Antiquity

The Antiquité is in Histoire a concept of temporal cutting in the evolution of the human society, corresponding to the first Civilization S of the writing. Its definition is strongly related to the concept of Invention of the writing, it is for this reason the first period of the History, and its temporal terminals vary according to the groups of civilizations studied, i.e. of the geographical unit considered. According to these groups, Antiquity follows the periods of Préhistoire or Protohistoire, and precedes the Moyen-âge or the modern Time.

In History European, Antiquity indicates the period of the Civilization S of the writing around the the Mediterranean and the the Middle East, after the Préhistoire, and before the Moyen-âge. The majority of the historians estimate that Antiquity starts there with (- 3500, -3000) with the invention of the writing in Mésopotamie and Egypt, and sees her end during the great migrations Eurasian around the 5th century (300 to 600). The date symbolic system is relative to a civilization or a nation, the deposition of the last Roman Emperor of Occident in 476 is a conventional reference mark for Europe Occident ale, but of other terminals ancient End of the world can be significant. In an approach europeocentrist, Antiquity is often reduced to Antiquity greco-Roman known as traditional Antiquité.

In the Americas, antiquity is associated with the Civilizations précolombiennes, so that it starts towards 1200 before J.C with the invention of the written form Pictogramme S Idéogramme S with the Olmèque S, and is completed at the beginning of the 16th century with the arrival of Europeans, therefore followed directly by the modern Time (not of Moyen-Âge).

Chronology

According to certain researchers, we are not able to determine a benchmark whereby antiquity would have started. This is why they advance this theory: antiquity starts on different dates according to civilizations considered.

The Mésopotamie

Oldest known ancient civilization would be that of Sumer which invented the writing known as Cunéiforme, containing pointed pictograms , due to the form bevelled of the calame, towards -3400.

The ancient Egypt

The hieroglyphic writing is attested as of the end of.

The end of the ancient Egyptian history varies according to the adopted point of view. It is completed:

  • from an ethnological point of view, with died of the last indigenous Pharaon, Nectanébo II into -343 and Egyptian antiquity merges then with that of the world hellenistic;
  • from a political point of view, with died of the last autonomous sovereign, Ptolémée XV Césarion into -30 and Egyptian antiquity merges then with that of the Roman world;
  • from a cultural point of view, during the conversion of the last Egyptian temple into church copte, the temple of Isis with Philae in 535 (closing in 551).

Antiquity in Europe

In Europe, Antiquity begins with the Minoan Civilization, in Crete between -2000 and -1400. The latter invented the writing Linéaire has, then a derivative, the Linéaire B, first forms of writing attested on the continent which were used to write the antiquated shape of the old Greek. Later, the writings derived from the Greek alphabet (inspired of the Alphabet phenician) take a lead in the totality of the continent (alphabets Etruscan, Latin, Cyrillic and glagolitic, gotic, etc).

The end of the Antiquity - whose civilizations of reference for Europe are the ancient Greece and the ancient Rome - is traditionally fixed at the fall of the Roman Empire of Occident, in 476. The period of the cruel invasions (see late Antiquity) is thus with the hinge of Antiquity and the following period: the the Middle Ages.

Because of the permanence of the large features of late Antiquity - civilization of Bottom Roman Empire and continuation of the Roman Empire in the East (Byzance) - beyond the political event consisted the deposition of the last Roman Emperor Romulus Augustule, the historian medievist Jacques Le Goff for example proposed to extend late Antiquity until the 10th century. Contrary, other historians of the Middle Ages make begin their period at the beginning of the 5th century, even as of the 4th century with like principal criteria the rise of the Christianisme and the barbarisation of the Roman army.

The discipline which studies ancient civilizations is the Old story .
The discipline which studies protohistoric civilizations is the Protohistoire .

General chronology of Antiquity

  • three principal ages under antiquity:

    • the age of the copper, which begins towards 3800 before J. - C., is spread in all the Indo-European zone from -3500 and until towards -2500;
    • Towards -2500 begins the Bronze Age;
    • Towards 1200 before J. - C.: Beginning of the age of iron.

  • the first three great civilizations:

    • Towards 3300 before J. - C.: civilization sumérienne of Mésopotamie (current Iraq) invents the wedge-shaped writing (city-States of Ur, Uruk…). The first empire of the area, the Empire akkadien, founded towards 2345 before J. - C., lasted only one century.
    • Towards 3100 before J. - C.: Unification of the Egypt. The writing is hieroglyphic.
    • Towards 2500 before J. - C.: Apogee of the civilization of the Indus (towns of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa). Their writing is not deciphered yet.

