Ammunition

Etymology

The ammunition (or monition , amunition , amonition . as former French) the thing is originally with which one provides (of Latin munitionem , of munire which means “to provide” ).

History of the word

To the 16th century, the Book of gun foundry (REINAUD and FAVÉ, p. 142) explains “the way of doing the ammunition and composition of Greek fire”

According to the Dictionary of the French Academy (4th edition of 1762, Page 187), one heard at the 18th century by “ammunition” “the Provision of the things necessary in an army or a place of war” . (Ex: food supplies; ammunition of mouth, the provisions to make good expensive )

Ammunition of war . “the place étoit equipped with ammunition of war & mouth. One manquoit of ammunition, all kinds of ammunition” . In this direction the word gets busy only with the pluriel.
Le Pain of ammunition St “the bread which one distributes each day to the soldiers in the army or a place of war. The soldiers had order to take bread of ammunition for three days” (ex: MOUNT., I, 261: Of the frosts if aspres that wine of the ammunition coupoit with blows of axe” … AMYOT, C. of Utiq. 77: “This booklet contenoit the estat of the monition of which it avoit makes make provision for the war, of bledz, weapons” … Mr. OF the BELLAY, 518: “It avoit makes make a bread ammunition for ten days” )

It is only in its 6th edition (1832-5) that the Dictionary of the French Academy (2:245 Page) adds to the preceding definition: “ Rifle of ammunition, Rifle large gauge, which is the ordinary weapon of the infantrymen, and to which a bayonet adapts”.

Then the word more often indicates the powders and projectiles, for rifle as for the gun, before the Torpille S, carried Missile S and others rocket S enter the field of the projectiles.

Since the 20th century century, one distinguishes also the conventional ammunition from the chemical ammunition and recently the intelligent ammunition or green ammunition.

History

The first firearms drew from simple stones, or the Grenaille of iron recovered in the forging mills (before that is not prohibited). Spherical balls were quickly invented, run in Plomb, then out of allied lead of Antimoine and Arsenic to harden it. The powder was initially separately charged by the mouth with rifle or the gun or the gun. Until the 19th century century, it was necessary of calepiner the bullets, i.e. to roll up them in a piece of cotton, fabric or paper lubricated (the cartridge) in order to ensure the best possible output of the shooting by adjusting the projectile best the gun by the reduction of the interstices by which the gases escape instead of pushing the ball, and to increase the rate of shooting.

With the appearance of the powders without smoke nor residue and the waxy preparations of nitrates not very sensitive to water and moisture, and thanks to capsules igniting with the percussion (the Starter S ), the ammunition gained in facility of use and of reliability. The case is a receptacle provided with a capsule full with an explosive primary education at its base and filled with a load while the ball, having taken the various shapes of warhead, is enchased at the other end. The unit named cartridge is tight and offers a facility of loading which opened the way with a whole series of automatic systems of loading of the weapon, thus improving its Firepower.

The modern cartridges present Caliber S increasingly small with lighter balls but also much faster.

It is with the First World War that the manufacture now become industrial of the ammunition more than was multiplied by ten in a few months, mobilizing most of the financial, industrial resources and mines of the belligerents. More than one billion shell and tens of billion balls gun, rifle and machine-gun, torpedes and other grenades were thus manufactured in four years.

At the end of the war, a third of the shells which left the production lines was chemical ammunition including one weak part, fortunately, were used.

A quarter approximately of the shells manufactured with the chain did not explode with the impact, contributing to the after-effects of war. At the time of the Second world war, they will be 10 shells out of hundred which will not explode with the impact, and approximately 50% of the ammunition flamers. Number of them are still in the grounds where they break up slowly into releasing their contents (of which nitrates, mercury and other poisons).

Designation

The ammunition are generally indicated by a figure corresponding quasi always to the Caliber (at least approximate) of the projectile followed by a proper name. A second more rigorous marking system expresses the Caliber and the length of the case, more possibly some letters establishing various characteristics.

Mechanics of the ammunition

The most important characteristic of a firearm is the ammunition for which it is barrack room. It determines the Caliber weapon. The weight of the ball and the quantity of powder determine the power of the ammunition and the retreat of the weapon.

The chapters according to explain why the modern ammunition tend to be of a lower Caliber, lighter and rapids that the older ammunition.

