1971

This page relates to the year 1971 Gregorian Calendrier.

Events

October 3rd: Foundation of the humanitarian organization Doctors without borders.
December 22nd: Election of Kurt Waldheim at the position of secretary general of UNO.

Europe

February: New riots burst with Reggio of Calabria.
June 13rd: Administrative elections in Italy. The neofascist party of the Italian Social movement records considerable progresses, in particular with Rome and in Sicily.
July 16th: The Spanish dictator Francisco Franco indicates Juan Carlos de Borbón to be his successor, with the title of king d' Espagne.
September 3rd: Quadripartite treaty on Berlin.
December 23rd: Giovanni Leone is elected president of the Italian Republic.

Portugal: Sabotage of an air base of NATO to Cast iron da Telha by the revolutionary Brigades, armed wing of the revolutionary party of the proletariat. Sabotage of the military base of Tancos organized by the MACAW.
Constitutional revision in Sweden. Introduction of the monocameralism.
Spain: Working dispute. The ecclesiastical assembly openly criticizes the mode like antidemocratic and the antiquated character of her protection of the Church.

France

the United Kingdom

February 15th: Reform monetary: a Pound sterling is worth from now on 100 pence. Disappear the Shilling S and the Guinea S.
February - August: Bloody confrontations between catholics and Protestants in the streets of Belfast. 575 people are killed between 1971 and 1972.
October 28th: Law on the European Community. The British Parliament ratifies accuracy the application to join with the EEC.
Law prohibiting the practice of the strikes of solidarity and the trade-union monopoly of recruiting. A Court of the employment relationships is charged to apply the text. TUC is mobilized (24 million day of strike in 1972).
the population ages (19 % of more than 60 years against 16 % in 1951.
inflation, lower than 5 % until in 1970, reached 9,3 % in 1971,16 % in 1974 and 25 % in 1975.
Discovered oil reservoirs in the North Sea. In 1979, they produce 78 million tons.

Swiss

February 7th: At the time of a " votation" (a referendum), 67,5 % of the participants decide to grant the right to vote with the women.

Eastern Europe

Nicolae Ceauşescu goes in Popular republic of China.

Meeting with Belgrade of Tito and Leonid Brejnev. They sign a declaration reaffirming the political independence of the Yugoslavia but calling with a reinforcement of the bonds between the two nations.

Croatian Riots between and Serb, causing a severe repression in Yugoslavia. Thousands of Croats and other marked citizens of subversive nationalism, liberalism or prosovietic tendencies, are excluded from the communist League, are laid off or imprisoned.

Asia

The Middle East

February 4th: Sadate proposes a reopening of the Suez Canal conditioned by a withdrawal partial of the Israeli forces. The project, supported by the United States, fails on the question of the demilitarization of the the Sinai and on that of the borders. Rogers, which supported this plan, is definitively isolated means-Eastern businesses.
February 22nd: Hafez el-Assad takes the presidential capacities in Syria, approved by plebiscite the May 12th. It approaches Egypt and considers an Arab project of federation.
May 2nd: Coup attempt of State against Sadate, which makes stop its adversaries.
May 29th: The Soviet Union worries about the elimination of the elements on the left, of which soldiers, by the Egyptian mode. A delegation of Moscow is received with the Cairo by Sadate and leads to a treaty of friendship and co-operation, ensuring the continuation of the military deliveries the Egypt.
July 20th: Independence of the emirates of the Gulf with respect to the the United Kingdom.
August 15th: Independence of Bahrain.
August 15th: Richard Nixon announces the inconvertibility of the gold dollar. This masked devaluation disturbs the oil market, where the sales are done in dollars. The producer countries require a new raising of prices.
September 2nd: Sadate gives up the term of RAU to indicate the Egypt for that of the Arab Republic of Egypt. It launches a vast campaign of amnesty of the political prisoners, resulting in the release of many opponents, of which the Muslim brothers. It supports the rebirth of the Islamic organizations to make part with the left. The new Constitution reaffirms the place of Islam in the mode, like religion of State and source of legislation.
September 3rd: Independence of the Qatar.
December 2nd: Independence of the United Arab Emirates.
December 9th: The emirates of the Gulf are allowed with UNO.

