This page relates to the year 1957 Gregorian Calendrier.

Events

Europe

  • the Soviet Union request the convocation of a summit conference, the suspension of the nuclear tests, renunciation of the use of the nuclear weapons, the creation of a atom-free zone in Europe and the signature of a non-aggression pact.

Eastern Europe

  • January: Associations are dissolved in Hungary.
  • May 11th: Call Soviet with the the United States and the the United Kingdom for the suspension of the nuclear tests.
  • June:
    • the Rumanian central committee expels the Minister for the Teaching Miron Constantinescu which had taken liberal measures in the field of the culture and with respect to the minorities.
    • the Faction “splinter” tries to eliminate Khrouchtchev in the USSR. Khrouchtchev leaves victorious the political crisis and succeeds in excluding Molotov, Malenkov, Kaganovitch and their allies of the Central committee and the presidium.
  • June 28th: The USSR announces the first successful launch of an intercontinental ballistic missile.
  • September 14th: The General meeting of UNO condemns the Soviet intervention in Hungary.
  • September 29th: With Mayak, secret city of Soviet Union, an explosion in a tank of storage of nuclear waste creates a radioactive cloud of 23.000 km ².
  • October 6th, Yugoslavia: Milovan Djilas, former companion of Tito, sees its custodial sentence worsened to have made publish in the United States its book the New class in which he denounced creation in the communist countries of a new bureaucratic leading class.
  • November 14th: Meeting of the thirteen Communist parties with Moscow. The final communique, that the Yugoslav delegation refuses to sign, affirms the unity of views on all the examined questions and denounces the revisionism, “more threatening that never”.
  • November 19th: The general secretary of the Czechoslovakian Communist party Antonín Novotný, appointed president of the republic, puts an end to the liberalization of the mode.

  • populations of Tchétchéno - Ingouchie, off-set with the Kazakhstan after the war for intelligence with the enemy, is rehabilitated and authorized to return.

  • the repression of insurgent continues in Hungary of 1957 with 1958 with the deportation of hundreds of them in Soviet Union. Imre Nagy and good number of its partisans is carried out (1958). The cardinal László Mindszenti finds refuge near the American delegation with Budapest and remains there until being authorized to leave the country in 1971. More than 300 executions and 16  000 judgments were listed.
  • the industrial production in Yugoslavia increased by 70% compared to 1953.
  • Reinforcement of the regional industrial councils in the USSR (1957, 1962) and regrouping of certain industrial companies.
  • In the USSR, the total industrial production is 33 times higher than that of 1913, the production of consumer goods is multiplied by 13 only, that of heavy industry by 74.

Western Europe

  • February 13rd: The OEEC (future OECD) opens negotiations for a free exchange zone.
  • March 25th: Signature of the the Treaty of Rome: creation, at January 1st 1958, of the European Economic community (the EEC) and of Euratom, or European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC). The process of integration of the European countries takes a new dimension with this alliance gathering Belgium, the the Federal Republic of Germany, the France, the Italy, the Luxembourg and the Netherlands. The EEC is fixed for goal to gradually unify the economic policies and financial nations members, to constitute a Common Market agricultural and industrial, and to apply four freedoms, namely: free movement of the goods, the people, the services and the capital. The objective of Euratom is to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy like research.
  • September 15th: Election of the 3rd the Bundestag .
  • December: Following a referendum in the Saar, territory of 2.500 km ², the Of the Saar ones prefer being rather attached to the FRG than in France.

  • Cabinet reshuffle in Spain: a team of technician of the economy (Laureano López Rodó, Alberto Ullastres, Marino Navarro Rubio), formed by IESE (Institute of higher learning of the company of the Opus Dei) takes the orders, which will allow the Spanish development (1958 - 1963).

NATO
  • May 16th: The Belgian Paul-Henri Spaak succeeds Lord Ismay at the position of secretary general of NATO.
  • July 29th: Signature in Berlin of a declaration under the terms of which the governments of the United States, France, of the Federal Republic of Germany, and the United Kingdom affirm the identity of their policies relating to the reunification of Germany and European safety.
  • December 19th: Enclose in Paris of the first summit conference of NATO. The heads of government reaffirm the principles and the goals of Atlantic Alliance. The European countries accept the installation on their territory of bases of American rockets.

