Anti-semitism

The anti-semitism (sometimes written anti-semitism ) is the name given to the Discrimination, the hostility or the Préjugé S against the Juifs.

The manifestations of the anti-semitism can go from personal hatred to persecutions popular and violent or Idéologique S and institutionalized. In addition to the Pogrom S located, there were forms of great width, on a country scale like the edict of expulsion of the Jews of England in 1290, the Spanish Inquisition and the ousting of the Jews of Spain in 1492. There was also on a continent scale, at the time of the Second world war, where the Shoah, Final solution of Adolf Hitler with the “Jewish Question” in Europe, caused the death of more than 5 million people designated like Jewish. Those represented the three quarters of the Jews of occupied Europe, two thirds of those of the Old continent and more of the third of the world Jewish population.

Although the etymology of the term can imply that the anti-semitism is directed against all the Semitic people, it is in practice exclusively used to refer to the hostility towards the Jews like religious”, “racial” or “ethnic group “. ”

Use of the term

Anti-semitism and Antijudaïsme

If the hostility towards the Jews and persecutions which they had to undergo during the Histoire are as old as the Judaïsme, they covered many forms. One can distinguish:

forms of hostility and persecutions specifically addressing to the Jewish religion and to the individuals who practice it because of their membership of this Religion. One will speak in this case about Antijudaïsme. The Catholic church recognized, at the time of the repentances of the end of, to have conveyed in the Histoire a antijudaïque Culture; for example, the perfidious mention “Jewish” remained in the Prière of the Good Friday up to one relatively recent time. A development was made in the declaration Nostra Ætate in 1965.

hostility and persecutions addressing itself to a group distinguished like one supposed “race”. This racist Idéologie (or racialist) point the Juif S like groups distinct within the company, the Jews have a Culture, a Mentalité and a Religion different from those of the Population S neighbors; it is an anti-semitism according to supposed criteria of race.

This anti-semitism appeared at the end of and with orée of the 20th century, which disqualifies and invites to persecute the Jews for their “race” and either them Religion. It is about a laic Idéologie taking over old the Antijudaïsme religious (Christian and Musulman in particular) and there substituent. The new forms of hostility are then detached from any religious connotation, at least in the representation that itself this ideology is done. Besides the Nazis, néo-pagan movement, did not make any difference between the Jews, exterminating them that they are adherent Judaism or baptized.

The origin of the term

The word “anti-semite” ( antisemitisch in German) was used first once in 1860 by the Austrian and Jewish intellectual, Moritz Steinschneider in the expression “Prejudged anti-semites” (“ antisemitische Vorurteile ”). Steinschneider used the latter to characterize the ideas of Ernest Renan according to which the “people Sémite S” were affected cultural and spiritual tares. But this first appearance of the term and its use in a very general direction remain single and isolated, without posterity. It is the German journalist Wilhelm Marr which invents really the term “ anti-semitism ” (of German “ Antisemitismus ”) in 1879, in its direction of hostility to the Jews, at the time of the foundation of a “league anti-semite” and not, as one often reads it, in his lampoon anti-Jew, Victoire of the Judaism on the germanity considered from a nondenominational point of view , same year, where the term does not appear.

The moment of the propagation of the word corresponds, like says it well the title of the lampoon of Marr, at the time of the invention of the Racisme, when this Idéologie forces the concept pseudo-scientist of “race” to distinguish from the human groups according to pseudo-criteria Biologique S. Or, the invention corresponds in the passing of the historical Antijudaïsme (monk) to the modern vision, Scientiste (calling upon science to be made pass for founded in Vérité) of Discrimination of human groups under the terms of alleged criteria of race (the human “races” did not receive any scientific validity). The vision negative, discriminating and dépréciative of the Jewish S, concerning a racist vision, is typically modern in what it corresponds in the passing of the domination of the Religion to that of the Science, among the Discours of authority. However, contrary to what was often advanced, the word anti-semitism, as of its origin, is not reserved for this modern form, Raciste of the feeling anti-Jew, but recovers methods much broader of hostilities towards the Jews.