Energy

The energy of a projectile moving corresponds to its kinetic energy and increases its range and its effectiveness. The formula in traditional mechanics is:

E_c = \ frac {1} {2} m v^2

where m is the mass of the ball, v is its speed. A ball heavy and fast will have more energy than a ball slow and light .

Let us note that the kinetic energy at the time of the impact depends on the energy which is given to him at the time of the shooting, and on the energy lost by the friction of the air. The energy given at the time of the shooting depends on the propelling load and friction in the gun (thus its length), but not on the mass of the projectile; thus, for a given propelling load, a heavier projectile will go less quickly than a light projectile, but both will have the same kinetic energy.

The friction of the air depends him on the form of the projectile and its speed: the faster one projectile is, the more important friction is and thus more it slows down. The Inertia, therefore the Mass, of the projectile is opposed to this braking. Thus, for a given initial kinetic energy, a heavier projectile will be less sensitive to braking than a light projectile, because slower initially (friction is thus less important) and less sensitive to the deceleration (larger inertia).

Let us note that there exists also a kinetic energy known as of rotation for the balls rotating. A ball rotating has more energy than an of the same mass ball not turning, at the same speed (The same applies to the Obu S). The rifled bores or forms it certain balls involve their rotation.

Retreat

The retreat of a weapon is an opposite push with that of the ball, according to the principle of action-reaction. It is function of the Quantité of movement p developed by the ball is:

\ vec {p} =m \ vec {v}

There still, m is the mass of the ball and v its speed. Speed does not have more influence on the retreat developed by the ammunition than the mass. Let us note that the momentum felt at the beginning of the ball is equivalent, and even higher if account of the friction is taken, than that printed with the target. In short, there is only in films where a rifle shot of hunting propels its target behind three meters. A weapon whose ammunition would develop such a momentum would make undergo the same fate with the gunner.

To the momentum of the ball leaving in a direction corresponds, for the weapon whose blow left, an identical momentum in contrary direction.

m ₁· v ₁ = m ₂· v ₂

where m ₁ and v ₁ is the mass and the speed of the ball, m ₂ v ₂ those of the weapon. The latter being definitely heavier than the ball will leave much less further. This speed printed with the weapon corresponds to the retreat. To equal ammunition, a heavier weapon will thus present a weaker retreat.

Trajectory of the projectile

The terrestrial Gravité irremediably actuates the projectile towards the ground and the trajectory of a projectile takes necessarily the shape of a curve. The shootings with long distance require to compensate for this fall while aiming above the target. The more the ball will have speed, plus its trajectory will seem punt for a given distance (by neglecting frictions). The wind will have to be compensated for same manner by shifting the line of sight on the side.

The majority of the firearms present a gun equipped with internal stripes intended to print a rotation movement with the ball to improve the stability of its trajectory. The Speed with the mouth of a ball is very variable according to the ammunition and the length of gun of the weapons. The ammunition of handguns are relatively slow, their speeds hardly exceed that of the its is approximately 340 m/s. The ammunition of weapons of shoulder are definitely faster, between 400 and 1 000 m/s. A shooting with long distance also implies a temporal shift between the shooting and the arrival of the projectile which it can be necessary to compensate.

The balls coming into contact with objects (stone, tree, wall, water surface) are likely to rebound and know important changes of trajectory. It is a considerable source of accidents.

See also Ballistic and parabolic Trajectory.

Damage, Traumatology

The damage inflicted by a firearm depends on the weapon but especially on the ammunition. The problems related to the damage created by the ammunition vary according to the context of use. In the civil mediums (police force, self-defense) engagements generally take place with very short range and the Stopping power is fundamental. The ammunition must immediately put except combat the target to prohibit any response to him. In a military context, the problems are different, the criteria are much more numerous (a soldier must for example be able to take along a big number of ammunition with him) and the casualties at the enemy represent a completely interesting logistic handicap.

There exist many debates of experts on the effectiveness of the ammunition. The approaches are multiple, for example tests carried out in homogeneous blocks (clay or specific freezing) to study the effect of the impacts, statistical studies and medical studies on real cases. Several explanations are generally advanced and are the subject of animated debates.

The inflicted wounds are primarily Plaie S (perforation of the skin and fabrics subjacent), whose consequences depend primarily on the touched part and the penetration depth. The kinetic energy released with the impact is sometimes regarded as source of local and distant damage on fabrics and the organization; it is the “hydrostatic shock” caused by the Shock wave (mechanical Onde of Pression) which is in the beginning.