the Israeli army manages to put an end to Palestinian resistance (PFLP) in the Gaza Strip. A civil administration is established, under the direction of notable Palestinian, Rashid Shawa, mayor of Gaza.

the Iran seizes three small islands in the Détroit of Ormuz and thus controls the exit of the Persian Gulf. It intervenes militarily with Oman to fight the rebellion Marxist-Leninist of the Dhofar, supported by the Iraq. The Guerre of Dhofar lasts until in 1976 and shows the victory of the irano-Omani forces.

The Far East

April 10th: An American team of table tennis arrives at Beijing (China) and is received by Mao Zedong: it is the ping pong diplomacy , the president Nixon having decided to play the Chinese chart against the Soviet Union.
June 17th: Nippo-American agreement on the return of Okinawa to the Japan.
9 - July 13rd: Secret meeting between Henry Kissinger and Zhou Enlai in China.
September 13rd, China: Died of the marshal Flax Piao after the failure of a coup d'etat.
October 25th: Under pressure of the Soviet block , the Popular republic of China is allowed with UNO by 76 votes for, 35 votes against and 17 abstentions. It obtains its seat at the Safety advice and replaces the République of China (Taiwan) which is évincée (resolution 2758 (XXVI)).

Park Chung-hee is re-elected president of the South Korea with the support of the republican Democratic party.
Revaluation of the Yen.

Southeast Asia

February 13rd: Disastrous failure of the offensive launched by the South Vietnamese troops in Laotian territory .
September: Nguyễn Văn Thiệu is re-elected president of the République of Vietnam to Saigon.
December 26th: US air offensive of scale on north Vietnam.

Thailand: The departure of the American troops of Southeast Asia has unfavourable effects on the economy inhabitant of Thailand. The economic situation supports the establishment of a military government in November. The general Thanom Kittikachorn abolished the Constitution and dissolves the Parliament.
Indonesia: The elections are the object of a strict control and the governmental organization Golkar (a secretariat of functional groups) obtains the majority of the seats of a Parliament to the purely advisory role.
Malaysia: Abdul Razak announces a new economic policy intended to fight against poverty and to improve the social situation of the Malayan one. It widens the coalition of Alliance to the capacity (which had already integrated parties of the Sarawak and Sabah) to form a National front, which gathers the principal parties of opposition at the federal level and the level of the States.

Indian sub-continent

March 25th: The general Yahya Khan, president of the Pakistan, starts an military operation of an extreme violence to neutralize the students of the University of Dacca and to stop the leaders of the Ligue Awami.
March 26th: Secession of the Bangladesh.
Mars - April: Guerilla country-woman of extreme left to Ceylon.
April 5th: The Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna begins a rebellion against the government of Sirimavo Bandaranaike with Ceylon. India intervenes to save the government.
April 17th: The leaders of the Ligue Awami taken refuge with Calcutta proclaim the independence of the Bangladesh. Eight million refugees has flees towards the India in July.
May 2nd: The guerilla ceylanaise attacks public buildings.
May 6th: Major offensive of the government ceylanais against the rebellion.
August 9th: The India sign a treaty of friendship and co-operation with the Soviet Union.
November 14th: Promulgation of a constitution to the Bhutan.
2 - December 16th: Indian military intervention to help the secession of the Bangladesh.

After a raid of Pakistani aviation on the North-West of the Bangladesh (December 3rd), India engages of powerful military forces which demolish Pakistan.

December 16th:

the Indian troops enter in Dacca.
the general-in-chief of the troops of Eastern Pakistan requires a cease-fire of UNO and signs its rendering. Independence of the Bangladesh. Islamabad lance however several offensives in the Cashmere, the Panjab and the the Rajasthan. The Indians counter-attack without obtaining decisive results.