The racist Ideology being modern, it is not limited to the anti-semitism. It can apply to any group which one wants to discredit and maltreat. One can even think, logically, a short anteriority of the racist ideology taking support on reasons pseudo-scientists, on the anti-semitism. The great innovation of the anti-semitism consisting precisely in the application of a racist Ideology to the thousand-year-old negative speeches in connection with the Jewish S. the Theological hostility , secularized, becomes racism, that is to say the aggression and the Discrimination carried out, in the name of the unduly convened Science. Here what is the anti-semitism: a racial and racist vision of the world. An invention of the contemporary Scientism, giving place to forms of insults and persecutions new, modern, when they find their relay in the company, to even put itself in practice in a Politique. The phenomenon will reach a top with the Eugénisme Nazi, convening the Biologie and the Statistique S to serve its ends with persecutions aiming to the extermination of the Juif S.

The term “anti-semitism” is a debatable construction. On the one hand it is unsuitable to name the Jews “Sémite S” because the adjective applies only to Langue S and not with Peuple S. It is in reference to the Langue that the Jews are known as “Sémite S”, but not as people and even less race. Moreover the group of the Semitic languages gathers, beyond the Hebrew , language of the Jews in the Antiquité, of many other languages such as the Arab , the Araméen, etc

Marr, by indicating the Jewish S as being of “Semitic race”, does nothing but expose a Idéologie racist, in conformity in that with the “theoretical” claims of the Discours and visions of the racist world sails about it at the time.

This confusion caused to give an appearance pseudo-scientist, and either only religious, with the hatred of the Juif S. As one knows it, the Jews actually constituted if little a “race” that at the time of great persecutions anti-semites Nazie S which fell down on the Jews, it was decided, to distinguish them visually, of the affubler, in Germany and Europe occupied, of a yellow star. And in spite of that, on the birth certificates delivered under the Nazism, to determine the racial membership of the individuals, it was in Germany as under the Régime of Vichy the Religion of the four grandparents which was taken into account in the Statistiques. Proof that the anti-semitism Nazi, practiced in the name of the “Science” and of the “race”, aimed also the Judaïsme.

This word, substituted during the contemporary time for that of Antijudaïsme, forever aimed at the others Population S of Semitic Langue, such as the Arab S for example, but, quite to the contrary, it is used in an equivalent way, with the anti-semitism coming from some source that it either, to indicate the Arab hostility of the S towards the Juif S, or the Arab Antisémitisme. This last, in the same way, as a Laic Ideology , must be distinguished from the Antijudaïsme religious, Musulman, indicating the historical hostility of the Islam to the Judaïsme. Hostility existing in the history of the Islam, as there was in the history of the Christianisme.

Nowadays, the depression of dimension properly and openly racist of the aforementioned hostility, makes it possible to think however, that the anti-semitism today recovers at the same time the two aspects of the phenomenon, Laïque and religious, which precisely makes the difficulty with encircling well that which one speaks when this topic is approached. A historical hostility, going up very far in time, religious, Metaphysical, being able to be dissimulated under a Laic Speech of form , some would be undoubtedly surprised to see qualifying unquestionable anti-semites Discours who can be analyzed like such.

The term of anti-semitism tends to be essential in laic modernity, to replace that of Antijudaïsme, and to indicate any form of negative and dépréciatif speech towards the Juif S as such.

Certain authors, like Pierre-André Taguieff, use by a distinction disputed the term “judéophobie” to indicate the whole of the anti-Jewish forms in the world since the Second world war, and to distinguish it from the anti-semitism related to the theses racialists.

History

The oppression of the Juif S as a Peuple existed of long time: the Hebrew people installed with the intersection of the Asia and the Africa, on the road of much of invasion S, had to face repeated aggressions. It was thus people of warriors, whose single god was God of the armies.