The shape of the projectile influences the type of damage. International conventions or the practical values prohibited the use of military balls modified to increase the extent of the caused damage. The soft metal balls (lead or containing more than lead 80%) also release with the penetration a small but measurable quantity of toxic lead which is immediately diffused in molecular form or of tiny fragments in the body by blood flow. In the cases of the ammunition such as grenades and shell, the envelope split up by the explosive is itself wounding, in addition to the shock wave. He is necessary to add to it the effects of the toxic chemical contents for the chemical ammunition, and/or those of the hundreds of lead balls projected in all the directions, in the cases of the shells shrapnels).

The first consequence is the Douleur, according to the moral one of the victim, the result can go from its setting except combat because of the anguish to a dangerous reaction of anger under the effect of adrenalin.

If a muscle or a tendon is touched, that will cause a functional impotence (constrained or impossible movement). blood-vessels will be probably touched, causing Hémorragie S which can involve the Mort quickly. The destruction partial or total of body can cause a death immediate (Cœur, Cerveau) or delayed (Poumon S and respiratory system) or infirmities (mental paralysis or disorders in the event of attack of the brain or the Spinal-cord, various disorders according to the body reached, Amputation). Like all the wounds, they present a risk of Infection. The ammunition can also cause a Fracture osseous with dispersion of esquilles osseous worsening the traumatism.

The type of ammunition depends on the sought-after goal:

Maintenance of law and order: one rather will direct oneself towards ammunition causing of the pain, with a weak risk of penetration (ammunition known as “sub-lethal”), such as for example of the Chevrotine out of rubber or of the Flash-ball S. the traditional ammunition will be generally conventional armor-plated balls, probably for a reason related to the cost than with the effectiveness. For the police force the weapon is symbolic system and dissuasive more than practical;
Hunting: the goal is to stop and quickly kill a small animal moving, with relatively weak range to protect the goods and people located in the direction from the shooting, with projectiles generally nonshaped and multiple (shot) to maximize the chances to touch and limit the range. For game of bigger size, one draws since from the rifled bore weapons of the shaped and fast balls, close to the military ammunition. One will then seek to increase the effect of shock and to break the bones with balls whose warhead is shaped than the military ammunition. The long range and the very high kinetic energy of these ammunition comparable with the ammunition of war are in the beginning many accidents.
intervention: At the time of the operations of intervention during arrest at the risk, of catch of hostage or protection of personalities or for the self-defense the sought-after goal is to put the target out of state to harm as fast as possible. This stopping power can be obtained by an expansive projectile to increase the volume of destroyed fabrics and to maximize the chances to touch a vital body or to cause an important hemorrhage. A ammunition with multiple projectiles can be used, with risks of touching others target, but their capacity of weaker penetration is presented by their promoters as being a pledge of safety.
Control of a dangerous animal: for dangerous and/or protected animals, darts furnished with a sleeping pill are effectively used, generally by veterinary surgeons. They can however be wounding for small or fragile animals if they touch a vital body. This type of ammunition adapted forever to hunting neither to the handguns nor to the military uses because of its very reduced range and the slowness of its effect.
War: The ammunition of war are varied even than the weapons which implement them (ball of gun to the Nuclear bomb). The logistic constraints, of reactivity, weight, cost and speed of production led the countries known as “rich” to couple the industrial production of ammunition for heavy weapons with the production per billion units of ammunition individual light, compact, and easy to forward to the combatants, while seeking to develop their range and their capacity of perforation whereas the shieldings and individual protections multiplied and whereas the enemy weapons became increasingly more powerful and precise, in expensive a Arms race which is still not controlled. The military strategy finds more “profitable” to wound an enemy to kill it; each casualty mobilizing an important logistics (recovery, transport, care, convalescence) by generating an impact which one hopes for demobilisator in the troops and on the population with the back, able to inflect the policy options. The protection of its own soldiers counts too; a ammunition such as the 5,56 mm NATO is one of the most dangerous ammunition of light weapons because of its capacity to be burst under the constraints of an impact to less than 100 meters (see the article Blindage and ammunition anti-shielding ). As from 1855 at the time of the Crimean War, then especially in 1914-1918 the soldiers were inserted to protect themselves from the ammunition become very powerful, developing a war known as of the Tranchées. The merchants of weapons then produced shells shrapnels at submunitions with a system of delayed-action of the explosion, so as to program this one with the top them sliced to kill there those which were protected there. In the same way the chemical ammunition were they able to release from the invisible, sometimes persistent poisons and penetrating in the casemates (and through natural rubber protection in the case of yperite). Then they are the bombers with great capacity then the missiles which made the trenches useless, themselves of little weight vis-a-vis the nuclear weapon, before are not profiled the bombs with neutrons, of new nontoxic ammunition or “intelligent” and the Star Wars which returns the concept of fuzzier ammunition, with for example the use of the laser or other types of waves or fields electromagnetic, when it is not a question simply of computer viruses charged with déprogrammer the enemy weapons.