December 17th: Yahya Khan accepts the cease-fire suggested the day before by Indira Gandhi by the means of the United Nations.

the Bhutan adheres to the the United Nations.

Africa

January 25th: The general Idi Amin Hobby-horse shift Milton Obote in Uganda.
February 24th: Nationalization of the production of Hydrocarbons to 51% in Algeria.
April 8th: Arrest of Yoro Diakhité, Foreign Minister of the Mali and the captain Malik Diallo, police chief with Information, shown plot. Judged in July 1972 by the Court of state security, they are condemned to the forced labors in the salt mines of Taoudenni.
21 - June 23rd: During the top of OAU joining together 44 States, six States (Dahomey, Gabon, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Maurice) vote in favor of the “dialog” with the South Africa, engaged on the initiative of the Ivory Coast.
19 - July 23rd: The general Nemeiry is driven out capacity with the Sudan by a communist coup d'etat. He takes again the capacity then is voted by plebiscite by a referendum in September. Bloody hunting for the Communists with the Sudan.
August: Idi Amin Dada expels Uganda 63 000 Asian, of which 50 000 Indians, shown to hold in hand most of the trade of the country (08). Generalized repression.
October 27th: The Congo, under the cane of Mobutu, becomes the Zaire (“the river”, in language Kikongo). Léopoldville being Kinshasa since 1966.

frontier Conflicts between the Tanzania and the Uganda.
Hastings Kamuzu Bandaged, life president of the Malawi.
Constitution openly racist in Southern Rhodesia.
the congregation of the White Fathers withdraws Mozambique, posting its dissension with the acts of repressions made in the name of the defense of “Christian civilization”.
With the Zaire, nationalization of all the companies (1971 - 1975).
the Nigeria adheres to OPEC.

Americas

The United States

March 29th: Revelation by the lieutenant William Calley of the massacre in 1968 of a whole Vietnamese village (Massacre of Lay Mỹ).

June 13rd: Publication by the NewYork Times of extracts of the Pentagon Papers , confidential document on the War of Vietnam photocopied by the civils servant Daniel Ellsberg and Anthony Russo.

July 5th: 26e amendment, lowering the age of the majority to 18 years.

July: The president Richard Nixon founds a policy of relaxation between the the United States, the Soviet Union and the China. The releasing of the relations with Beijing is made public the July 15th, one week after the voyage in China of Kissinger, asked to prepare an official visit of the President there.

August 15th: New Economic Policy (NEP): Richard Nixon imposes a price control and wages for three months, strikes the imports of a surtax of 10% and declares unilaterally the US Dollar gold inconvertible, making in fact null and void the Accords of Bretton Woods.

August: Business of the Twenty-eight of Camdem, which launches an operation against the office of incorporation of Camdem, New Jersey. They will be discharged by the jury in May 1973.
August 21st: Prison riots following died of a prisoner of San Quentin, George Jackson, cut down in the back during an alleged escape bid.
9 - September 14th: Rising in the prison of Attica, in the State of New York. Repression makes 31 dead.

October 1st: Opening of the park Magic Kingdom close to Orlando in Florida. That marks the birth of the Walt Disney World Resort.
November 24th: Whereas a Orage prevails above the state of Washington, a hijacker being made call daN Cooper (more known under the name of D.B. Cooper) change in parachute of an airliner of the Northwest Orient Airlines with 200.000 $ of ransom in liquid; neither him nor the money were never found.
December 18th: The dollar is devaluated of 8% compared to the principal Western currencies.

the American trade balance is overdrawn for the first time since 1893.
the United States imports 25% of the oil which they consume.
provisional protectionist Measurements.
35 billion budget deficit.
Fusion of ITT with the Hartford fire Insurence Company .

Canada

March 4th: The town of Montreal receives 42 cm of snow. It was the storm of the century .

