This page relates to the year 1961 Gregorian Calendrier.

Events

Africa

  • Epidemic of Cholera in East Africa (1961 - 1979).

  • With the Conference of Addis-Abeba, the representatives of the participating States give each other for objective universal schooling at the end of the Années 1970.
  • IIIe Conference of the African People to the Cairo.

Western Africa

  • January:
    • After having set up a new cabinet, Modibo Keïta is made unanimously reinvest voters by the National Assembly of the Mali. In March, to Ségou, it launches a call to the austerity and in October, it decides the startup first five-year plan Malian.
    • Modibo Keïta request fast evacuation of all the French bases of the Mali (2200 men, which ensure the monitoring of the border with Algeria).
  • April 9th: Sylvanus Olympio is elected president of the Togo.
  • April 27th: Independence of the Sierra Leone.
  • May:
    • Andre Malraux, minister of state with the cultural Affairs goes to Bamako to standardize the situation between the France and the Mali. A few days later, Modibo Keita proposes opening of negotiations bilateral, which are led to London whereas France evacuates the base of Kati ( June). The bases of Tessalit ( July), of Gao ( August) and of Bamako ( September) are evacuated.
    • Creation of a Union of the African States by the Heads of State of the Guinea, the Ghana and the Mali. It will not be carried out.
  • 8 - May 12th: Conference of Monrovia (21 participants) joined together on the initiative sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, Prime Minister of Nigeria. She preaches the reinforcement of the State-nations by affirming the absolute equality between them, non-interference in the interior matters of each one, the respect of their sovereignty and the need for cooperating within advisory organizations. She recommends maintains it relations with the old metropolises and proposes the introduction of the French and the English to the sides of the national languages.
  • November: Travel of the queen Elisabeth II of the United Kingdom to the Ghana.

  • “Plot of the teachers” in Guinea. The mode works out the theory of the “permanent plot” which he answers by the terror symbolized by the “local revolutionary capacities” and the “Boiro camp” where the opponents are interned.

  • Ghana: “Speech of the paddle” of Kwame Nkrumah which stigmatizes corruption with several frameworks of its party, the CP.

The Maghreb

  • Congress Constitutive of the USPA (Panafrican European Public Service Union) with Tunis.

Algeria

Americas

  • March 13rd: The president Kennedy proposes with the Latin America a “Alliance for progress” in order to promote economic development jointly, to engage of the structural reforms, to found or consolidate the democracy. The following day, he asks for the Congrès of the United States the authorization of create an inter-American Fund of social progress.
  • May 30th: Assassination of Trujillo in Dominican Republic, opening one period of political instability. A long time isolated of the capacity, middle-class street on the goods of the deposed dictator.
  • 5 - August 17th: Exceptional conference of the economic and social inter-American Council of OAS to Punta del Este, in Uruguay. After the fiasco of the intervention in Cuba, Kennedy presents his projects of “Alliance for progress”. Two documents are signed: the first, the Declaration of the people of America , fixes certain a number of general objectives detailed in the second, the Charte of Punta del Este .
    • the rhetoric of Alliance for progress concerning the democracy will be hardly followed of effect and will be even against-productive. With opposed, the military aid makes considerable progress. It passes from 65 million per annum for the Latin America between 1953 and 1961 to 172 million for the three years of the Kennedy administration. The economic aid is singularly increased, passing from an annual average of 204 million dollars under the presidency of Eisenhower with 1,3 billion between 1962 and 1965.
  • November 7th: The soldiers put a term at the fourth mandate of the populist leader Velasco in Ecuador. The vice-president Carlos Julio Arosemena succeeds to him. He shows of nationalism and slopes on the left (fine in 1963).