See hereafter Effectiveness of the ammunition .

Ammunition and environment

To improve the characteristics kinetic S of the projectiles, of the heavy metals was used in the majority of the ammunition. However, all these metals are toxic, and in particular the Plomb to which one generally adds 7 to 10% of Antimoine and of also toxic Arsenic. It is present in the balls, or certain starters (Azoture of lead replacing the Fulminate of mercury). Lead is one of the most toxic elements in term of risk/quantity, with the mercury (present in the form of mercury fulminate in old the Amorce S). The Cadmium, also very toxic is also present in certain ammunition (military).

Evolutions: Many countries since years 1980 prohibited or reduces the use of lead in the cartridges of hunting to the profit of less toxic or said cartridges not-poisons . But in addition to that other less toxic metals, but nevertheless toxic are used (Bismuth in particular), if the Cuivre or Laiton of the linings or casings is not very toxic for the animals, it is it, and with very low dose, for certain plants and watery organizations. In addition the Nitrate S were very much used in the propelling loads. They are eutrophisants of the Environnement and they can contribute to acidify the air (in the form of Acid nitric).

the ammunition can pollute at least six manners:

during their manufacture (Ex: Northern Metaleurop in France produced lead for the ammunition and formed balls for the cartridges in its tower with lead. Like other artisanal industrial sites or, the factory after its closing and an expensive depollution is still source of main issues of lead poisoning and durable pollution of the grounds and sediments.)
at the time of accidents in the factories of ammunition, during transport, or in the ammunition dumps. For example, in May 2004, the Swiss office of the environment of the canton of Schwyz detected an unexplained pollution on the surface of the several lakes in Switzerland (Is and centers). The Centrale main road of alarm (CENAL) showed by analyzes and models of weather dissemination, which they were repercussions of fine particles of heavy metals coming from accidental fire from an ammunition dump in Ukraine. In Germany one still treats serious pollution left by an accident in a factory of ammunition and the explosion of a train of ammunition, which invites to retrospectively revaluing the repercussions of accidents such as the explosion of the ammunition dump of the collar of Susten in 1992, or that of the Ammunition dump of the eighteen bridges which blew in 1916 part of the town of Lille.
during their use (vapor emission of mercury, lead and unburnt residues), direct problems of health arising especially in room, for the military trainers or of the police force)
at the time of the abandonment or the loss of projectiles in the nature (lead mainly, but of the ammunition were manufactured with many metals, of which Uranium impoverished). They are 5000 to 8000 tons of lead which were annually scattered in the environment by hunting and the shooting-trap in France at the end of the XXe century in France, that is to say 500 to 700 times the annual emissions of the Metaleurop Factory before its closing (the famous factory most polluting by lead in this country).
when the not exploded ammunition are lost, forgotten at the time of combat or drive (a considerable part of the shells and other military ammunition do not explode with the impact)
during their dismantling or final destruction or rejection in nature (ex: immersed ammunition), for the out-of-date ammunition, prohibited chemical ammunition or ammunition not-exploded recovered and treated under bad conditions, particularly for the chemical weapons.

Certain sites of peripheral Ball-trap or fields and meadows proved more polluted that industrial sites at the risk, requiring expensive depollutions.

For all these reasons, the armies, the police force and the authorities responsible for hunting, in certain countries start to impose ammunition less toxic or known as " not toxiques".

More, to see the article Toxicity of the ammunition.

