Anatole de Monzie

Anatole de Monzie is a French politician of the Third Republic, born with Bazas (the Gironde) the November 22nd 1876 and died with Paris the January 11th 1947.

Biography

Under the Third Republic

Wire of a special commissioner of taxes, Anatole de Monzie makes his studies with Agen before coming to Paris to make his philosophy with the Collège Stanislas, where it binds with Henry de Jouvenel and Marc Sangnier. After studies of letters then of right, he works as clerk in the Vilastre solicitor then becomes lawyer and fact of the beginnings noticed to the bar, defending the literary property with the lawsuit of the Alex brothers and max Fischer.

Attracted by the policy, he becomes principal private secretary of Joseph Chaumié, Minister for the State education in 1902, then Minister for Justice in 1905. In parallel, he is elected as of 1904, at twenty-eight years, general adviser of Castelnau-Montratier, in the Lot before becoming, in 1909, is appointed Cahors, member with an small group republican-Socialist. It will remain it until in 1919, will become senator of the Batch in 1920 until in 1929, before becoming again appointed 1929 with 1940. He will be also mayor of Cahors.

With the House of Commons, it is illustrated by its countryside for the resumption of the diplomatic relations with the the Holy See then, in 1922, for the recognition by France of the Soviet Union. It is quite naturally that it was President of commission of Businesses Russian (1924 - 1927), which took again the negotiations with the Soviet mode about the compensation for the Russian carriers of Emprunts, and of the French delegation to the Franco-Soviet conference in September 1927. Opened in February 1925, the negotiation concerning the Russian loans was about to lead to the price of a strong reduction of incur French credits when the return to the business of Poincaré in July 1926 made reject this device, considered to be insufficiently favorable to the French savers. The negotiations were definitively suspended in 1927. Eighteen times minister, it added up nearly six years of presence to the government:

1913: Under-secretary of State to the merchant navy (government Louis Barthou)
1917: Under-secretary of State to the merchant navy and the maritime transport
April 3rd at April 17th, 1925: Minister for Finance (succeeds Etienne Clémentel in the first government of Edouard Herriot)
April 17th at October 11th, 1925: Minister for the State education and the Art schools (second government of Paul Painlevé)
October 11th at October 29th, 1925: Minister of Justice, Minister for justice (succeeds Theodore Steeg, second government of Paul Painlevé)
October 29th, 1925 at June 23rd, 1926: public Minister for Labor (succeeds Pierre Laval, third government of Paul Painlevé, seventh and eighth governments of Aristide Briand)
July 19th at July 23rd, 1926: Minister for Finance (second government of Edouard Herriot)
June 3rd, 1932 at January 29th, 1934: Minister for State education (third government of Edouard Herriot, government of Joseph Paul-Boncour, first government of Edouard Daladier, first government of Albert Sarraut, second government of Camille Chautemps)
August 23rd, 1938 at June 5th, 1940: Public Minister for Labor (succeeds Ludovic-Oscar Frossard in the third government of Edouard Daladier and preserves this wallet in the government of Paul Reynaud).

With the ministry for finances, in 1925, it proposes a plan of financial cleansing which causes a vehement opposition.

Minister for the State education…

The short passage of Anatole de Monzie to the ministry for the State education and the Art schools in 1925 is marked by the publication of famous Instructions on the teaching of philosophy on September 2nd, 1925. In the line of Victor Cousin, they post the ambition of a teaching of philosophy suitable to train the citizen: “ To develop faculties of reflection of young people, to put them in state and especially of provision to judge later by themselves, without indifference as without dogmatism, to give them on the whole of the problems of the thought and the action of the sights which enable them to be really integrated into the company of their time and the humanity, here which is, to the bottom, the clean function of the professor of philosophy. ” It thus acts to allow that young people “ are armed with a method of reflection and some general principles of intellectual life and morals which support them in this new existence, which makes them experts able to see beyond the trade, of the citizens able to exert the judgment enlightened and independent that our democratic society requires. ”

In addition, in a circular of August 14th, 1925, answering at the request of the French Regionalistic Federation to which the teacher quercynois Antonin Perbosc belonged, Anatole de Monzie strictly proscribed the regional language teaching at the school: “ the Public school, not more than the certificated Church, could not shelter competitor speeches of a French language of which the worship jealous will never have enough furnace bridges. ”