Antiquity

As Leon Poliakov notices it, there does not exist any trace of anti-semitism in the Antiquité before the III E, and the hearth of this anti-semitism is the Egypt. Still can one add, with Jules Isaac, which it acts less than one hostility towards the Jews as such as " hatred towards Asiatiques" , the latter being Eastern in the broad sense, and not only of the Jews. That one can hardly make state of it, even thereafter, includes itself/understands owing to the fact that the concept of race does not have any direction in the Antiquité; also, when the Jews were sometimes hate, it was initially for their Religion. On another side, these even which disparaged them (like Tacite), do not announce any less qualities (at least, which could pass for qualities to the eyes for example of a Romain).

Persecutions against the Jewish S as such, are rare and can never be allotted to an anti-semitism of State. Thus the first known persecution of the Jewish area was perpetrated by Antiochos IV Épiphane, descending from the one of the generals of Alexandre Large the. The Jews revolted against him and overcame the Greeks under the direction of the Macchabées. They founded the last Hebrew dynasty of the X, that of the Hasmonéen S. Thereafter, the Romans came to conquer and to occupy Israel and the Hebrews were subjected, as the Romans of the other people did it, and if those destroyed IIe Temple, which had been built on the basis of the Temple of Solomon (Bible), one cannot speak about anti-semitism, since the Romans apply the same process (repression of the causes of public disorder) to all the Peuple S. the Romans were in the whole very tolerant out of religious matter (they did not require populations conquered onlythey give up their Culte S), but they were run up against, like a good portion of the Antiquité Polythéiste, by the refusal of the Hebrews of all Statue of the gods and the “Roman Empereur”, god of all the Empire, which the Judaïsme orders to hate, according to the principle of the exclusivism Monothéiste which was incomprehensible for all the Peuple S of these times (except in the case of the Zoroastrisme). The Romans are administrator S pragmatic, and they thus very largely adapted their habits to the Juif S, exempting them of the Culte of the emperor: privilege which caused the jealousies. The Jews could thus occupy the high positions (like senator) without being worried.

The ancient Antijudaïsme was especially expressed by the crushing of the Judaea by Titus at the time of the First war judéo-Roman, and Hadrian which changed the name of Israel into that of Palestina (or Philistinie). Note that at the time of the persecution of the Christian in the Roman Empire, those had initially been regarded as a Jewish faction (Suétone reports that “the Jews” fomented disorders “at the instigation of certain Crestus” ( often read Cristos ), but were quickly distinguished from/to each other.

Thereafter, within the Christendom, the Antijudaïsme became monk: the hatred of the Juif S took a new turn here, the official Religion conveying the idea that the Judaism can be intrinsically perverse. The Jews were badgered, the Clergé making them guilty collectively of the torment of Jesus Christ.

The Middle Ages

More still than the charge of Déicide, which was bitterly reproached to the Jews by the Christians was their refusal to convert with the new faith and to recognize Jesus like Messie. Only the baptized Jews were left in peace, and certain converts became besides of credits Christian proselytes, often playing in their turn a great part in the antijuives campaigns: thus, the archbishop Julien de Tolède, to the 7th century, itself of Jewish origin, actively conducted campaign for the forced conversion of his former co-religionists into wisigothic Spain.

With the the Middle Ages, many professions were prohibited to the Jews. They were excluded from any administrative office, and especially from the Corporation S of trade S, and from the religious brotherhoods. It was to them interdict to have, it to cultivate, the ground. They thus lived in the Ville S, where did not remain to them like possible activities to earn their living, which those which were precisely prohibited with the Christian . So that they were pushed back almost all the trade S, and constrained mainly to direct itself towards the Commerce and even towards the loan with interest prohibits at the time with the Christians of Occident and the Musulman S, which was worth the hostility of the borrowers to them (One allots to prohibition by the bishop S of the loan with interest with Rome, a share of responsibility in the economic crisis which ended in its fall. Constantinople did not have this kind of problem, which could on the contrary accommodate many driven out Jews of Spain and which contributed largely to the success of the Ottoman Empire .