Classification

The mode of percussion determines three types of ammunition:

central, metal case
central, nonmetal case/casing: for weapon with unrifled bore,
annular

Effectiveness of the ammunition

Mass and speed of the projectile

The kinetic energy increasing according to the square speed, whereas its influence on the momentum is not higher than that of the mass, it is generally interesting to privilege it when designing ammunition. A light and fast ball will offer a better relationship between energy and retreat. As example, a 9 mm Parabellum standard of 8 G and having an initial speed of 350 m/s will have an energy of just like 490 joules a .45 ACP STATES standard of 14,95 G with a speed of 258 m/s (494 joules). But the retreat developed by the two ammunition is on the other hand very dissimilar since the momentum of the 9 mm Parabellum is of 2,8 kgm/s against 3,86 kgm/s for the .45 ACP STATES. In term of relationship between energy conferred on the projectile and retreat, the advantage is very clearly in favor of the light and fast balls.

Such balls thus require nevertheless powerful powders of high pressures in room as well as long guns, which explains why it took time before developing fast balls and that the ammunition of Handgun remain relatively slow. The weight of the tradition plays nevertheless a big role on the matter since that a 9 mm Parabellum THV (Very High-speed) was developed by a French company without meeting a significant business success. The armies gradually obtained ammunition light and fast starting from the Années 1960 and one also notes the appearance of fast and light ammunition in recent machine pistols corresponding to the concept of PDW. One of them, the P90 is accompanied even by the Five-SeveN, a Pistolet confined for this same kind of ammunition.

Shock wave

In theory a Shock wave is born in the wake from a progressing projectile with more Mach 1 in a medium. In addition the speed of sound in their center is higher than that of the fastest ammunition of long weapons thus the projectiles available do not reach Mach 1 there. In addition the inertia and the mechanical resistance of fabrics enable them to move back at the time of a push thus to absorb part of the energy which animates the projectile. Their physical characteristics, in particular their density, would cause moreover one rapid dissipation of a shock wave by rise in the temperature and damage mechanical in the immediately surrounding medium and not to a big part in the unit. This is why some affirm that no projectile of contemporary firearm causes shock wave in living tissue where the cavities observed concern the waves of pressure.

To be able perforating

The perforating capacity of a projectile is function of its sectionnelle Densité: it is function of the mass of the projectile compared to its surface in contact with the body to be perforated. This is why the perforating projectiles are long and dense.

Characteristics of the balls

But energy and the retreat are not enough to give an account of the effectiveness of the ammunition. The capacity of setting except combat of human, for example, is particularly difficult to establish bus of the empirical tests are excluded. Several concepts emergent toutefois :

the capacity of perforation expresses the aptitude of a ball to cross obstacles and to penetrate deeply in the target. An armor-plated ammunition of handgun is generally able to right through cross the body of a car (not the engine nor wheels) but a relatively light bullet-proof jacket will stop it. A ammunition of weapon of shoulder generally presents a capacity of higher perforation, face to which the light bullet-proof jackets are without effect unless reinforcing them heavy plates (metal or ceramics). These individual protections are increasingly widespread, this is why the small ammunition Caliber S used in the PDW aim to cross them. Some summarize the perforation by dividing the energy of the ball by its frontal surface without neglecting the hardness of its core (sectionnelle Densité).
the Stopping power is the capacity of a ammunition to put an adversary out of combat as of the first impact. A higher stopping power is one of the criteria which justify for some the use of a ammunition of fort Caliber, such as the .45 ACP STATES, while at the same time it presents a bad relationship between the energy dissipated at the time of the impact and the produced retreat but also an obstruction and a mass more important than those of small the Caliber S.
the wounding Pouvoir corresponds to the quantity of damage than a ball causes in living tissue. A ball of large diameter being inserted deeply in its target while expansant as much as possible will destroy a greater volume of fabrics.
the morphology of the projectile, improving or reducing the other parameters.

