters Acteur S from the public, creating a stronger separation of the world of the part. Once this broken convention, the part becomes expressionnist.

Henrik Ibsen is regarded as the father of realism in theater américan.

Elements of its parts

The parts of Arthur Miller occur within family frameworks . It puts in scene men and ordinary women in suffering. They are indeed inhabited by an interior fight between their morals, their desires, and the Valeur S of the company (often the American Rêve for Miller). Miller shows how to satisfy the company or their desires, some go against their Morale and how others fight until the end and refuse very compromised, if small is it. Miller said: “ there was such an amount of Joe là-dehors, not only during the war, but also in the life of the every day, trying to maintain the dream American, or at least using this justification. There is always a man là-dehors ready to sell his heart to create a life and to justify that it did it for his family, but it was more one question of its honor and what he wanted . ”

In “ All My Sons ” and “ Died of a commercial traveller ”, Miller condemns the American ideal of Prospérité by showing that little can continue it without carrying out Compromis dangerous moral. “ Mort of a commercial traveller ” (Death off has Salesman) is the tragic history of a commercial traveller who makes pretense have succeeded in his life with his friends and his family. Willy Loman (Low man means " basic man extraction" in English) was mistaken in dream and subjected themselves to the requirements of the consumer society. It has frequent hallucinations putting in scene its past, and ends up being made lay off. It decides finally that it is worth more dead than alive. He Suicide and hopes that the money of the Assurance will help his wife and her sons for a new departure. He sells the last thing which remains to him: its life. Criticisms are shared on the significance of this act. Some see it like an act of Lâcheté. Others like the last Sacrifice on the furnace bridge of the American dream. It is the last doubtful compromise which it makes with this value so that its family can continue to follow it.

“ has View From the Bridge ” questions the Loi S on the Immigration in the United States.

Then, two parts of an act each one: “ Incidental At Vichy ” and “ The Price ”, treat Universalité of the human Responsabilité and Culpabilité which often accompanies survival and the success.

For “ the Witches of Salem ”, Miller accepted a Antoinette Perry Award. This part was described like an allegory of the Maccarthisme and collective Hystérie. The Apogée of the maccarthism will arrive three years afterwards. Although its first production with Broadway did not have any success, it became one of the most played parts of the playwright. In this part, the Conscience becomes either an private affair but of administration of the state. Miller also expresses in this part her Croyance in the fact that a Individu is able to resist the Pression S conformists of the company. The history rests on different Abuse of power and the Lutte from deceived to compensate for this abuse. The Clergé misuses its capacity by making Peur with the Village to control it. The villagers compensate by the public Rumeur S. John Proctor misused Abigail. It compensates for its loss of innocence and Dignité by involving the other girls in the play dangerous to remain plain unit, no matter what it arrives. But the main themes of the part are those expensive in Miller. It speaks there about three in particular:

• how people use scapegoats to gain in their own life
• how the individual made with his morals vis-a-vis that of a whole group
• how those having the capacity sacrifice what is just only to protect their capacity

“ After the Fall ” is an autobiographical part very . As often, the raised questions are those of innocence and the culpability. Many critics consider that the main character, Maggie, thedestructive one, are modelled on Marilyn Monroe, but Arthur Miller always denied it.

Miller a Marxist?

Miller was clearly a social playwright, with a deep intelligence of the personal Faiblesse S of her characters.

Some critical S qualified it Marxiste. They think indeed that its work is a comment Socialiste of the economic structure of the United States. Tom Driver declares that it “ would go beyond the obviousness to say that it follows a “line” , that it is ideological Politique or , but the majority of its parts has elements quasi-Marxists and tends to being a social criticism partisane. ” William Wiegand estimates that it “ borrows from Clifford Odets its Marxist topics: the Martyr E of an oppressed middle-class. ” Lastly, Eleanor Clark, in a criticism of “ Mort of a commercial traveller ” explains: “ it is, of course, the capitalist system which has rotten Willy inside; the scene where it is brutally laid off after some forty '' years with the Entreprise comes directly from the Littérature of the Années 1930 of the line of the Parti, and the idea emerges rather lucidly through all the confused motivations of the part that it is the particular form of our economy of the money which gave rise to the ideals absurdly false of father and wire. ”

However, the majority of the critics, readers and spectators do not categorize it Marxist, although they take his parts for criticisms of the contemporary values. Harold Cluman finds that “ its will is to give a judgment human ”. Paul West thinks that Miller wishes to alert danger of the “ devotion to material success ”. Henry Popkin, declares him that he “ shows the “ system ” via a liberal parabola of the “badly hidden” and of “social responsibility”. ”

By commenting on “ After the Fall ”, Miller décare that: “ it is a manner of seeing the man and his human nature like the only source of the Violence which arrived more and more close destroying the Espèce. It is a manner of seeing which does not turn to the social or political ideas like the creators of violence but in the nature of the human being itself. ”

What is clear it is that Miller is a writer with a message. Itself says that the Tragédie “ brings us knowledge on the good manners to live in the world. ”

During the depression, it had been impressed by: “ the capacities of the economic crises and imperative policies which twisted, tore, eroded and marked all and all those on which I posed the eyes… So much so that by the force of the circumstances I arrived early and without me to give an account of it to being fascinated by the process itself. How the things were dependant. How the natural personality of a man was changed by his world… You cannot include/understand something unless including/understanding its relation with the Contexte. ”

A manner of summarizing the message which it conveys in its parts would be to say that: to arrive at dignity, to allow to develop their talents and to avoid the defeat, the individuals must know and adjust themselves with their own limits, rather than to try to continue egoistic ambitions of manner nelle Obsession.

Works

Parts

• Honors At Dawn (1935);
• Unpleasant No: They Too Arise (1937);
• The Golden delicious Years (1940, played for the first time in 1990);
• The Man Who Had All the Luck (1944);
• All My Sons (1947);
• Died of a commercial traveller (1949);
• Witches of Salem (1953);
• has off Memory Two Mondays (1955);
• has View from the Bridge (1955);
• After the Fall (1964);
• Incidental At Vichy (1965);
• The Price (1968);
• The Creation off the World and Other Business (1972);
• The Archbishop' S Ceiling (1977);
• The American Clock (1981);
• Elegy For has Lady (1982);
• Nap Kind off Love Story (1982);
• Danger: Memory!: Two Plays ( I Edge' T Remember Anything and Clara ) (1986);
• The Wrinkles Down MT. Morgan (1991);
• The Last Yankee (1993);
• Broken Knell (1994);
• The Crucible (1996);
• Mr. Peters' Connections (1998);
• The Ryan Interview (2000);
• Resurrection Blues (2004);
• Finishing the Picture (2004).

Scripts

• The Misfits (IMDB) (1961)
• Year Enemy off the People (IMDB - adaptation of the part of Ibsen ') (1966)
• Playing for Time (IMDB) (1980)
• Everybody Wins (IMDB) (1989)

Other works

• (1944) Situation Normal
• (1945) X-ray
• Famed
• The Reason Why
• Homely Girl, has Life: And Other Stories
• The Theater Essays off Arthur Miller
• Timebends: In Life

Bonds

• Prix Prince of Asturies
• Pegasos '' (in & fi) ''
• Bohemian Ink '' (in) ''
• Catharton Authors Drilled off
• Center for Programs in Contemporary Writing
• Jere Pfister
• University Michigan

Be-X-old: АртурМілер Zh-min-nan: Arthur Miller