France

See also: 1957 in France

Swiss
  • January 11th: The princess Antoinette of Bourbon, born in 1898, finds death in an traffic accident close to Winterthour.
  • March 24th: Implied in a business of Espionage to the profit of France, the prosecutor of the Confederation, Rene Dubois, 59 years old, commits suicide with Bern , by drawing a ball in the head.
  • June 22nd: The Opera of Zurich presents, in first world, the scenic version of Moïse and Aaron , work posthumous of Arnold Schönberg.
  • July 6th: An initiative requiring the reunification of the demicanton of Basle-Countryside with that of Basle-City is deposited with the chancellery of Liestal.
  • October 31st: Setting in water of the stopping of Mauvoisin, in the Valley of Bagnes. With 237 meters height, it is most of the world.
  • December 15th: The Federation of the co-operatives “Migros” founds the “Migros Bank”, with the capital of 10 franc million.

The United Kingdom
  • January 9th: Resignation of British the Prime Minister Anthony Eden following the Crisis of Suez. Beginning of the preserving ministry of Harold Macmillan, Prime Minister (fine in 1963). It restores the “special relation” with Washington.
  • Of the 7 to the October 12th 1957, fire with the nuclear plant of Windscale. The accident is classified on level 5 on the international scales of the nuclear events ('' INNATE '').

  • Countryside for nuclear disarmament (NDT) launched by the pacifist mediums, the left wing of the workers party and a certain number of engaged intellectuals, chaired by the writer Bertrand Russell.

  • Foundation of the Institute of the economic affairs (Geoffrey Howe, Keith Joseph), center of study and lobby working in favor of a liberal economic policy.

Italy

  • Protest movement with the University of Turin.

  • 700  000 unemployed. Unemployment disappears between 1958 and 1962.

Africa

  • March 6th: Independence of the Ghana, then “Gold Coast”, granted by the the United Kingdom.
  • March 30th: Vote decrees on enforcement of a law of the Loi-cadre Removes iron giving autonomy to the colonies of AOF and AEF. The elections which proceed the following day are largely gained by GDR in Guinea, in Ivory Coast, with the Chad and the Sudan.
  • 25 - September 30th: IIIe Congress interterritorial of GDR to Bamako. It is at the origin of the fall with Paris of the cabinet Bourges-Maunoury (October 1st). Political personalities Frenchwoman (Mendès France, Edgar Faure, François Mitterrand) and African take part in it. It reveals deep divergences within the party: the Guinean Sékou Touré or the Sudanese Modibo Keita wishes the maintenance of federal executives with Dakar and Brazzaville. The Man from the Ivory Coast Houphouët-Boigny recommends the granting of broadest autonomy to each territory.

  • Elections with Zanzibar.

  • Hutu Proclamation of the of the ethnic Ruanda and conflicts. Agitation with the Burundi.
  • Rejection of the Lyttleton Constitution by the Blacks with the Kenya.
  • Riots and French intervention with the Cameroun following autonomy.
  • Violent incidents with Bamako against the sect Moslem woman Wahabi. Dwellings are ransacked.
  • Autonomy of the Eastern Nigeria and Western Nigeria.
  • First free election with the Congo (municipal elections with Léopoldville, Elisabethville and Jadotville).
  • Right to strike to the Belgian Congo.
  • AEF : division of the CGT and creation of the CGTA (African General confederation of work).
  • Creation of UGTAN (General union of the Workers of the Black Africa) to Cotonou.
  • Foundation of the University of Dakar.
  • the eighth congress of FEANF (Federation of the Students of Black Africa in France) adopts a resolution which declares that independence must be conquered by a revolutionary fight of the African popular masses.

The Maghreb

  • January 7th: Beginning of the Battle of Algiers, carried out by the “paras” of the general Jacques Massu, responsible for the maintenance of law and order in the of Algiers agglomeration. The paras stop and torture.
  • January 16th: Attack with the bazooka against the general Raoul Salan.
  • February 16th: The parachutists of the colonel Bigeard capture Larbi Ben Me hidi, coordinator of the terrorist activities in Algiers.
  • Mars: Visiting the oil building sites of the the Sahara, the general De Gaulle hopes that France will preserve these territories.
  • April: The metropolitan opposition (François Mauriac) obtains the nomination of a board of inquiry on the abuses repression.
  • June 9th: In Algiers, an attack asserted by the FLN with the casino of the Cornice makes 8 dead.
  • June 10th: Arrest of Maurice Audin, tortured by the paras.
  • June 21st: Disappearance of Maurice Audin in Algeria.
  • July 25th: Abolition of monarchy and proclamation of the Republic of Tunisia. Habib Bourguiba becomes the first President of the Republic.
  • August 15th: Mohamed V, sultan of the Morocco.
  • September 1st: For the first time, the French troops enter to Tunisia in order to capture the Algerian rebels.
  • September 15th: Completion of the “line Morice”.