Types of balls

armor-plated Balls : It is about a simple configuration in which the core, often out of lead, is entirely lined of a hard metal. These simple balls present a reduced cost and reduce the emplombage. Their limited effectiveness was also perceived as an advantage by the soldiers, considering that it was preferable to wound an enemy soldier who monopolizes much more logistic resources to transport and look after that if it simply died. Their use in a civil context, for example by police officers, poses a problem because they often cross the bodies and rebound easily, therefore can reach the innocent ones.

perforating Balls: They generally present a shaped form (warhead) and are made up of a traditional tender metal shirt (copper) and of very hard and an internal very dense metal warhead (tungsten, chilled steel) to increase to them sectionnelle Densité. A lead film can be cast between the shirt and the warhead interns in order to lubricate at the time of the impact. When the ball touches a hard surface, the nose of the warhead is crushed on surface and created a zone of contact. The warhead interns much harder slips on the interior of the shirt (a fortiori so of lead melted by the heat of the ball is present between the internal warhead and the skirt), fixed well by the crushed shirt, the internal warhead is inserted right in hard surface while the empty shirt remains against the wall… The pointed warhead will tend to slip along the obstacles rather than to crash to pieces them. Certain balls are even covered with Teflon to facilitate their penetration. Such stray bullets in power of stop because do not expansent at the time of the impact. A ball whose warhead is quite round will tend on the other hand to preserve a right trajectory in the target and to break the bones if however it has sufficient energy.

Balls with hollow or soft head, dum-dum bullets: These balls are designed to become deformed at the time of an impact on a living organism, therefore “to open out” or “champignoner” in order to increase their effectiveness. Living tissue are aqueous, but water is (quasi) incompressible so that these soft balls are deformed at the time of the impact, especially if they are fast, by resistance met. They lose in perforation but increase the damage caused with the target by simple increase in their frontal surface. Before the appearance of this type of balls, some notched the head of their ball in the shape of cross to obtain an equivalent effect or the bursting of the ball in fragments in the target. The dum-dum bullets, produced in the arsenal of the same name close to Calcutta, were the first specifically designed to obtain this effect. This type of ball is very widespread, in the civil world in particular, although they were prohibited at the time of the first International Conference of the peace of $the Hague in 1899. Buckshot and Glaser: Ammunition made up of multiple projectiles. The shotguns to heart smoothes use it to increase the probability of touching a small target moving. The Glaser (trade mark) is a very specific ammunition used in the situations of taking of hostage. The ball contains a whole of projectiles which are égayent in the target with the impact, causing immediate and considerable damage, in particular with the nervous system, intended to prohibit any reaction of the target. Glaser require a shooting perfectly localized to be effective, an impact with the abdomen could for example remain without immediate effect, therefore to expose an hostage. These two types of ammunition are very effective with short range but have a capacity of very weak perforation.

military Ammunition: The modern ammunition used by the armies (5,56 mm NATO, 5,45 Russian) present in spite of their low diameter of the important potentials of destruction. Three phenomena contribute to this effectiveness. There still, the data are disputed, in particular because they contravene sometimes agreements signed by the governments which implement them but also because it is very difficult to make the share between the legend and reality in such a particular field.

Their barycentre is excentré towards the back which thus has tendency, at the time of the impact, “to exceed the front one”. The ball thus rocks when it touches the target, which thus increases its surface the caused damage.
Some, in particular the 5,56 mm NATO, can split up in several glares in the target thanks to their high speed of impact and rotation.
In addition to the capacity of destruction corresponding to the diameter of the ball, their high speed creates a so fast and powerful shock wave which it tears the fabrics in which it is propagated instead of deforming them temporarily.

The abbreviations presented in the tables below correspond to the following balls:

LRN: Lead Round Nose ; simple and not very expensive lead bullet not lined with round warhead for a better penetration in the air.
FMJ: Full Metal Jacketed ; lined ball, i.e. covered with a hard metal coating. This type of ball is not very deformable.
FMC flat: Full Metal Puts ; ball with head punt used more for the shooting in stand than for hunting, cheaper and less door that his/her big sister.
JSP: Jacketed Software Not ; lined ball with soft head. The ball is surrounded by a layer of hard metal except the head intended for expanser.
JHP: Jacketed Hollow Not ; lined ball with hollow head, the ball is covered with a metal coating difficult to deform except for the head which includes/understands a depression in its center to allow a better expansion.
SJ ESC : Semi Jacketed Exposed Steel Core ; semi-lined steel core. Ball developed around a perforating hard core designed to pass the bullet-proof jackets.
LSW: Lead Semi-Wadcutter ; lead bullet with truncated head . The head of the ball is a warhead punt, not very expensive and having the ballistic qualities improved compared to a ball to the head completely punt.

Ammunition of the handguns

Characteristics of various ammunition

Photographs Ammunition

Ammunition for rifles of hunting

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