By exception, the Jews also dealt with craft industry of art (Orfèvrerie, size of the invaluable stones) and of Médecine: thus Jewish professors of the University of Montpellier, practiced the Dissection secretly in order to improve to them Connaissance of the operation of the Human body.

To the the Middle Ages, they gave to the Europe many scientists, and were translators and importers of the old texts, Greek in particular, that they translated, commented and made it possible the Europe to discover, also starting from the Arab Langue, at the time of the great period of the Andalusian Spain (Al-Andalusians) there where the exchanges between Jewish and Arab intellectuals reached their more high level, in the register of the erudite Culture. This time was also that of translation of texts of Aristote (1120 - 1190), which occupied teams made up of confessions of the religions monotheists, with Tolède, and in four towns of Italy (Pisa, Rome, Palermo, Venice), and was at the origin of the Renaissance of the {{S|XII|E}}.

It was necessary to await the Concile of Thirty at the 16th century so that the Catholic church starts to reconsider the question of the Déicide.

“Marranes”

In 1391, the Spanish kingdoms were theater of the “bloody Baptêmes” which transfer many forced conversions of Jews under the pressure of popular pogroms. In 1492, the Kings Catholiques expelled all the Jews of Spain, measures without precedent at the origin of the Diaspora Sépharade. Only remained the converts or those which agreed to become it.

Several professions were prohibited to the new Christians. And that, although many of these new Christians, educated in the Catholic religion since several generations were sincere. So that, in the Iberian families, the use came to ask for “certificates of purity of blood” before contracting Mariage, or to exert such or such profession. So that number of them endeavoured to flee the territories hispano-Portuguese, and than once, put relatively in safety in France, in Turkey, with the Netherlands, or in England starting from Cromwell, they redécouvrirent the Religion there their ancestors. It was the phenomenon of the Marranisme, carrying a memory secret, underground, hidden, in spite of the disappearance of the Synagog S, the texts, and impossibility of following the Rite S. the marranes, shown “judaïser in secrecy” kept, for some of them, the memory their origins, before returning there sometimes, i.e. when the situation allowed them. Many descendants of marranes, these converted Christians of force, essaimé in Europe, with various destinies, and until in America, or even in Asia, where the Inquisition continued to continue them a long time after their departure of the Old continent, to try to make disappear the Judaïsme.

At the 19th century

All in all, in all the history of the Chrétienté, or the Europe, if one prefers, and until the 20th century not-included/understood, the feeling anti-Jew and persecutions and Discrimination S which followed, were the fact of the Christian Antijudaïsme, even if the anti-semitism of Voltaire is obviously not Christian source.

This Antijudaïsme must thus be distinguished from the modern, contemporary anti-semitism of the Nationalisme which goes being exacerbated with the crisis of the State-nations, and which points with the Affaire Dreyfus in France, theories of Chamberlain in England and which will explode in Racisme with the exterminating Nazisme (see for this history and the periodisation of different the forms from antijuives persecutions, of Raul Hillberg: extermination of the Jews of Europe ).

In the modern world, with the development of large the State S Europeans, the Jews see themselves giving a place important because of their capacity to finance the official administrative structures. This place is matched privileges, like the ennoblement, which makes that, on the one hand, the privileged Juif S are to some extent outcasts, without that being seen as a mark of exclusion (but these privileges less the jealousies do not cause any), other share, these privileged Jews will be themselves unfavourable with the extension of their privileges to the remainders of the Juif S which suffer from these discriminatory governmental measures. As a whole, the rich Jews profit from this manner of a political protection (what is frequent in their history, as one sees it at the beginning of the Islam which protected the Jews and made administrators of them), that they are the Jews of Court, or the certain financial ones of the 19th century. For example, Bismarck, which held of the remarks anti-semites in his youth, will give up this Idéologie, and will become the friend of a Jew which will finance the war of 1866, war which was a big step towards the unit of the Germany. Thereafter, the anti-semites will show it to be with the pay of the Jews. This financial importance for the European governments makes that when classes attacked a government (and, initially, the Aristocratie déchue) they assimilated governments and Jews, and included them in the same resentment.