  • the France installs a secret base for the experimentation of the atomic bomb, close to Reggane (Algérie).

Americas

North America

Canada

  • Canada pushes back the idea of a customs union with the Great Britain.

The United States
  • January 5th: The president Eisenhower request with the congress of the special capacities to fight against the communist threat with the the Middle East.
  • January 9th: Foundation by Martin Luther King of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC).
  • April: Travel of Richard Nixon to Africa, which inaugurates the African policy of the United States, founded on the open preference granted to the leaders of anglophone Africa.
  • June: 7% of the active population are with unemployment.
  • September 9th: Vote Civil Rights Act by the Congress, it sets up a legislation favorable to the civic rights of the minorities to the United States. It authorizes the inculpation of whoever would seek to prevent a citizen from voting. The Noir vote remains however weak.
  • September 24th: Crowd expels of a public school of Little Rock (Arkansas) nine black children. Eisenhower must send thousand parachutists to the site to make respect the law.
  • October 4th: Launching of the Sputnik by the USSR. The military superiority of the United States is disputed.

  • Deceleration of the private sector investment. Resumption of inflation.

Latin America

  • February: A journalist of the NewYork Times, Herbert Matthews, publishes a series of article on the cuban rebels led by Fidel Castro and Che Guevara. The corrupted mode of Batista starts to lose its international supports and is some weakened. Castro hopes to secure a sanctuary in rural area and to await the urban revolts, but the “Mouvement of July 26th” does few followers near the peasants. The “proclamation of the Sierra Maestra”, which claims the democracy, of the free elections, the freedom of the press and of grounds for the peasants ( July), do not change anything.
  • May 10th: Preserving liberal pact in Colombia. Fall of the dictator Gustavo Rojas Pinilla. The liberals and the conservatives negotiate a division of the capacity. They manage to agree on a strict distribution of the governmental stations, on all the levels, and with an alternation with the capacity, for one 16 years period (4 mandates). The idea, which consists in eliminating the sources from confrontation by removing any possibility of exclusion of a party of the capacity, is adopted by referendum (December) and in 1958 the mode of the National front is inaugurated.
  • July: Legislative elections in Argentinian.
  • September 22nd: Beginning of the dictatorship of François Duvalier in Haiti after elections marked by the fraud (end in 1971).
  • December 21st: Ramón Villeda Morals, elected president in Honduras (fine in 1963). It tries to impose a land reform.

  • chronic social Agitation in Bolivia between 1957 and 1964, affecting the mining activities as much that campaigns.

  • tax Crisis with the Venezuela. The State is almost in bankruptcy. The preserving elites unite with the opposition to claim the departure of the dictator Marcos Pérez Jiménez. Opposition parties (Communist party, AD, COPEI, IRD) decide to train a patriotic junta to reverse the dictator ( June). The three noncommunist parties secretly put agreement at New York to exclude the Communists from the capacity in spite of their participation in resistance.

Asia & India

  • Between 1957 and 1961, the coalition governments follow one another the Laos at fast intervals, and the fight between the three enemy factions (Communist, neutralist, pro-American) intensifies. Souvanna Phouma, Prime Minister. Souphanouvong (communist), Minister for the Plan.

  • Civil war with the Vietnam. The fight continues between the mode of Ngô Đình Diệm with Saigon, supported by the Americans, and the National front of release.
  • the China hardens repression with the Tibet.
  • India: Land reform in the Kerala, then controlled by the Communists.

Indonesia

  • January 8th: Hatta gives up the vice-presidency. The ministers belonging to Masjumi resign.
  • February 21st: Soekarno introduces the shape of government plus autoritarist, a democracy with the indonésienne. PNI, PKI and Trade-union confederation SOBSI support it. The Moslem parties and Hatta are hostile, because the system implies the participation of the Communists in the government.
  • March 14th: The government Sastroamidjojo resigns. Soekarno imposes the martial law, which gives capacities increased to the chief of staff, the general Nasution.
  • April 8th: After the failure of Suwirdjo, the ministry extraparlementaire is created by Dr. Djuanda which takes again the program of Soekarno. The national council is created and in spite of the multiplication of the attacks, president Soekarno continues his policy “of national union”.
  • November, Business of the Irian: the resolution of UNO inviting the Dutchmen and Indonésiens to take again the negotiations on the statute of Irian does not obtain the majority of two thirds.
  • November 30th: An attack aims Soekarno.
  • December 2nd: In response, the “Committee for the release of Irian” starts a general strike. Many Dutch nationals are repatriated. The companies occupied by the workers and the plantations which were Dutch properties are placed under the control of the government of Djakarta. The government multiplies steps to get abroad weapons and ships to put an end to the monopoly in fact Dutch companies of navigation.