Brazil

  • January 31st: Jânio da Silva Quadros, (UDN), President of the Republic. It must face a delicate economic situation.
  • August 23rd: The journalist Carlos Lacerda denounces on television São Paulo a coup d'etat which the president Quadros would have prepared. The August 24th, it makes in the same way on television of Rio.
  • August 25th: President Jânio Quadros gives up the presidency and leaves Brasilia, leaving a letter showing the occult and foreign forces. The vice-president João Marks Goulart, former minister for the Work of Getúlio Vargas which was in China, returns in haste, and finds a compromise with the army: the army lets Goulart reach the presidency, but the Constitution is amended. Of presidential, the mode becomes parliamentary. Goulart takes up duty the September 7th.

  • a new modification of the Constitution transfers part of the presidential executive power towards the Prime Minister João Marques Goulart.

  • Creation of a national company, Electrobras , to control the production and the distribution of electricity.

Cuba

  • January 3rd: Rupture of the diplomatic relations between the the United States and Cuba following the eviction of American diplomats in station with Havana. Eisenhower transmits the file to Kennedy, which gives green light to the invasion, provided that no North-American force is implied.
  • 16 - April 20th: Bay of the Pigs. The attempt at invasion of groups of exiled cuban anticastrists supported by the United States is a true fiasco. The attackers are awaited by the troops of Castro and do not receive any air help on behalf of the United States. Castro triumphs. The attack day before, Fidel Castro proclaimed the “socialist” character of the cuban revolution and Khrouchtchev ensures him its supports unconditional.
  • May 1st: Cuba becomes a socialist Democratic republic.
  • In December, Castro declares Marxist-Leninist.

  • Ernesto Guevara prepares a restructuring plan, in the idea to break the economic dependence of Cuba with regard to sugar exports, to diversify the agricultural production and to industrialize the country. The production of sugar falls from 6,8 million tons in 1961 to 4,8 in 1963, depriving the country of invaluable currencies. Industrialization is handicapped by the North-American embargo.

Canada

the United States

  • January 20th: Beginning of the democratic presidency of John Fitzgerald Kennedy with the the United States (fine in 1963).
    • the Kennedy administration, elected on the topic of the “New Border”, is made up of a young team and dynamics which proposes to launch a liberal large company: economic expansion, new military strategy (flexible reprisals), fight against the social inequalities and racial.
  • In March, the movements for the civic rights organize “steps” and convoys through the States of the South, in spite of violent reactions of the white populations.
  • April 17th: Failure of the invasion of bay of the Pigs to Cuba.
  • May: The United States intensifies their intervention with the Vietnam.
  • May 4th: Organization of “ Freedoms wrinkles ” to protest against discrimination in inter-State transport. Mixed buses are chartered in direction of the South.
  • October 1st: Creation of the Defense Intelligence Agency.
  • November 1st: Suppression of the segregation in inter-State transport.

  • Failure of the project Medicare conceived to guarantee the right to health, rejected by the Senate.

  • Creation of the Indian Youth Council with Chicago.
  • Rise of the time minimum wage.
  • uninterrupted Progression of GDP in the United States for 106 months (1961 - 1969).
  • Program of social housing construction providing 500  000 employment.
  • Increase in the budget of defense (1961 - 1963).

Asia

The Middle East

  • April 11th: Beginning of the lawsuit Adolf Eichmann in Israel.
  • June 19th: The Kuwait reaches independence after abrogation of the treaty of protectorate of 1899.
  • Be: the government of RAU is entirely centralized in Egypt.
  • September 28th: The Syrian army seizes the capacity. Nasser refuses a showdown and repatriates all the Egyptians present in Syria. The RAU is dissolved.
    • the failure of RAU leads Nasser to modify its policy. Its ideology takes a definitely socialist orientation. He wants to establish social justice, the equal opportunity and to form a single social large body under the authority of the State. He accelerates the nationalizations, dispossesses the foreign communities (Syrians, Libanais, Greeks), destroyed Egyptian capitalism…
  • In September, Kennedy designates a special emissary with the the Middle East, Joseph Johnson, charged with studying the question of the Palestinian refugees on the basis of proposal of 1960. Nasser is affirmed favorable to the American plan. Washington approaches Tel-Aviv, in spite of the question of the Israeli nuclear armament.
  • December 15th, Israel: to Jerusalem, the Nazi Adolf Eichmann is condemned to died after a 8 months lawsuit.

