1908

This page relates to the year 1908 Gregorian Calendrier.

Events

September 29th: The “International Conference for the security of the employment”, joined together with Lucerne (Swiss), prohibited night industrial work for the children of less than fourteen years.
the Nobel Prize of peace is allotted to Swedish Klas Arnoldson and Danish Fredrik Bajer.

Europe

: Regicide with the Portugal. The king Charles Ier of Portugal and the crown prince Luís Filipe are assassinated with Lisbon by republicans acting for their own account. Beginning of the Manual reign of II, king of the Portugal (fine in 1910).
February 4th: The young king Manuel II of Portugal returns the Prime Minister João Franco and restores principal freedoms. Six ministries follow one another of 1908 1910.
Mars: Foundation in Germany of the firm Agfa.
April 8th: Beginning of the liberal ministry of Herbert Asquith, Prime Minister for the the United Kingdom (fine in 1915).
April 19th: German law dictating the mode of associations in Alsace and the Moselle.
May 16th: Obligatory primary school education in Russia.
September 22nd: The Ottoman Empire recognizes the independence of the Bulgaria.
26 - September 27th: Train of Bezdany close to Wilno by Polish Socialists attacks, of which Józef Piłsudski. 200 000 roubles of spoils. The Polish Socialist Józef Piłsudski takes refuge in Galicie after the failure of the insurrection of Warsaw of 1905. He prepares the movement of independence there that the First World War was going to support.
October 5th:

Annexation of the Bosnia-Herzégovine by the Austria. After having obtained the agreement of the Russia in exchange of concessions in the straits, the emperor François-Joseph of Austria appendix Bosnia-Herzégovine, which causes an international crisis. The country will be controlled like common territory of the two States of Austro-Hungarian monarchy, without being integrated into the Hungary, which is not due to an increase in the Slavic populations.
Kingdom independent of Bulgaria with respect to the Ottoman Empire.

October 6th: The Crete is incorporated in the Greece (Eleftherios Venizelos).
December 8th: The Germany ensures the Austria-Hungary its supports following the annexation of the Bosnia-Herzégovine. Released by its allies, the Russia is inclined, while advising with the Serbia to yield.

Agitation of Serb of Croatia. More than 50 members of the Serb autonomous party are stopped and shown large-Serb propaganda in front of the court of Zagreb. 31 of them is condemned for high treason, then discharged.
Foundation of the Galileo center in Hungary, attended by radicals, Socialists and other opponents.
German Empire: To support the installation of German peasants in the Polish territories of the Reich, if the Poles would refuse to sell their grounds, the government is made give the authorization of exproprier the recalcitrant ones. The procedure is practically not used but causes the dissatisfaction with the Poles. German colonization does not progress war.
the United Kingdom: Allowance free old age, labor markets.

France

Italy

October 29th: Foundation of Olivetti to Ivrea.
December: Discusses with the Room on the italo-Austrian relations following the annexation of the Bosnia-Herzégovine. The widening of the Austrian power in a zone so close to the Italy is felt by the opinion like a humiliation.
December 28th: A Earthquake, of a magnitude estimated about 7.5, between the Calabria and the Sicily made 84 000 victims (the victims were never counted exactly). Metz-native destruction of and Reggio of Calabria.

Socialist congress of Florence. After the failure of the strikes, the tendency integralist of the party is repudiated (Enrico Ferri, Oddino Morgari). The reformists, in favor of the Programmed minimo (Turati, Bissolati), triumph.

Switzerland

Creation of the lake of Klöntal, first laying-up basin of Switzerland.
the people accepts a new regulation on the organization of defense.
Robert Walser publishes his novel Der Gehülfe (the clerk).
has Nax (Valais), the roof of a church crumbles during the religious service; hundred people are buried.
the fire of Bonaduz (Grison) causes the fast passage of this village of the romanche to German.

Africa

November 15th: The Belgian Room accepts the donation of the Congo by the king Léopold II. The Belgium adopts a “colonial charter” adopting the principle of “rational colonization”.

Agitation with the Nyassaland animated by the wizard Tonga Maluma (1908 - 1909).
Christian religious Movement of the Watchtower and the Kitawala to the Nyassaland and in Rhodesia of North.
Reform of the “Propaganda” (Congregation Crowned for the Propagation of the Faith) by the pope Black and white X, which makes it possible this one to be devoted to the control and the organization of the missions.

Western Africa

February 18th: William Merlaud-Ponty becomes general governor of AOF (fine in 1916). François Joseph Clozel replaces it as governor of the French Sudan (fine in 1915).

the Dogon of cliff of Bandiagara tighten a ambush with the Vieyres administrator whom they kill close to Dalla with the guard-circles which accompany it. A police operation is immediately assembled to repress them.
Insurrection of the Baoulé in Ivory Coast (1908 - 1910). The governor Gabriel Angoulvant undertakes the pacification of the country: military operations, internments, fines of war, regrouping of villages (1908 - 1918).