Oceania & peaceful

  • May 16th: Thermonuclear test British in the Christmas island (Peaceful).

The Middle East & world-Arabic

  • January 1st: The Egypt denounces the treaty of alliance with the Great Britain. Under the pressure of Eisenhower, Israel is resigned to the evacuation of the the Sinai and Egypt recovers Gaza.
  • February 11th: The Soviet Union reacts to the Doctrine Eisenhower by the Chepilov plan. It envisages the peaceful resolution of the conflicts, non-interference in the interior matters of the Arab countries, the suppression of military alliances and the deliveries of weapons. He proposes a neutralization of the area with a Soviet zone of influence. The United States refuses.
  • February: The king Hussein of Jordan, in front of the rise of the oppositions, resigns himself to form a government of Arab nationalist tendency. The treaty of alliance with the Great Britain is denounced. Glubb Pasha is returned army. The Syria, the Egypt and the Saudi Arabia are committed providing for the financial needs for the kingdom.
  • April 13rd: The government of Jordan proposes a federation with the Syria and the Egypt and the establishment of diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union. Hussein returns the government. The forces pronassériennes, supported by the Palestinian officers of the Jordanian army, retort by a popular insurrection. The king restores the order thanks to the troops loyal supporters.
  • June 8th, Iraq: The Prime Minister Nouri Saïd resigns. The following governments maintain an orientation pro-Western.
  • July 12th: The prince Karim, 20 years, student with Harvard, becomes the Aga Khan, spiritual leader of 20 million Moslems Ismaéliens, with died of his large father.
  • August 6th: Economic cooperation agreement and technique soviéto-Syrian. In answer, the CIA prepares the Wappen plan aiming at reversing the Syrian mode which fails lamentably. Several American diplomats are expelled of Syria.
  • In September, of the Turkish troops is massed at the Syrian border. The USSR announces that it will defend the Syria. At the end of the month, the Saudi Arabia tries a mediation near Damas without consulting Nasser.
  • October 13rd: In answer, Egypt unloads troops with Lattaquié, in Syria.
  • October 28th: Cooperation agreement between the Syria and the the USSR.
  • November 20th: The Palestinian leader Hajj Amin Al-Husseini request the fastening of the Palestine to future RAU. Nasser refuses because it does not wish to see the creation of a Palestinian authority in the payment of the Israeli-Arab question.
  • December 26th: Afro-Asian conference of the Cairo. Reaffirmation of the principles of Bandung. It is decided that the Soviet Union would belong to the permanent Council (January 1st 1958).
  • December, Syria: The left Ba' ath writes a project of union with the Egypt.

  • the the United States join the Pact of Baghdad.

  • the Arab countries, except for the Egypt and of the Syria, adopt the Doctrine Eisenhower.
  • With the Lebanon, the party of Chamoun gains the elections thanks to an electoral cutting which makes it possible to eliminate part of the chiefs from the opposition pro-nassériens. A vote allowing the re-election of the Head of the State is considered.
  • the shortly after Suez, David Ben Gourion launches out in a “peripheral” strategy consisting in loosening the vice that the Arab States close to Israel make weigh on last. It ties alliances with the Turkey, the Ethiopia, even the Sudan. This bringing together allows political policies of joint destabilization in the Arab countries, like the support brought to the Kurdish of Iraq by Israel and the Iran.

Arts & culture

See also: 1957 with the cinema, 1957 in music, 1957 in literature, 1957 with the theater, 1957 as a cartoon, 1957 on television

  • January 13rd: the Wham-O american company develops the Frisbee.
  • Introduction of the Latin alphabet in China; a reform aims at simplifying the language and the Chinese writing.

Visual arts

Sciences & technology

See also: 1957 in science

See also: 1957 in aeronautics

See also: 1957 in the railroads

Sports

See also: 1957 in sport

See also: 1957 in football

Births in 1957

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Death in 1957

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Beats-smg: 1957 Be-X-old: 1957 Map-bms: 1957 Roa-rup: 1957 Simple: 1957 Zh-yue: 1957 年

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