Almohades

The dynasty of Almohades (in Arab: Al-muwaḥḥidun (rear RTL ''' الموَحدون ''') “Unitarian” those which proclaim the divine unit, tawhīd ) or Banû `Abdul-Mu' min ( banū `abdu l-mū' min (rear RTL ''' بنوعبدالمؤمن ''') descendants of `Abdul-Mu' min) is a Moslem dynasty Amazigh and known as the fifth Moor, resulting from a movement of religious reform, which reigns on the the Maghreb and the Moslem Iberian peninsula of 1147 with 1269. Almohades develop in reaction with the Almoravides which dominate since Marrakech current the Morocco and the Moslem Iberian peninsula then succeed to them.

History

The founder

See also: Ibn Tûmart

Muḥammad ibn Tūmart, (Mohammed_ibnou_toumert) resulting from the tribe Berber of Masmuda in the area of the Under (Morocco), in the Anti-Atlas, wire of a lighter of lamps of a mosque and noticed for its piety and its physical deformity. He is opposed to the rite malékite imposed by the reigning dynasty, the Almoravides. After drive outbeing driven out to have caused riots it takes refuge in the High Atlas, with Tinmel where it organizes there a military and religious community (Ten and Fifty) around a rigid and austere Islam and, in 1121, proclaims the Mahdi (the Messiah). He dies in 1130

Conquerors

It is highly probable that its influence would not have survived to him if it had not found a lieutenant in the person of Abd Al-Mu' min el Kumi, undoubtedly a soldier and a politician of first order. When Ibn Tūmart dies in 1128, Al-Mu' min guard its secret death during two years until its own influence is established. Under its direction, Tlemcen, Fès then Marrakech is taken and the dynasty almoravide falls in 1147. “Abdul-Mu' min establishes little by little its authority on an empire including the whole of the the Maghreb and the Western Andalusia (catch of Cordoue in 1148 and of Grenade in 1154). He proclaims Caliph and prince of the believers, thus rejecting the sovereignty of the Abbassides, and imposes the dynastic principle of heredity. His/her son, Abu Yaqub Yusuf (1163-1184), can succeed to him his death in 1163. This last and its son, Abu Yusuf Yaqub Al-Mansur, “the Victorious one” (1184-1199), third caliph, continue his work and extend their authority to all the Andalusia by inflicting a defeat with Alphonse VIII of Castille to the Bataille of Alarcos in 1195. In Africa they succeeded in driving out the garrisons placed in coastal towns by the kings Normands of Sicily.
      • Additive about the cofounders of the dynasty of Almohades or Muwahhidun (“Unit”): Mohammed Ibn Toumert was a Berber born towards 1080 in Igilliz in the tribe from Hargas, with the septentrional slope of the Anti-Atlas. He was the son of the chief of this village “ amghar ”. As for Abdelmoumen Ben Ali El Goumi, it is a Zénète, of modest origin, wire of a potter with Goumia, locality located at the North-West of Tlemcen and current Oujda (close to Nemours). Ibn Toumert was driven out by the population of Candle because of the disorders that it generated there, and took refuge in the vicinity in Zaouia de Mellala, gathering around him disciples of which Abdelmoumen which will be the future caliph. The capital of the empire which extended from the current Libya in the north of Spain, had as a Marrakech capital, where Almoravides ( Mourabitoun or Moulethemin - “veiled”) were with the capacity. Almohades release Marrakech of the hands of the almoravides in 1147, and its defenders massacred like all the representatives of the line almoravide, in particular the young emir Ishak.
Made main on the town of Marrakech, Abdelmoumen decided to raise on the ruins of Dar Al Hajar, celebrates it Koutoubya mosque.

Culture

Architecture produces many chiefs of works whose 3 rather remarkable mosques by the similarity of their minaret (bases square and decoration) so much so that they were called the 3 sisters: the Giralda of Seville, the Koutoubia of Marrakech and the unfinished of the Hassan mosque to Reduction, more known minaret under the name of Turn Hassan. The universities maintain a contact with knowledge of the Greece and the ancient Rome as well as the teaching of philosophers like Averroès.