Creation of the People Union with the Nigeria.
Prohibition of the worship of the Abarewa in Gold Coast.
Migrations of Ivory Coast, the Upper Volta and Dahomey towards the Gold Coast and the Nigeria.
the Establishments Charles Peyrissac (founded in 1872) are constituted in public limit company (CFAO, Colonial Compagnie of French Africa) and become in twenty years the second exporter of AOF after the SCOA.

The Maghreb

January 4th: Beginning of the reign of Moulay Hafid, sultan of the Morocco.
March 3rd: The French government carries the task force in charge of the pacification of the Morocco to 13 000 men.
May 8th: The general Lyautey is named High-Commissioner of the French government to the Morocco.

Americas

North America

June 8th: Lomer Gouin (liberal) is re-elected Prime Minister with the Quebec.
September 14th: Creation of the car manufacturer General Motors.
September 24th: The Ford Motor Company produces the first cars Model T., sold to 15 million specimens.
October 26th: Wilfrid Laurier (liberal) is re-elected Prime Minister with the Canada. It makes admit that no imperial treaty could oblige Canada without the implicit assent of the Dominion.
November 3rd: Election of William Howard Taft (R), lieutenant de Roosevelt like President of the United States, with the support of the republicans progressists of the agrarian West.

Conference of the governors on the policy of “conservation” joined together with Washington.
Election of Franklin Delano Roosevelt as senator of the State of New York (beginning of its political career).
Creation of the Federal Office off Investigation (FBI) by Charles Bonaparte, minister of Theodore Roosevelt.
Between 1908 and 1911, max Heindel poses the bases of the Rosicrucian Fellowship with Oceanside, California.

South America

December 19th: Juan Vicente Gómez évince by a coup d'etat the dictator Cipriano Castro with the Venezuela and is maintained with the capacity until its death in 1935. The “tyrant of the Andes” asserts on the others caudillos and opens for the Venezuela the era of the Pétrole, by distributing concessions to the British and North-American companies.
With the Mexico, Porfirio Diaz announces that it accepts the presence of a candidate of opposition to the elections of 1910. A land great landowner, Francisco Indalecio Madero, takes the initiative to claim honest elections in his book “ the presidential Succession in 1910 ”, which is a sharp success. He creates an anti-réélectioniste party which threatens the mode, then is imprisoned.
the the United States entrust to Kuhn, Loeb and Co the payment of the debts of Saint-Domingue.

Asia

June 30th: The meteorite which is crushed on Tunguska produced an explosion of 20 megatons (approximately thousand times power of the bomb of Hiroshima) and destroyed 2.000 km ² of forests close to the Lac Baïkal in Siberia.

Southeast Asia

May 20th: Creation of the Budi Utomo by students Indonesia NS of Batavia. This movement of intellectuals will contribute to the training of several leaders of the nationalist movement.
July 23rd, India: The nationalist militant Bal Gangadhar Tilak is condemned to six years of forced labors. A general strike bursts with Bombay in sign of protest.

Paul Doumer takes measures “to build the Indo-China”. Taxes and drudgeries multiply, causing the first great revolts rural, then working.
Revolt with the Tonkin.
Tender of Atjeh to the Dutchmen. Revolts perdurent until in 1939.

China

July 22nd and August 27th: Yuan Shikai makes institute elected provincial councils.
November 14th: Died of Guangxu. Cixi indicates Puyi to succeed to him.
November 15th: Died of Cixi.
December 2nd: The last Manchu emperor Puyi goes up on his throne, at the three years age, under the regency of his father, Chun, which drives out Yuan Shikai to avenge his/her brother the Guangxu emperor.
the Dalaï LAMA goes to Beijing and meets many diplomats, including French, while reaffirming the position of the Tibet with respect to the empress Cixi - that of a relation of “chaplain-owner” and nothing more.

Oceania & the Pacific

Mission of Benedictines in the north of the Kimberley, in Australia. They manage to come into contact with the Aborigènes only in 1912.
Beginning of the production of steel in Australia.

The Middle East & Arab world

July 3rd: Revolution of the Young person-Turks against the government of the Othoman Sultan (fine in 1909). The Turkish army of Macedonia makes a coup d'etat, obliging the sultan to restore the Constitution of 1876 and to organize elections in November - December. The members of the Committee “Union and Progress” return of exile and assume the load of the government. The empire knows days of general jubilation.

Palestine: Riots burst with Jaffa between Arab Juifs and . The Turkish government authorizes the Arabs to have weapons.

Chronologies sets of themes

Religion : The movement Gideon makes place for the first time of the bibles in the hotel rooms.

Bullfighting

May 31st: With Tetuán of mow Victorias (Spain, province of Madrid), alternate of Rodolfo Gaona, Mexican Matador .
June 28th: With Murcie (Spain), alternate of Hilario González Delgado known as “Serranito”, Spanish Matador.

Arts & culture

March 2nd: First exposure to the Kahnweiler gallery with works of Kees Van Dongen.
March 20th: Modigliani exposes to the living room of the independent ones.
August 17th: Emile Cohl creates the first cartoon, Fantasmagorie .
November 9th: The concept of Cubisme is introduced by Louis Vauxcelles to qualify the work of Braque.