It appears thus that the development of the Europe, already tributary of their Culture and of their Religion, was dependant on the financial power of the richest Jews; but, as Hannah Arendt notices it, this power is accompanied by a great reserve to begin in the events of the world, as opposed to what will say the anti-semites thereafter, with the Théorie of the Jewish plot. In addition to the financial role of the Jews in the modern Europe, it is necessary to notice that because of their presence in all the countries of Europe, the Jews were a international Communauté, in opposition to the rise to power of insulation Nationaliste of the others Peuple S. For Diderot, one of the rare philosophers of the Lumières not to hate the Jews (the Jews being indeed regarded as the odious financial ones of the Aristocrate S; the Socialists of the 19th century, adhering largely to the anti-semitism, will take again a similar argument), those is essential cement of the Nation S Européenne S. It is about this time that the movement of emancipation of the Jews of Europe is started, and at the beginning of the 19th century, in certain countries, they obtain the equality rights, because the concept of Citoyenneté is considered to be more important and more universal than the question of knowing if an individual is Juif or not.

But this international character was also interpreted in the direction of a plot (of which the Famille Rothschild, installed in France, in Austria, England, would have been the Symbole), whereas it is actually related to the greattest importance at the Jews of the family compared to the Nation. Also the anti-semites projected on the Jews of the categories of thought which are foreign for them (Jews not having, for example, a Culture and an experiment Politique S very developed because of their history).

Thereafter, during the 19th century, the influence Financière of the Juif S strongly decreases, and it is at this time of their history, where influences to them real became very weak, where the Jews almost economically any more do not count with regard to the political matters, which will be born this virulent hatred showing them of intentions that they never carried out when they could it, and that they were not in fact more able to realize, even if they would have liked it. On the other hand, they is at this time that the Jews obtain more important stations of number, in the administration for example, which will once again be judged like a threat ( enjuivée France ). These charges are not only untruths economic S and Politique S, but they are unaware of also this frequent tendency at the Jews with the assimilation, with the dissolution even of the Jewish community of a country, braked tendency either by a renewal of hostility in their connection, or by a policy of State aiming at preserving the Statut of Jew, have regard to his utility indicated higher. At the time when the anti-semitism explodes in Europe and organizes itself (towards 1870, after several waves during the 19th century), the Jews thus do not have any more the same importance, and the existence even of the Jewish identity is on the way to disappear, without the cause being an deliberate intention destroy to them Culture.

The organization of the anti-semitism thus begins in the Années 1870 - 1880. In Great Britain, the surge of the Jewish refugees originating in Russia, where multiply the Pogrom S during the Années 1880, ends up causing riots anti-semites with London, however isolated and repressed by the police force. In Germany, the remarks anti-semites start to have success with Stöcker, and Schönerer in Austria, where the virulence of the anti-semitism is larger because of opposition of the German community then dominating against the State: the Pangermanisme is particularly exacerbated there, and the Jews are, one saw it, associated with the State in this kind of Propagande (the Austrian movement thus seems the true prefiguration of the Nazisme).

A feature characteristic of the anti-semitism, at this time of its history, is its supranational character, which can appear paradoxical. The fact is however that the parties German anti-semites and Austrians arising as Parti S above the parties (thus of the parties which have vocation to control the State completely, to incarnate the Nation), are assembled in international congress, and it is on this level that they have the ambition to fight against the Jews, which let us recall it are then the only element of dimension Européenne. All in all, the anti-semites imitate the Jews, such as they imagine them, and project to seize the occult power that they allot to them.

