1921

This page relates to the year 1921 Gregorian Calendrier.

Events

  • international Economic crisis (1920 -1921).

Europe

Payment of the First World War

  • January 25th: The conference of Paris fixes the repairs which had by the Germany at 226 billion Marks - but.
  • February 27th: Opening of the Conference of London.
  • March 8th: Occupation of Düsseldorf, Rurhort, Duisburg.
  • May 5th: The conference of London brings back the repairs which had by Germany to 132 Mandelevium of Mark-but.
  • May 10th: Ultimatum of London: the Reichstag agrees to subject to the requirements Allies concerning the payment of repairs.
  • July 27th: Franco-German agreements: repairs in kind.
  • August 25th: The the United States sign a separated peace with Germany.
  • October 29th: Opening of the Conference of Washington on naval disarmament and the the Far East (end in February 1922). The December 13rd, the Secretary of State étatsunien Charles E. Hughes obtains the adhesion of the great powers to the policy of Open door in China, a treaty of mutual guarantee of the insular possessions in the Pacific and a limitation on the fleets of wars (the United States obtains the parity with Great Britain and a superiority on the Japan).

Germany

France

See also: 1921 in France

British Isles

  • April 15th: Joint strike of the trade unions of the minors, the railwaymen and the conveyers.
  • September 24th: In spite of the signature of a truce in July between British government and the Sinn Féin, the civil war begins again in Ireland.
  • December 6th: Signature of the treaty of London by the chief of the Irish delegation Arthur Griffith and by the British: the Ireland of the South becomes the free State of Ireland ( Irish Free State ), equipped with a statute with car-controlled dominion, Northern Ireland (Ulster) remaining attached to Great Britain.

  • the the United Kingdom account 42,7 million inhabitants.

  • 22% of the active population works in the services. Unemployment passes the bar of the million.

Italy

  • Fine of the labor movement to the beginning of the year. The having classes are organized by creating the General confederation of Industry (Confindustria) and the General confederation of agriculture (Confagricoltura). Industrialists and agrarian start to use the services of the fascistic to dismantle the rural organizations and workers.
  • 15 - January 21st: Congress of the socialist party in Leghorn. The maximalist majority ones leave the party to found the Italian Communist party.
  • April: Giovanni Giolitti obtains from the king the dissolution of the Room to widen the parliamentary base of its government.
  • May 15th: The elections bring an ungovernable Room. They reinforce the catholics (107 deputies instead of 100) and sanction the decline of the Socialists (122 deputies instead of 156). Thirty-five fascists are elected, of which Mussolini.
  • June 21st: Mussolini makes a statement on its program in term reassuring: aggressive foreign policy, promise to satisfy the working claims, praise of the liberal economy, maintains of private property, etc
  • June 24th: Giolitti leaves the capacity, leaving the mode in full crisis. Italy is not any more controlled and is in fascistic prey with violences.
  • July 4th: Ivanoe Bonomi, expelled of the socialist party in 1912 for its attitude moderated, form a conservative government with participation of “popular”.
  • the August 30th, the parties Socialist and fascist sign in Rome a pact of pacification, but the most intransigent wing of the fascistic party is opposed to its execution.
  • November: Mussolini creates a great fascistic national party to gather different the close-cropped (chief of the local beams).

  • 37 974  000 inhabitants in Italy.

  • Between 1921 and 1925, GDP increases with the annual average rate of 4% and the exportations of products industrialists, thanks to the depreciation of the lira, increase each year with the average rate of 15,5%.

Central Europe & Balkans

  • October: Failure of one second attempt at putsch of the king Charles IV in Hungary. The Parliament then proclaims the forfeiture of the dynasty of the Habsbourg.

  • December, Hungary: István Bethlen form its second cabinet and implements a policy of consolidation inside the country and in its international relations. Revisionist, it is in favor of the correction of the borders. Its policy is a mixture of ultra-conservatism and liberalism: prohibition of Communism and freemasonry, but signature of the Bethlen-Peyer pact allowing the continuation of the action of the social democrat party. It attenuates the numerus clausus in the universities, which lose their anti-Jewish character, founds a “violation of the press laws”, but removes the censure.

  • Second agrarian reform project in Romania prepared by the preserving Minister for agriculture Constantin Garoflid: the property is limited to 100 ha with exceptions, the surpluses will be redistributed in batches from 5 to 7 ha in priority with the victims of the war. In the old kingdom, 2,8 million ha changes hand, that is to say more than one third of the ground. Specific laws are voted in the new provinces. Six million ha will have expropriés on the whole, but four only redistributed with 1  400  000 peasants, the remainder being reserved in the State or the communes.