Several large Jewish philosophers and Moslems lived under this dynasty. Averroès and Maïmonide is most known. Not to be constrained to abjure its religion Maïmonide emigrates in Egypt.

Decline

The dynastic principle of heredity displeases to the chiefs of tribes, the sheiks . After a severe defeat close to Tunis in 1187, the emir must be combined with Saladin.

The Christian States of Spain (Castille, León, Aragon and Navarre) and of the Portugal are organized for the Reconquista, in particular while making conceal their arguments and inflict with El-Nasir the disaster of Las Navas de Tolosa (July 16th 1212).

On the the Maghreb, local dynasties are essential, like the Hafsides in Tunisia in 1229, the Abdalwadides in the central Maghreb in 1239 or the Mérinides which seize in 1244 Meknès in the Western Maghreb. In Andalusia, the Nasrides of Grenade create an independent kingdom which survives until in 1492. In same time, the Reconquista progresses to great steps. Cordoue, the symbol city of the Spanish Islam, falls in 1236, Valence in 1238, Seville in 1248. These successive retreats and this crumbling of the empire ring the knell of the dynasty almohade which ends with Abû Al `Ula Al-Wâthiq Idrîs, after the catch of Marrakech by the Beni Husband (Mérinides) in 1269.

Chronology of the empire almohade

  • 1121 : Ibn Tûmart settles with Tinmel in the High Atlas in the south of Marrakech, with its faithful “Almohades”, Al-Mowahidoun, holding of the unicity of God.
  • 1129 : `Abdul-Mu' min beats in front of Aghmat the troops Almoravides which tried to reduce Tinmel and pushes back them until Marrakech.
  • 1130 : Ibn Tûmart dies, its disciple `Abdul-Mu' min proclaims mahdî and Imam of Almohades.
  • 1140 : Almohades seize the oases of the south then of Taza, fail in front of Ceuta but take shortly after Melilla and Alhucemas. The fundamentalist dynasty of the Islam of Almohades will leave to the Jews only the choice between conversion and death.
  • 1145 : Victorious in front of Tlemcen, second capital of Almoravides, Almohades continue the Almoravide Tachfin Ben Ali until Oran where it is killed. Oran, Tlemcen, Oujda and Meknès fall then, just as Fès whose garrison almoravide is massacred. Salted and Ceuta are subjected. Almohades destroy the principal Jewish communities of Andalusia. The Jews are constrained to adopt Islam and can only practice the Judaism seals some, one will call them then the Anoussim.
  • 1147 : “Abdul-Mu' min seizes Marrakech, and takes again the Country of Al-Andalûs, the dynasty of Almohades succeeds that of the Almoravides. Construction of the mosque Koutoubia.
  • 1152 : `Abdul-Mu' min starts the conquest of the the Eastern Maghreb where he intends to draw aside the threat of the Arab nomads Hilaliens. Béjaïa, is also conquered.
  • 1157 : Almohades take again Almeria with the Christians.
  • 1159 : New countryside of “Abdul-Mu' min in the east of the Maghreb. Tunis, Sfax and Tripoli is taken and the garrison Norman of Mehdiya is folded up on Sicily and conquest of the Ifriqya, Almohades link the the Maghreb.
  • 1160 : `Abdul-Mu' min crosses the strait of Gibraltar and the fact of strengthening. One of its lieutenants beats the Castillans close to Badajoz.
  • 1163 : `Abdul-Mu' min dies in Salé, his/her son Abû Ya' qûb Yûsuf is proclaimed emir.
  • 1163 : Almohades unify the Maghreb; Seville becomes the capital of Al-Āndalus.
  • 1177 : Alphonse VIII of Castille takes Cuenca. The following year, the king of Portugal pushes an incursion until Seville. The permanence of the Christian threat leads Almohades to take again the offensive.
  • 1181 : Victoire almohade on the Christian fleet (Lisbon), Évora (Portuguese citadel small town) is taken again by the almohades.
  • 1184 : Abû Ya' qûb Yûsuf is mortally wounded with the combat in front of the Portuguese city of Santarém. His/her son Abû Yûsuf Ya' qûb Al-Mansûr succeeds to him as caliph Almohade.
  • 1184 : Construction of the Giralda of Seville.
  • 1195 : Almohades gain a great victory over the Christian troops of Alphonse VIII of Castille to the battle of Alarcos but Tolède resists all the attacks.