… and of State education

In 1932, it was the first to carry the title of Ministre for State education . As of its taking of, he explained why this change of name was to show the will of the government to go towards more school equality and, consequently, more exemption from payment. Accordingly, it generalized since 1932 the exemption from payment of the secondary education intended for the girls created by the law Sée of 1880. In April 1933, it created the Superior council of the scientific research, following the proposals of the physicist Jean Perrin. It founded, on September 1st 1933, the examination of entry in 6th, created the university Office of statistics, in connection with the National union of the students of France, the Confederation of the professional workers and the Federation of the parents of pupils of secondary education. In 1935, it took part in the creation of the republican socialist Union (USR).

Public Minister for Labor in 1938 it had to face the great strike of the dockers. Between 1938 and 1940 it was, with the Government, the man of many delicate, and often discussed diplomatic missions. Representative of the pacifist line, it dreamed of a mediation of Mussolini between Hitler and the Allies.

In the capacity as Minister for Education, Anatole de Monzie had mesh to leave with the pedagog Célestin Freinet. The communist deputy Gabriel Péri defended this last goes down for hearing some at Monzie. Maurice Wullens, present during this maintenance, made of it the account in the review “the Humble ones”. De Monzie did not revoke Freinet, as it sometimes is believed, but it moved it office on June 21st, 1933, which led the pedagog to leave State education and to found its own private school. This episode contributed to the black legend of Anatole de Monzie, presented like a " henchman of the bourgeoisie". The son-in-law of Freinet, Jacques Bens, written thus that " the notable ones of Saint-Paul-of-Vence… obtained from Anatole de Monzie, poor Minister for the State education, the displacement of office of Freinet " in the interest of the school laïque". " (Introduction to teaching works of Célestin Freinet, Threshold, 1994, volume I, p.10.)

In its instructions of 1925, of Monzie is presented in the form of an adversary of the exaggerated doctrines and extremists and endeavors to put the traditional form of the course of philosophy at the service of the intellectual freedom of the pupil.

During the war

He voted the full powerss with the Maréchal Pétain the July 10th 1940, which he justified (according to the newspaper of Marcel Déat) by taking again the formula of Talleyrand: “ It was necessary to save what could be saved. ” Friendly of Otto Abetz, of Darquier de Pellepoix, Fernand de Brinon, his political career was completed in February 1942 with its forced departure of the town hall of Cahors. It supervised the publication of the French Encyclopédie , implemented by Lucien Febvre and Gaston Berger starting from 1935. Neither hierarchical nor alphabetical, its original classification is known as methodical. The company ambitionnait to deal with the major problems which arose for humanity at the 20th century while drawing up a complete assessment of Western civilization.

Friend of the writer Pierre Benoit, it made him discover the department of the Batch and more particularly the town of Saint-Céré, where the novelist wrote the majority of his books in the room n° 2 of the Hotel of Touring. He was also the friend of Henry de Jouvenel, Marc Sangnier, Leon Bérard, Marcel Cachin, Roland Dorgelès, Colette, Lucien Febvre, Paul Langevin, of the Verdier cardinal…

At the autumn 1945, it is put at the index by the National committee of the writers.

Works

School reforms , Paris, Stock, 1905
With the borders of the policy , Paris, Grasset, 1913
If will resucitara! , Paris, Alcan, 1915 (on the Franco-Spanish relations)
Rome without Canossa, or the Diplomacy of the presence, Paris, Albin Michel, 1918
the entry with the forum: twenty years before , Paris, Albin Michel, 1920
the Death of Julie , Paris, Auguste Blaizot, 1922
Of the Kremlin in Luxembourg , Paris, Delpuech, 1924
Tales of Saint-Céré , Paris, Gallimard, 1929
legal Size and Servitude , Paris, Kra, 1931
Small handbook of new Russia , Paris, Firmin-Didot, 1931
Book of speeches , Paris, Excelsior, 1934
abusive Widows , Paris, Grasset, 1937
Above , Paris, Flammarion, 1941
Petition for the history , Paris, Flammarion, 1942
Memories of the platform , Paris, Correa, 1943
the Season of the judges , Paris, Flammarion, 1943
the Academy of the people , Paris, Company of Edition of higher education, 1948

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