Agitation anti-semite is not however durable, and there is no constant intensification of this Idéologie until the advent of the Nazisme. Thus Stefan Zweig foot-note it that the period 1900 - 1920 seemed a golden age for the Juif S, so much so that preceding agitations against the latter seemed nothing any more but one bad memory.

Pogrom S with the Shoah

At the time contemporary, the Antijudaïsme religious was transformed into racial anti-semitism and Raciste, which was spread in all the Europe, at the time of the Mouvement of nationalities says also the Printemps of the people.

The first crushing argument to the anti-semitism in France was the reaction to the Affaire Dreyfus (1894 with 1906). The Russian empire , knew to him successive waves of Pogrom S, Persécution S which caused in reaction the idea of the project Zionist created by the journalist, writer and man Politique Theodor Herzl in order to make reach the Jews the row of Peuple political, likely finally to profit from same the Droit S Politique S as very other Peuple or Nation giving its political organization, as well as Human rights that the State S Europeans which sheltered the Jews lasting the period Nazie, had not convened nor known to make play to protect them from persecutions of the Nazism. One will on this subject read with interest the analyzes of Hannah Arendt, underlining the absence of contents of the concept of “Human rights” in the absence of a State to make them be worth and apply them to a Nation given. With persecutions Nazi S, the Human rights indeed appeared deferred action, as being equivalent to the “rights of the people” in the system of the State-nation. The people without State (that of their Nation) were stripped, private there of all Droit S, and their rights, as “men” were guaranteed by no Institution. (in the imperialism , Beech, 1982).

Writers highly practiced and encouraged the anti-semitism: Charles Maurras, the Brothers Goncourt, Edouard Drumont, Brasillach, Celine at the time where the Europe sank in the Fascisme. Charles Maurras gave to his writings a doctrinal form, which developed in the current of the French Action between 1899 and 1939, and was condemned twice by the the Vatican (in 1914 and 1926). These doctrines rejected the Jewish roots of Christianity (see Antijudaïsme during the contemporary time).

Historically, of many reasons were used to justify, to perpetuate or cause the anti-semitism, including elements social, economic, national, political, racial and religious. In particular:

the Theology of the Vetus Israel/Verus Israel (old Israel against true Israel) developed by Augustin d' Hippone at the 4th century. According to it, the Christian people would be from now on the true people of the Alliance, because God would have been diverted Jews. So the Judaïsme would be condemned to disappear and the Jews to convert. This theological position names the Supersessionisme or Théologie of substitution. It was highlighted at the Conférence of Seelisberg (1947). The consequence was the Christian Antijudaïsme, which Jules Isaac called the teaching of the contempt, being able to lead to forced persecutions and conversions, being solved, in best case, the Marranisme.

the limpieza of sangre (purity of blood) which develops in Spain after the Décret of Alhambra (1492) and the expulsion of the Jews. To obtain certain honorary loads, to follow certain occupations, to enter certain religious orders, it is necessary to prove that no Ancêtre was Jewish or Musulman: the Reconquista finished, Grenade taken, it now acts to rebuild the national identity. Let us note that this Statut is gradually adopted by the Archevêché S only as of the end of the Années 1520. In practice, the limpieza is recognized with a threshold of three generations; beyond, it is nearly certain that the ancestor has blood Juif or Musulman, being given the interbreeding of the medieval Spain. The recognition of the limpieza of sangre is done by investigation of the Inquisition, into denunciation: inquire by long, and expensive definition. Thus, which leaves this net is washed of any suspicion, but generally ruined.

At the 20th century, the Theory of the Jewish plot international diffused mainly by the Protocols of Wise of Sion , a forgery Lampoon manufactured by Mathieu Golovinski on behalf of the secret police of Russia Tsarist (the Okhrana). The Protocoles describe the alleged plans of conquest of the world by the Juif S. They were used by the Nazis like instrument of Propagande and appear in good place among the pretexts called upon to justify the persecution of the Jews and their extermination, the Shoah. This false was reactualized these last years in the form of televised series, and diffused in some chains diffusing in Arab language. It was de facto censured by the majority of the Arab countries for its inappropriate contents.