  • 1196 : Construction of the Turn Hassan with Reduction.

  • 1199 : Abû Yûsuf Ya' qûb Al-Mansûr dies, his/her son Muhammad year-Nâsir succeeds to him.
  • 1202 : Victoire of Alhomades against the Almoravides with Tunis, the Balearic Islands are also conquered, “peace almohade” reign of Seville in the Moroccan South and the Atlantic in Tunis.
  • 1212 : The victory of the allied Christian troops of Castille, Aragon and Navarre over the forces almohades with the Bataille of Mow Navas de Tolosa decides exit of the Reconquista and announces the inescapable end of Al-Andalus.
  • 1213 : Muhammad year-Nâsir dies in obscure circumstances, his/her son Yûsuf Al-Mustansir succeeds to him the 16 years age. Deprived of authority, Yûsuf Al-Mustansir leaves the Empire almohade very weakened when he dies in 1223.
  • 1223 : Yûsuf Al-Mustansir dies, his/her son `Abd Al-Wâhid Al-Makhlû ` succeeds to him, but dies strangled the same year.
  • 1223 : Abû Muhammad Al “Âdil is selected like Caliph almohade following the assassination of `Abd Al-Wâhid Al-Makhlû `.
  • 1227 : Abû Muhammad Al `Âdil dies drowned in a basin of the palate. Two applicants with his succession succeed to him, Yahyâ Al-Driven `tasim, wire of Muhammad year-Nâsir and supported by the Sheik S of Marrakech and its rival, Idrîs Al-Ma' mûn, supported by the Christian sovereign Ferdinand III of Castille.
  • 1229 : Yahyâ Al-Driven `tasim, caliph almohade in Marrakech dies.
  • 1233 : Its rival, Idrîs Al-Ma' mûn dies on the way of return towards Marrakech.
  • 1233 : Abû Muhammad rear-Rachid `Abd Al-Wâhid succeeds his/her father Idrîs Al-Ma' mûn, it takes again Marrakech, drives out Fès the rebels Beni Husband (Mérinides, wandering Zénètes come from the South) but the local revolts multiply.
  • 1236 : Cordoue, the symbol city of Spanish Islam goes to Ferdinand III of Castille.
  • 1236 : The governor of Ifriqiya, Abu Zacharia, declares himself independent and founds the dynasty Hafsides.
  • 1238 : Beginning of the construction of the Alhambra under the direction of Mohammed I {{er}} Al 'Ahmar (El Rojo) founder of the dynasty nasride.
  • 1238 : Loss of Valence.
  • 1242 : Abû Muhammad rear-Rachid `Abd Al-Wâhid dies, his/her brother Abû Al-Hassan sit `îd Al-Mu' tadid succeeds to him. It restores the authority almohade on the Morocco, draws aside from the central Maghreb the Hafsides of Tunis.
  • 1245 : The Mérinides start the conquest of septentrional Morocco where they make Fès their capital, under the control of Abû Yahyâ Ben `Abd Al-Haqq which, by also occupying the Saharan oases, insulates Marrakech and breaks its commercial relations with the South.
  • 1246 : Catch of the Spanish provinces of Jaén and Arjona by the king Ferdinand III of Castille.
  • 1248 : Catch of Seville by the king of Ferdinand III of Castille coming to conclude the “Large Reconquista”, already started at the time of the catch of Cordoue in 1236 and of Valence in 1238.
  • 1248 : Taken in a ambush, Abû Al-Hassan sits `îd Al-Mu' tadid is killed. Its successor, Abû Hafs `Umar Al-Murtadâ, a great-grandson of Abû Yûsuf Ya' qûb Al-Mansûr does not reign any more but on Marrakech and his area and pays tribute with the Mérinides.
  • 1266 : Abû Hafs `Umar Al-Murtadâ is made reverse and to kill by his/her cousin Abû Al `Ula Al-Wâthiq Idrîs, this last proclaims Caliph.
  • 1269 : Taken Marrakech by Mérinide Abou Youssef Yacoub and falls of the Empire almohade.
  • 1276 : Catch of the village of Tinmel by Mérinide Abou Youssef Yacoub, which massacres the last almohades.