  • List of important dates:

    • Towards 2205 before J. - C.: Advent of Yu Large the in China.
    • Towards 2065/1785 before J. - C.: Average Egyptian Empire.
    • Towards 2000 before J. - C.: Indo-European invasions.
    • Towards 1792/1750 before J. - C.: Reign of Hammourabi in Mésopotamie.
    • Towards 1650 before J. - C.: Foundation of the Empire hittite.
    • Towards 1570/1085 before J. - C.: New Egyptian Empire.
    • Towards 1450 before J. - C.: Occupation of the Crete by the Mycéniens.
    • Towards 1250 before J. - C.: Moïse makes leave the Hebrew Egypt and the conduit towards the Promised land (the Exode).
    • Towards 1230/1190 before J. - C.: Invasions of the People of the Sea.
    • Towards 1150 before J. - C.: Destruction of Mycènes by the Doriens.
    • Towards 1030 before J. - C.: Foundation of the Kingdom of Israel.
    • 931/930 before J. - C.: Scission enters the kingdoms of Israel (capital: Samarie) and of Juda (capital: Jerusalem).
    • 814 before J. - C.: Foundation of Carthage (current bay of Tunis).
    • 776 before J. - C.: Creation of the Olympic Games in Greece.
    • 753 before J. - C.: Foundation of Rome.
    • 722/721 before J. - C.: Catch of Samarie by the Assyrian .
    • 664/663 before J. - C.: Destruction of Thèbes by the Assyrians.
    • 660 before J. - C.: Advent of Jimmu to the Japan.
    • 612 before J. - C.: Catch of Ninive by the Babylonian Mèdes and the .
    • 587/586 before J. - C.: Destruction of the temple of Jerusalem by the Babylonians.
    • 563/483 before J. - C.: Life of the Buddha.
    • 551/479 before J. - C.: Life of Confucius.
    • 539 before J. - C.: Catch of Babylon by the Persian .
    • 510/507 before J. - C.: Fall of the tyranny and introduction of the democracy with Athens.
    • 509 before J. - C.: Fall of the royalty and introduction of the republic with Rome.
    • 499/478 before J. - C.: Medic wars.
    • 470/399 before J. - C.: Life of Socrate.
    • 461/429 before J. - C.: Périclès dominates the Athenian political life.
    • 431/404 before J. - C.: Peloponnesian War.
    • 390 before J. - C.: Catch of Rome by the Gallic ones.
    • 338 before J. - C.: Victoire of Philippe II of Macedonia on the Athenians and Thébains with Chéronée.
    • 336/323 before J. - C.: Reign of Alexandre Large the.
    • 321 before J. - C.: Advent of Chandragupta Maurya (Chandragoupta) in India.
    • 264/146 before J. - C.: Punic Wars.
    • 221 before J. - C.: Advent of Qin Shi Huang (Che Houang-Ti) in China.
    • 146 before J. - C.: Destruction of Carthage and Corinth by the Roman .
    • 113/101 before J. - C.: Invasion of the Cimbres and the Teutons (pushed back by Marius (Roman consul).
    • 82/79 before J. - C.: Dictatorship of Sylla to Rome.
    • 63 before J. - C.: Catch of Jerusalem by Pumped.
    • 58/51 before J. - C.: War of Gaules.
    • 44 before J. - C.: Assassination of Caius Iulius IV, known as Jules César.
    • 31/30 before J. - C.: Battle of Actium and conquest of the Egypt by Octave.
    • 27 before J. - C.: Octave becomes the first Roman Emperor under the name of Auguste.
    • 30 after J. - C.: Crucifixion of Jesus-Christ to Jerusalem. The Christianisme is born 20 years after its death with the Gospels from the Apôtres reporting its actions.
    • 64 after J. - C.: Beginning of the persecution of the Christian with Rome (under the reign of Néron).
    • 70 after J. - C.: Beginning of the Jewish Diaspora (dispersion of the Jewish people) following the destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem by the Roman .
    • 96/192 after J. - C.: Apogee of the Roman Empire under the dynasty of the Antonins (Rome).
    • 211/212 after J. - C.: Edict of Caracalla granting the Roman citizenship to the free inhabitants of the Empire.
    • 293 after J. - C.: Reorganization of the Roman Empire by Dioclétien (introduction of the Tétrarchie).
    • 301 after J. - C.: Conversion of Arménie to Christianity (History of Arménie).
    • 313 after J. - C.: Edict of Milan (see Edict of Constantin) establishing freedom of worship in the Roman Empire.
    • Towards 330 after J. - C.: Conversion of Ethiopia to Christianity (History of Ethiopia).
    • 380 after J. - C.: Edict of Thessalonique making Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire.
    • 395 after J. - C.: Final separation enters the Roman Empire of Occident (Chronologie of the Roman empire of Occident) and the Roman Empire of the East (Byzantine).
    • 406 after J. - C.: Beginning of the great Germanic invasions (Great invasions).
    • 410 after J. - C.: Bag of Rome by the Visigoths.
    • 434/453 after J. - C.: Reign of Attila.
    • 455 after J. - C.: Bag of Rome by the Vandals.
    • 476 after J. - C.: The last Roman Emperor of Occident (Romulus Augustule) is deposited by the Barbares.

Ancient civilizations

  • old India

    • Age of Indus
    • Empire Magadha
    • Empire Maurya
    • Empire Gupta

See too

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