Creation of a Corporation of the Development of Canada, company of mixed economy charged with “recanadiser” of the private companies by acquiring part of their capital.

Latin America

January 7th, Honduras: Answering the calls pressing of employers and the trade unions, the two parties dominating sign a political agreement of national union, the pacto , sealing their will to control together. The mode of national union resulting from the elections is of short duration and does not engage any reform.
January 8th, Uruguay: The Tupamaros remove the ambassador of the the United Kingdom Geoffrey Jackson. In front of redoubled violences of the Tupamaros, the army intervenes to give of the order.

April 21st: Dictatorship of Jean-Claude Duvalier in Haiti (fine in 1985).

19 - August 21st: Coup d'etat in Bolivia. The colonel Hugo Banzer Suárez asserts himself by the force for eight years. He launches a wave of repression against the left, in particular in the student sectors. Its objective is of dépolitiser the social cops and to start again the economy. The strict application of the economic program of the the IMF (suppression of the subsidized prices, devaluation, etc) causes a massive rise of the cost of living. In front of the rise of dissatisfaction, the mode this hardens, repressing all the demonstrations violently.

Creation of ORPA ( Organización del Pueblo Armed with it), revolutionary movement directed by Rodrigo Asturias with the Guatemala.
the revolutionary government of the Peru seeks broader supports among the workmen and the peasants. A law of social mobilization is voted and gives rise to a national System of support to the social mobilization (SINAMOS), which distributes assistances and frames or co-opts the popular organizations.
Decision 24 of the Andean Communauté of the Nations to control the overseas investments, synonymous with imposed capitalist domination of outside.

Chile

January:

Nationalization of the first banks and the first industries (manufactures cement, mines of iron and salpetre).
Acceleration of the land reform: the greatest property of the country (730 000 ha) are expropriée. In one year, the popular Unit exproprie as much as the government of Frei in six years.

April: The popular Unité gains the municipal elections with the Chile with 49,75% of the voices. The Christian Democrat approaches the right-hand side and the political scene becomes bipolar.
July 11th, Chile: Nationalization of the mines of Copper decided by the government of the popular Unit of Salvador Allende. The State controls the near total of the industry mining (of which copper) and all activities considered to be strategic (metallurgy in particular).
November: Visit Fidel Castro with the Chile.

the Chilean government carries out a redistribution of purchasing power in favor of the layers disadvantaged by the wage increase.
In 1971, the growth reaches 7,7% compared with 3,6% in 1970 and inflation drops to 22%. In same time, the rise of consumption exceeds that of the production, which causes important financial imbalances.
the fall of the courses of copper deprives the Socialist government of Chile of important tax re-entries whereas the national expenditure is in full increase (rise of wages). The deficit is covered by a monetary creation, which feeds inflation. The money supply increases of more than 1600% during the three years of the Allende government.

Oceania

August 5th: Creation of the Forum of the Southern Pacific, sub-group of the Foundation of the Commission of the Southern Pacific, composed of sixteen members. It treats protection of the marine resources overexploited by the Japanese and Taiwanese fishermen, of the terrestrial warming which threatens to submerge the atolls, of the decolonization, of the creation of an atom-free zone.

Arts and letters

Visual arts

July 22nd: Discovered Lady of Baza , a polychrome stone statuette of fourth century BC, in the Cerro del Santuario, necropolis of the antique quoted of Basti (Baza), in the province of Grenade.

October: Retrospective Francis Bacon with the Large palace with Paris.
Australia: Geoffrey Bardon, professor of drawing to the camp of Papunya, request with the indigenous gardeners to decorate the walls with the establishment with traditional reasons. Certain reasons, disputed because reserved only to the initiates, are unobtrusive, but the event marks the birth of the contemporary painting aboriginal.

Bullfighting

June 24th: With Alicante (Spain), alternate of Jose María Abellán Frauds known as “Manzanares”, Spanish Matador.
September 12th: With Barcelona (Spain), alternative of Robert Crushed, matador French.