Poland & Russia

  • Famine in Russia (5 million dead). Vagueness of strikes and disorders.
  • February: Defensive alliance enters the Poland and France.
  • February 28th, Russia: Mutiny of the sailors of Kronstadt. Brutal repression.
  • March 12th, Russia: Beginning of the N.E.P. (New economic policy). The requisitions of harvests are replaced by a tax in kind and the peasants are authorized to sell the surplus of their production on the open market. The private companies are freed from the supervision of the state. An market economy is restored.
  • March 17th: Constitution in Poland, establishing a democratic regime and member of Parliament. Józef Piłsudski, in opposition with the line (national-democrats), refuses the presidency. Period of governmental instability.
  • March 18th: Treaty of fine Rīga putting at the Russo-Polish war and fixing the borders between the Poland and the Russia more at the east. Poland acquires important bets Bielorussia and Ukraine (Galicie Eastern and Volhynie). These acquisitions will be supplemented by the restitution of high the Silesia with Katowice and of all the Galicie.
  • March 21st: Crushing by the Bolshevik S of the mutiny of sailors of Kronstadt.
  • August 20th: The Soviet Russia accepts the food aid suggested by the the United States.

  • commercial Traité enters Russia and the United Kingdom.

Africa

  • April 6th: Simon Kimbangu founds his Église with the Belgian Congo. Seen by its disciples like a quasi-reincarnation of the Messiah, it is stopped in September, is condemned to dead then off-set.
  • July 21st: War of Rif, terrible defeat of the Spanish troops against Abd el-Krim, with Anoual. Abd el-Krim founds the republic of Rif (end in 1926).
  • October 21st: The Spanish army counter-attacks in the Rif, occupies the citadel of the Artuit mount, where she discovers 3000 massacred soldiers.
  • December 28th: Burden with the minors white of the Witwatersrand (gold mines).

  • the “Jews” occupy the vacant grounds in South Africa and are massacred with Bulhoek.

  • Strike of the railroads to the Belgian Congo.
  • Strike of the workmen of the Katanga (1921-1923).
  • Second Panafrican Congress with London.
  • Creation of the Luso-African Church to the Mozambique.
  • Kenya: The Labor Office Commission estimates the number of potential workers (1920 -1921). Installation of obligatory work for the men from 16 to 30 years then from 16 to 40 years (1927).
  • Demonstrations with the Kenya. Creation of the Young Kikuyu Association.

Asia & India

  • 3 - February 4th: The white Russian general baron Ungern-Stenberg expels the Chinese garrison of Ourga in Mongolia and settles like dictator. He is driven out in July by the Soviets.
  • March 13rd: Foundation of the Mongolian revolutionary Popular party by Sukhbaatar. A provisional government is proclaimed. An army of volunteers helped by a division of the Red Army drives out in a few months the last Chinese troops then the white guard of Ourga the July 7th. A few days later, Sukhbaatar transfers national sovereignty to the people.
  • April 11th: The Parliament Kuomintang of Canton elects Sun Yat-SEN president of the Chinese republic.

  • July 1st: Foundation of the Chinese Communist party with the congress of Shanghai.

  • August, India: Revolt of Mapillais (Moplahs), Muslim population of the south, against the colonial capacity. Repression causes more 2  000 died among the rebels.
  • November 4th: Japanese the Prime Minister Hara Takashi, shown by the soldiers to defend more the interests of the civilians that those of the army, is assassinated by a student. He will be followed of a long succession of political assassinations until in 1940.
  • November 29th: The imperial prince of Japan Hirohito becomes regent with the disease of his father.
  • November:
    • Conference of Washington on the disarmament and the defense of the integrity of the China (fine in February 1922). The Japan must evacuate the Shandong and keep only the rights which are recognized to him, on the railroad of Jinan.
  • India:
    • a vast movement comprising the boycott of the English products and the not-co-operation is launched by Gandhi and the Parti of the Congress with the supports of the Moslems against the colonial mode and for the recovery of the Caliphate (1921-1922). The movement culminates in November in gigantic a Hartal (“sick leave”) to protest against the visit of the Prince de Galles.
  • December 21st: Inauguration with Calcutta (India) of the Victoria Memorial , large marble building, combining British architecture and architecture moghole, built at the instigation of the Viceroy, Lord Curzon, in memory of the queen Victoria, who is today one of the most impressive vestiges of the British presence with Calcutta.

  • Independence of the Afghanistan proclaimed by the king Amanullah. The government of India refuses to recognize it.