First exposure of Oskar Kokoschka to Vienna.
Exposure of painting of the Golden Fleece to Moscow.
the Austrian painter Gustav Klimt painted the kiss .
the Bathers , fabric of Derain.
the painters Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque found the Cubisme.
Publication of “Ornament and Crime” by the Austrian architect Adolf Loos.

Nobel Prize

Births in 1908

January

January 9th: Simone de Beauvoir, writer E Frenchwoman, († 1986).
January 23rd: Stanislas-Andre Steeman, author and Belgian illustrator of French expression († December 15th 1970)
January 26th: Stephan Grappelli, Violonist, († 1997).

February

February 3rd: Nagai Takashi, writer Japanese, († 1951).
February 26th:

Jean-Pierre Wimille, automobile courror
Tex Avery, American Realizer of Cartoons, († 1980).

February 29th: Balthus (Balthasar Klossowski de Rola), painter French of Polish origin, († 2001).

March

March 7th: Anna Magnani, Italian Actress, († 1973).
March 14th: Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Philosopher French, († 1961).
March 25th:

Helene Butcher, Aviatrice French, († 1934).
David Lean, British Realizer , († 1991).

April

April 5th: Herbert von Karajan, German Leader, († 1989).
April 9th: Victor Vasarely, French painter of Hungarian origin († 1997).
April 12th: Carlos Restrepo, president of the Republic of Colombia of 1966 with 1970.
April 28th: Oskar Schindler, Czechoslovakian industrialist who obtained the title of Juste among the Nations, († 1976).

May

May 28th: Ian Fleming, British novelist , creator of James Bond, († 1964).
May 30th: Hannes Alfven Astrophysicist Swedish, († 1995).

June

June 12th: Otto Skorzeny, German officer, († 1975).
June 29th: John Hench, official painter of Mickey Mouse († February 5th 2004).

July

July 5th: Henri of Orleans, claiming Orléaniste with the crown of France, († 1999).
July 26th: Salvador Allende Gossens, Chilean politician, († 1973).

August

August 3rd: Leonor Finished, Italian painter, († 1996).
August 9th: Tommaso Landolfi, writer Italy N. († July 8th 1979)
August 22nd: Henri Cartier-Bresson, Photographer French, († August 3rd 2004).
August 27th: Lyndon Johnson, President of the United States, († 1973).
August 28th: Robert Blackbird, writer French, († 2004).

September

September 4th:

Georges Croisile, first commander (pasha) of the steamer France .
Edward Dmytryk, American Realizer of Canadian origin.
Richard Wright, American writer

September 9th: Cesare Pavese, Italian writer, († 1950).
September 30th: David Oïstrakh, Russian Violonist, († 1974).

October

October 6th: Carole Lombard, American actress, († 1942).

November

November 2nd: Bunny Berigan, Singer and American Trumpet player
November 6th: Francoise Dolto, Doctor Psychiatrist and French Psychoanalyst, specialist in the Psychoanalysis of childhood.
November 16th: Sister Emmanuelle, Religious Belgian, Little sister of the poor.
November 28th: Claude Lévi-Strauss Anthropologist and Philosopher French.

December

December 10th: Olivier Messiaen, Type-setter French, († 1992).
December 13rd: Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira, lawyer, deputy, Brazilian teacher and founder of the movement Tradition Family Property.
December 14th: Morey Amsterdam, American Actor.
December 23rd: Carmelo Pérez (Armando Pedro Antonio Procopio Pérez Gutiérrez), Mexican Matador († October 18th 1931).
December 31st: Simon Wiesenthal, surviving Austrian of the death camps Nazis.
Al Fudhayl Al Wartilani, Moslem and politicking man religious Algerian.

Death in 1908

January 9th: Wilhelm Busch, British draftsman .
January 28th: François Richard, cardinal and archbishop of Paris.
: Charles I {{er}}, king of Portugal.
February 17th: Arthur Moyne of Borderie (° October 5th 1827), French historian.
March 9th: Henry Clifton Sorby, geologist and specialist in British Microscopy .
June 8th: Nikolaï Rimski-Korsakov, Russian type-setter.
June 23rd: Kunikida Doppo, writer Japan board (º July 15th, 1871)
June 24th: Grover Cleveland, former president of the United States.
July 22nd: William Randal To cream, Nobel Prize of peace in 1903.
August 25th: Henri Becquerel, French physicist.
September 20th: Pablo de Sarasate, Spanish type-setter.
October 13rd: Serranito (Hilario González Delgado), Spanish Matador (° December 21st 1883).
1 {{er}} November: Ludwig Carl Christian Koch, Doctor and German arachnologist (° 1825).
November 5th: Andrew Graham, Astronomer Irish.
November 12th: Albert Libertad, French Anarchist-Communist (° November 24th 1875).
November 27th: Albert Gaudry, geologist and paleontologist French.

Beats-smg: 1908 Be-X-old: 1908 Map-bms: 1908 Simple: 1908 Zh-yue: 1908 年

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