Akbar

Jalâl ud-DIN Muhammad Akbar , in Persan جلالالدينمحمّداكبر Ǧalāl Ud-Dīn Muḥammad ʾAkbar , (Umarkot, October 14th 1542 - Âgrâ, October 15th 1605) directs the Empire moghol of 1556 until 1605. He is generally regarded as the largest - Arabic akbar - Moghol.

The warrior

In 1556, it succeeds his/her father Humâyûn with the head of the small Moslem kingdom that this last regained at the end of its life after its exile in Perse. It is old then 14 years and its tutor Bairam Khân will ensure his regency. Thanks to its assistance and that of its troops, Akbar gains, the same year, the battles of Pânipat on the troops with the service of the Afghans of the Bihar.

It decides in 1560 to be released from the supervision of Bairam Khân and puts an end to its regency. This last not having accepted its ousting rebels, but is quickly crushed. Henceforth, Akbar reigns as a Master uncontested on the north of the India.

Akbar increases its empire by making the conquest of the Goujerat in 1573, of the Bengal in 1576, of the Sind in 1590, of the Orissa in 1592 and of the Balouchîstân in 1594. With the death of his Hakim brother, king of Kabul, in 1585, it inherits the Cachemire. He launches out then to the conquest of the south of India

The reformer and patron

Illiterate, it shows a great talent of administrator and continues the work of reorganization started with Sher Shâh Sûrî, which had driven out his/her father out of India. It divides its territory into 15 provinces, with the head of each one a military governor, the Nawâb Nazîm , and a civil administrator, the Dîwân which controls finances of them. It establishes a tax on the arable lands corresponding to the third of the value of harvest. Tolerating as regards religion, it abolishes, in 1563, the Jiziya , the tax raised out of ground of Islam on the not-Moslems, the taxation of the pilgrimages; he marries a princess Hindu E, Mariam az-Zamânî, the girl of the Râja of Amber Bihârî Mal, and accommodates Hindus in his administration and its armies, which will involve to him alliances with the kingdoms Rajput are.

Although Moslem, it questions the divine origin of the Coran, and of a large intellectual opening and nun it invites representatives of the great religions to discuss in front of him religious questions. Jésuites of Goa are also invited there. From these debates and research, it draws, in 1581, a religion of the light called DIN-I-Ilâhî , syncretistic religious ideology borrowing from Islam, the Christianisme and especially from the Jainisme. He hoped to promote this religion like unifying factor of his empire. It was a failure. It authorizes the construction of Hindu temples again but prohibited the Satî, the suicide of the widows. Besides there remains very close to its heritage chamanistic pre-islamist and will have all its life of fright and the visions which will make doubt its entourage of its mental health. To celebrate its victory over Goujerat, it orders the construction (1569 - 1576) of a new capital with Fatehpur Sikri, close to Âgrâ, where it makes create a new architectural style mixing the Moslem and Hindu influences. It will be quickly abandoned 1586 because missing water seriously. It intalle with Lahore, more close to unstable areas. It attracts miniature painters in Persan.

The last years of the reign of Akbar are remembered by the frequent rebellions of his/her son Salim, the future emperor Jahângîr. He dies in Âgrâ the October 27th 1605 of dysentery. Superb a Mausoleum out of white marble and red sandstone raised by his/her son with Sikandra in the North-West of the city, collects its skin. Its tomb will be profaned by the Jâts, of the revolted farmers, and its dispersed remainders.

Wives, concubines and descent

Ruqqaya Sultan Begum, born 1542; girl of Hindal Mirza and Sultanam Begum; married Ghazni 1552; Padshah Begum; died Agra 25 janv. 1626; inh Kabul
Na Begum, girl of Jamal Khan de Mewat; married Dec. 1556
Na Khanum, girl of Mirza Abdullah Khan Moghol; married 1557
Salima Sultan Begum, born towards 1544, girl of Nureddin Mohammed Mirza and Gulrang Begum; (bride in first weddings Jalandhar déc.1557 àBairam Khan, born 1524, wire of Saif Ali Beg Baharlu and Nagina Begum; died Patan 31 janv. 1561); bride 1561; died Dehli Dec. 15, 1612
Wali Nimat, called Mariam Zamani, girl of Bihar Badly, rajah d' Amber; married Sambhar Feb. 6, 1562; dead 1623; inh. Sikandra; mother of

SHAHBUDDIN SALIM JAHANGIR

Na Begum, widow of Abdul Wasi, married 1563
Na Begum, girl of Miran Mubarik Shah, governor of Khandis, married 1565
Nathi Bai Sahiba, girl of Rawal Har Spoke, Maharajah de Jalsaimer, married 1570
Na Begum, girl of Kunwar Kanhan de Bikaner and niece of Kalyan Badly Spoke, rajah de Bikaner; married 1570
Jodh Bai Lal Sahiba, girl of Rao Maldeoji, rajah de Jodhpur
Na Begum, girl of Hasan Khan governor of Merta

Concubines

Bibi Soleiman Begum, mother of:

Shahzada Khanum, born Nov. 21, 1569; married 1593 Muzaffar Husain Mirza, file of Ibrahim Hussain Mirza and Gulrukh Begum; + after 1600

Salima Begum, mother of:

Sultan Murad Mirza, born Fatehpur Sikri June 7th, 1570; died May 1st, 1599; inh Delhi; married (A) Binti Bahadur Begum, girl of Ali Shah, governor of Khandesh; married (B) 1588 Na Begum, girl of Aziz Koka Mirza, of which:

Iffat Jahan Begum, married Delhi Oct. 19, 1606 Sultan Parviz Mirza, second wire of Jahangir

Bibi Daulat Shad, mother of:

Shakhrunissa Begum, born about 1577, died between Akbarabad and Delhi 1 janv. 1653; inh Delhi; married 1593 Shahrukh Mirza Miranshah, wire of Sultan Ibrahim Mirza Miranshah and Muhtarima Khanum, died Ujjain 1606
Aram Banu Begum, born Dec. 22, 1584; dead 1624; inh Delhi

unknown mothers:

Fatima Banu Begum, dead 1562
Sultan Hussein Mirza, born Oct. 19, 1564; death old of 1 month
Sultan Hassan Mirza, born Oct. 19, 1564; death old of 1 month
Mahi Begum, born 1576; died March 28th, 1577
Sultan Daniyal Mirza, born Ajmer Sept. 11, 1572, died Burhanpur April 8th, 1604; vice king of Deccan April 21st, 1601

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