  • Believed of the Huang He.
  • Voyage of the imperial prince of the Japan in Europe.
  • Tibet : The British representatives posts some with the Sikkim, David MacDonald and to sir Charles Bell, are then the only admitted foreigners with Lhassa.
  • Indonesia: The Sarekat Islam decides the rupture with the Communists, which accentuates the religious character of the movement and collaborates with the Mouhammadyah (Moslem reformists) and organizes the first congress panislamist of Indonesia. Strikes in the trams and the railroads, printing works, the sugar industry and among the employees of the Mounts of Piety. The government reacts while carrying out the arrest of the Communists at the time of the strikes (1921 - 1922).

Americas

Canada

The United States

  • May 19th: First law on the quotas of immigration to the the United States, it will be hardened in 1924.
  • March 4th: Beginning of the republican presidency of Warren G. Harding with the the United States (fine in 1923).
    • Andrew W. Melon, secretary with the Treasury. Herbert Hoover, secretary with the Trade. Charles E. Hughes, Secretary of State (1921-1926).
  • May 19th: First law on immigration in the United States: establishment of quotas by countries, which support Anglo-Saxon immigration.
  • Organization of the “ Farm Block ” with the Congress by the senators William S. Keyon (Iowa) and Arthur Wraps R (Kansas). They obtain the vote of an emergency tariff.
  • July 12th: The anarchistic American Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, declared guilty of the murder of the cash clerk and the guard of a factory of Braintree are condemned to death.

  • Crisis of reconversion (1921-1922). 4  270  000 unemployed.

  • protective Tariff for agriculture.
  • the United States has half of the world gold stock.

Latin America

  • January 1st: Manual Diego Chamorro (preserving), elected president of the Nicaragua (fine in 1923).
  • January 28th: Bautista Saavedra Mallea is elected president of Bolivia on a program progressist (fine in 1926)

  • American Intervention with Cuba (1921 - 1923).

  • Brazil:

    • First large autonomous iron and steel plant installed with Sabara, in the Minas Gerais, the will belgo-Mineira , made of French, Belgian and Luxembourg capital.
    • Creation of the review the Order by the catholic of right-hand side Jackson de Figueiredo. It allots the cause of all the evils to the Protestants, to the Jews and to the freemasons.

Oceania and the Pacific

The Middle East & Arab world

  • January 15th: Transfer of the direction of the Palestine of the British ministry of the foreign affairs to the ministry for the colonies.

  • Night of the 20 to the February 21st, Iran: Coup d'etat of Reza Pahlavi caused by the occupation of certain parts of the country by the Russians and the British.

  • Mars: With the conference of the Cairo, Churchill decides to entrust the political authority on the Mandate Iraq IEN to Fayçal, which has just been driven out of Damas by the French. The country must reach independence quickly, once the guaranteed British interests. The Great Britain proceeds to a reduction of its military presence to the profit of a narrowly controlled local armed force. It preserves primarily an air force charged with maintains order by possible bombardments and control of the air routes towards India. British military bases are protected by local auxiliary forces made up of Assyrian Christians. The candidature of Fayçal is accommodated favorably by notable the Chiites of the south and following a popular show of consultation, Fayçal is elected king and crowned on August 23rd.

  • 1 {{er}} - May 3rd: Disorders with Jaffa. Violence moves towards the center of the Palestine. The riots make on the whole 90 dead Jewish side and 62 on the Arab side.

  • June - August: IVe Congrès islamo-Christian decides to send to London a delegation led by Musa Kazim Al-Husseini. She is received by Churchill the August 15th and exposes its fears to him to see constituting a State Juif in Palestine. British the Prime Minister advises a meeting with Weizmann, which refuses to recognize that the Zionist project is not the formation of a State. The delegates obtain only the insurance that Jewish immigration in Palestine will not exceed the capacities of economic development of the country.
  • August: First congress of the syro-Palestinian committee with Geneva under the direction of the emir Michel Lutfallah (with Rashid Wrinkled, the emir Druze Shakib Arslan, etc). It sets up a permanent office in Geneva charged to take an action of information near SDN in favor of the Arab nation with Syria. Vis-a-vis the danger Zionist, the Palestinians refuse to recognize themselves like Syriens.
  • August 23rd: Beginning of the reign of Fayçal, king Hachémite of Iraq under British mandate.
    • Fayçal is pressed on large notable urban the Sunnites and on the former Iraqi officers of the Arab revolt, like Nuri Sa' id and Jafar Al-Askari. The latter have the ambition to create a strong State, on the model of the mode Jeune Turkish. The quarrels of being able are very strong and ministerial instability is of setting. The former officers grow rich and become the notable ones and great landowners. Fayçal supports the formation of a national modern army.