Anti-semitism and antisionism

Demonstration

The anti-semitism appears various ways:

hostility, even hatred, with regard to the Jewish S, being able to go until the assassination of people Jewish or considered as such (attack of the Rue of the Rose trees to Paris, attack against a Synagog Libérale in Paris, assassination with Nice of an young girl which should have married 15 days later by a criminal anti-semite called Frediksen, or of a Jewish tourist at the time of the diversion of the Achille Lauro etc, this list is not exhaustive),
scorn with respect to the physical characteristics and morals of the Juif S (mythology anti-semite of claimed prominent noses or taste for the money),
the rejection or the charge of the Jews like such, this independently of their situation or their action.

According to Leon Poliakov, the anti-semitism in a strict sense of the term, i.e. animosity with regard to the Jews is radically different from all the other last conflicts and hatreds because of its perenniality and its intensity.

The hatred of the Jews relates to a share only Humanité in comparison with planet. The anti-semitism is the profane version of the Antijudaïsme, of which the historical appearance, former to the Christianisme, goes back to the revolt of the Macchabées against the Roman capacity. Wilhelm Marr speaks about anti-semitism in 1879. At the 19th century, the anti-semitism will be the application, with a Peuple of Europe, racial theories which caused already many massacres overseas. The specificity of the anti-semitism of the 20th century lies in the fact that in fact European Population S in the middle same of the Europe were lowered on the level of under-humanity. The anti-semitism can take sophisticated forms, such as for example the press campaigns which without being openly antijuives, do not present less a Réseau of adulterated information which very tends to accuse the Judaïsme.

Forms

religious anti-semitism or Antijudaïsme. As practically all the Religion S, the Judaïsme faced the Discrimination and with the Violence, because of its Foi in competition with others Croyance S.

economic anti-semitism. In the Low the Middle Ages, after the First crusade, the majority of the trade S were prohibited to the Jews and they were confined in the money trades. Taking into account their periodic expulsions, the Jews could not devote themselves to the durable Agriculture in way. In addition, in the City S, they were excluded from the Corporation S, which were religious brotherhoods with patron saint and processions. In particular only the loan of money, interdict to the Christian , and the Friperie were authorized to them. Like in certain places the Goldsmithery and the Jewelry, when they of it were the only specialists.

However, the loan of money was remunerated by interest S that those which borrowed, to generally consume and not to invest, were out of state to refund. Also the interest S were necessarily high to compensate for the Risque S of nonrefunding, more especially as to refuse to refund a Jew was not a quite serious infringement. In 1431, at the time of the Council of Basle, the Église raised made prohibition to the catholics of the Prêt to interest. Persecutions anti-semites knew consequently an exponential growth in Europe.

the Xenophobia anti-semite. The Jews are very often immigrant people, because the ill treatments in their countries of origin and their expulsions caused to oblige them to emigrate. These immigrant Jews often had to undergo the Xénophobie some controlling or inhabitants of their host country. Thus, when the government of Vichy, the French State, directed during the Occupation by the marshal Philippe Pétain, promulgated a Statut Jews inspired narrowly of the laws hitlériennes, it in parallel decided to return on the naturalization S.A little later, its government authorized and organized the Déportation French Jews and foreigners towards the Concentration camps and thus led them towards death. Much of them had fought for the France at the time of the preceding world war, and in 1939 - 1940, in the capacity of Citoyen S French, or as foreign volunteers.

the racist anti-semitisms regard the Jews as a Race with whole share. But this theory is deprived of scientific base owing to the fact that there does not exist any human Race pure and that in addition, the current Jews are resulting from many Conversion the S which have occurred since highest Antiquité. For example the Khazars, in the the Caucasus, converted into mass with the Judaism with the the Middle Ages. The current example most outstanding is that of the Falasha S (black people of Africa of Jewish religion) (cf article “Judaïsme”).

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