List caliphs muwahhadi (almohades) 1145-1269

  • 1145 - 1163: `Abdul-Mu' min (Founder of the dynasty)

  • 1163 - 1184: Abû Ya' qûb Yûsuf
  • 1184 - 1199: Abû Yûsuf Ya' qûb Al-Mansûr
  • 1199 - 1213: Muhammad year-Nâsir
  • 1213 - 1223: Yûsuf Al-Mustansir
  • 1223 - 1223: “Abd Al-Wâhid Al-Makhlû”
  • 1223 - 1227: Abû Muhammad Al `Âdil
  • 1227 - 1229: Yahyâ Al-Driven `tasim (1st applicant with the succession, wire of Muhammad year-Nâsir and supported by the Sheik S of Marrakech)
  • 1227 - 1233: Abû Al “Alâ” Idrîs Al-Ma' mûn (Second applicant with the succession, supported by the Christian sovereign Ferdinand III of Castille).
  • 1233 - 1242: Abu Muhammad `Abd Al-Wâhid rear-Rachid
  • 1242 - 1248: Abû Al-Hassan sits `îd Al-Mu' tadid
  • 1248 - 1266: Abû Hafs `Umar Al-Murtadâ
  • 1266 - 1269: Abû Al `Ula Al-Wâthiq Idrîs

Dynasties of Almohades

Toumart. - Abdallah. - Mohamed says Mohamed El-Mahdi sultan of Morocco 1121-1128. One of its faithful Abd El-Moumin succeeds to him. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ali. - Abd el Moumin says Abd el Moumin sultan of Morocco 1128-1147, then becomes caliph of Morocco and caliph d' Espagne 1147-1152, then becomes caliph of North Africa (Morocco + Algérie + Ifriqaya (Tunisia)) and caliph d' Espagne 1152-1163. - Mohamed. - Youssouf says Abou Yaqoub Youssouf caliph of North Africa and caliph d' Espagne 1163-1184 killed. - Yaqoub says Abou Youssouf Yaqoub El-Mansour caliph of North Africa and caliph d' Espagne 1184-1199. - Abou Moussa. - Abou-l-Oula Idriss El-Mamoun Co-caliph of Morocco and Co-caliph d' Espagne 1227-1232, Co-caliph d' Algérie and Co-caliph d' Ifriqaya 1227-1228. - Ali Abou-L-Hassan El-Said caliph of Morocco 1242-1248, caliph d' Espagne 1242-1245. - Abd El-Wahid El-Rachid caliph of Morocco and caliph d' Espagne 1232-1242. - Abou Abdallah Muhammed El-Adil caliph of North Africa and caliph d' Espagne 1224-1227 strangled. - El-Nassir says Mohamed Abou Abdallah El-Nassir Lidinallah caliph of North Africa and caliph d' Espagne 1199-1213. - Yahya El-Mutassim Billah Co-caliph of Morocco and Co-caliph d' Espagne 1227-1232, Co caliph d' Algérie and Co-caliph d' Ifriqaya 1227-1228. - Yusuf El-Moustansir caliph of North Africa and caliph d' Espagne 1213-1224 killed. - Abou Mohamed Abd El-Wahid El-Makhlou (Deposited) caliph of North Africa and caliph d' Espagne 1224-1224 abdicates. - Ishak Abou Ibrahim. - Omar El-Mourtada caliph of Morocco 1248-1266 abdicates.

See too

Internal bonds

External bonds

  • Chronology of the Berber dynasties

Almohades (Alain Mourgue)

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