  • December, Egypt: Saad Zaghlul is again exiled following its opposition of the British policy.

  • Abdallah Ier of Jordan, emir Hachémite of Transjordanie, principality under British mandate (king in 1946).

  • After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, Abdelaziz Ibn Sa' ud sets up its emirate of the Nedjd to the row of sultanate. It lets the Ikhwan launch its raids towards the south of the Iraq and the Transjordanie. Arrivals close to Amman, the Saoudi forces are destroyed by the British army. London threat to cut its subsidies to Its' ud and imposes a compromise. In order to calm the Saoudi expansionist wills, it grants the Sultan of the territories supposed Kuwait iens to contain oil.

  • Under the impulse of the theorist of Arab nationalism Sati Al-Husri, the Iraq obtains a primary and secondary school network, in spite of the British pressures intended to reduce the appropriations to education. This teaching of mass concerns the children of the middle-classes, and gives a program dedicated to wake up the Arab national conscience and to inculcate the Arab unit. The British presence is fustigated, like any form of imperialism. The Chiites refuse to send their children in the schools of the State.

Gréco-Turkish war

  • January: The Greeks launch an offensive against Eskichedir and Dumlupinar stopped by the colonel Ismet Pasha to Inönü the January 7th.
  • March 13rd: The Italians evacuate Antalya and Konya.
  • March 31st: Second Turkish victory with Inönü against the Greeks.
  • June: The Italy evacuates the area of Adalia.
  • July: Third Greek attack: Afyon, Kütahya and Eskichehir is taken.
  • August 28th: Mustafa Kemal, named généralissime, manages to make release taken to the Greeks.

The Caucasus

  • February 18th: The Armenian peasants, led by the Dachnaks, raise and drive out the Russian Communist government and troops. A committee of Hello of the Arménie is formed under the presidency of Simon Vratsian.
  • February 25th: The Georgia is occupied by the Soviets.
  • March 16th: Treaty of Moscow. Mustafa Kemal obtains government Bolshevik the Armenian areas which were to return to the Russia under the terms of the agreements made during the war and denounced by Moscow. The Russia recognizes full Turkish sovereignty on the Détroits. Agreement between the Arménie and the Turkey: The Armenian republic yields approximately half of its Caucasian grounds to the Turkey (Kars and Ardahan). Batoum is yielded to the Georgia by Turkey and the Nakhitchevan passes from the protectorate of Turkey to that of the Azerbaïdjan.
  • the April 2nd, the Red Army enters again to Erevan and restores the Communist regime under the direction of Alexandre Miasnikian. Dachnaks are folded up on the Zanzékour, then with Ghapan, but must withdraw itself in Perse after a few months of resistance. Repression is slowed down by Lénine.
  • June 10th: Declaration of Paris: the representatives of the three States of Transcaucasia and of the the Caucasus of North proclaim their independence (Azerbaïdjan, Arménie, Georgia). They establish between them a customs union and a military alliance. This declaration remains without effects near the foreign powers.

    • the evacuation of the British and the Germans makes it possible to the Soviets to seize, in 1920-1921, of the Azerbaïdjan, the Arménie, the Georgia and the Turkestan. The Soviet troops invade Georgia which is incorporated in the USSR, to form, with Arménie and Azerbaïdjan, the Soviet socialist federative republic (RFSS) of Transcaucasie. The country of the Tadjik is attached to the autonomous Soviet socialist Republic Turkestan (RSSA).

Arts & culture

See also: 1921 with the cinema, 1921 in music, 1921 in literature, 1921 with the theater, 1921 as a cartoon, 1921 on television

  • nonwell informed or unknown Dates :

    • First representation of the part Six characters in search of author of the Italian playwright Luigi Pirandello.
    • the German surrealist painter max Ernst painted the Elephant Célèbes .
    • Proclamation for the visual arts of America , of the Mexican painter David Alfaro Siqueiros, which asserts an art of orientation ouvrierist and anti-middle-class man.
    • Coco Chanel lance its small very simple dress.

Cinema

  • Latin to coil Rudolph Valentino is in the high-speed motorboat in The Sheik .
  • Left the film The Kid , first feature-length film of Charlie Chaplin.

Sciences & technology

See also: 1921 in science

Sports

See also: 1921 in sport

Births in 1921

January

February

March

April

May

July

August

September

October

November

December

  • nonwell informed or unknown Dates :

  • Siad Bars, former president of the Somalia

Death in 1921

Beats-smg: 1921 Be-X-old: 1921 Map-bms: 1921 Simple: 1921 Zh-yue: 1921 年

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