  • In Iraq, Qasim supports the opponents with the Kurdish leader Barzani, which retorts by taking the maquis and requires the autonomy of the Kurdistan. In September, the Kurdish organizations are prohibited and the army starts a repression against the forces of Barzani. In front of the situation, the Kurdish officers of the army resign and engage at Barzani. The Kurdish guerilla is effective and the Iraqi army manages to control only the principal agglomerations. The mode of Qasim in fate weakens.

  • Nasser approaches the Arab National movement of Georges Habache.
  • the Qatar adheres to OPEC.
  • Electrification of Egypt (stopping).
  • the essence of the Egyptian production turns to the interior market. Exports to the other Arab countries are braked. The economy is supported by the USSR (technical assistances and economic) and by the United States, which delivers cereals.
  • Second land reform in Egypt: the ceiling of the surface of the properties is tiny room to 42 ha. The cultures are regulated by the State and are framed by agricultural cooperatives.

Europe

  • August 12th: Construction in the night of the 12 to the August 13rd of a network of barbed wires which divides Berlin in two. The workmen set up in the night what will become the Berlin Wall when the concrete starts to replace the wire, two days later. The East-German authorities want to thus put a term at the massive exodus of the Berlin ois of the East towards the enemy of the West. The wall will fall after twenty-eight years and more than two hundred thirty-eight died, on November 9th, 1989, big event the beginning of the end of the Soviet empire and de facto that of the Cold war.
  • August: Resumption of the Soviet nuclear tests in the atmosphere announces.
  • September 17th: Election of the 4th the Bundestag in West Germany.
  • October 17th: XXIe Congress of the Communist party of the Soviet Union. Khrouchtchev reiterates some of its charges against Stalin and makes withdraw his skin of the mausoleum where it rested at the sides of Lénine. It also obtains the exclusion of the party of Stalinist which had been opposed to him in 1957.
  • November 28th: shown conference of Geneva on disarmament, Khrouchtchev claims the presence of France.
  • In December, the popular republic of Albania breaks with the Soviet Union and practical a policy prochinoise.

  • the United Kingdom: The census gives a report on 400  000 colored persons. They will be 1,5 later million ten years, that is to say 3% of the total population.

  • Italy: 49  903  878 inhabitants. The population of Rome, Milan and Turin increased respectively by 24%, 30% and 36% since 1951. Inflation.

Portugal

  • January 22nd: Diversion of the steamer Santa Maria by the captain Henrique Galvão to draw the attention to the mode of the Estado Novo with the Portugal.
  • February 4th: Beginning of the Angolan insurrection.
  • September 11th, Lisbon: Foundation of the Lisnave, the shipyard most important of the western world.
  • December 15th: The Indian army drives out definitively Portuguese of Goa.
  • December 31st: Military attempt at putsch in Béja.

  • the preparation of the elections makes it possible to develop a “program for the democratization of the Republic”, made public by a press conference. The government prohibits the publication of this document considered to be defamatory and subversive. The principal signatories are continued.

  • the inhabitants of the empire reach the Portuguese citizenship.
  • UNO form a special committee of investigation into the Portuguese territories of Africa.

France

See also: 1961 in France

Oceania & the Pacific

Religion

Arts & cultures

See also: 1961 with the cinema, 1961 in music, 1961 in literature, 1961 with the theater, 1961 as a cartoon, 1961 on television

Sciences & technology

See also: 1961 in science

See also: 1961 in aeronautics

See also: 1961 in the railroads

Births in 1961

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

to also see: : Category: Birth in 1961

Death in 1961

to also see: : Category: Death in 1961

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