1903

This page relates to the year 1903 Gregorian Calendrier.

Events

Africa

Insurrection of the Azande (Sudan and State independent of Congo, 1903 - 1908) and of the Mandja (Oubangui-Chari).
Revolt of the Tuareg S of Illi, chief of the Ifogha. After their tender, Ifogha are attached to the military territory of Tombouctou and a station is created with Kidal.
the British occupy without difficulties Kano and Sokoto (northern of the Nigeria) and the Haoussas recognize their authority.

30 000 warriors oppose 1 200 British with Sokoto.

Forwarding of Guillo-Lohan in the Hoggar.

Report/ratio of the British consul Roger Breaking on the State independent of Congo.
Stopped bearing creation of the school system in AOF. The teaching given to the Africans is mainly technical and professional.
Installation of capitation ( poll-tax ) at the Kenya.

America

The United States

March 3rd: Modification of the laws on immigration with the the United States. It will be necessary from now on to pay a tax to enter on the American territory. The “anarchists” are driven back at the border.
March 29th: Connection TSF between London and New York. Roosevelt inaugurates the first transpacific cable of communication.
Spring: At the time of a strike of workmen of the textile with Kensington (Pennsylvania), Mother Mary Jones organizes a walk of the children to protest against their work (284 000 children from 10 to 15 years work then in the mines, manufactures and the factories). Theodore Roosevelt refuses to receive them.
June 30th: A governmental board of inquiry testifies to the ill treatments inflicted with the Blacks in the south of the the United States.

June 16th: Foundation with Strait (the United States) by Henry Ford of the Ford Motor Company.

Conclusion of the frontier disagreement in Alaska between the the United States and the Canada with the profit of the the United States.
Creation of a “ Office off Corporations ” entitled to supervise the industrial combinations
Law Elkins. Roosevelt attacks the practice of the discriminatory “rebates” of the railroad companies, whose tariffs did not cease increasing since 1900, in spite of the financial concentration.
Creation of the National Afro-American Council to protest against lynching, against the system of peonisation, the discrimination and the deprivation of the rights of representation.

Latin America

January 10th: Signature of a treaty of disarmament enters the Argentine and the Chile.
March 1st: Jose Batlle Ordóñez (Batllismo, 1856-1929) becomes president of the Uruguay there (1903 - 1907 and 1911 - 1916). It consolidates the democracy and must face a revolt armed with the national Party (Parti Blanco) and put an end to internal divisions of its own party (Parti Colorado).
March 22nd: The government Cuba in gives up Guantánamo with the Americans who install a military base there.
November 3rd: Independence of the Panama. The the United States cause a “convenient” revolt in Panama where the Colombia persists in refusing the construction of a channel to them.
November 18th: The Traité Hay-Bunau-Varilla grants to the the United States, perpetuity the control and the exploitation of the Panama Canal. Panama is under American protectorate (1903-1939).

preserving Republic in Colombia (1903 - 1930).
American Interventions in Dominican Republic (1903, 1904, 1905, 1912, 1916 - 1924).
the Honduras becomes the first world banana producer (42% of its export earnings).
Cleansing of Rio de Janeiro by the action of the doctor Oswaldo Cruz (1903 - 1906).

Asia

Failure of revolts antifiscales in Mongolia.
Tendency to decentralization in Indonesia.

The Middle East

April 29th: In Turkey, an earthquake makes 860 victims.
May 12th: The hearth installation of Juif in the the Sinai is rejected by the authorities anglo-Egyptian women.
May 28th: In Turkey, a new earthquake (in Istanbul) made 2000 victims.

Europe

January 1st: German spelling reform.
March 11th, the United Kingdom: First victory of a Labor candidate, William Crooks, with the by-election of Woolwich.
April 11th: Failure of the great strike of the railroads in the Netherlands. The Dutch Parliament prohibited all strikes in the railroads and envisages custodial sentences for the contraveners.
May 1st: Travel to Paris of the king Edouard VII of the United Kingdom, aiming at joining again contact with France after the business of Fachoda, in order to provide the foundations of the Harmony.
May 27th: Foundation in Germany of the company Telefunken.
July: Travel of Emile Loubet to London.
August 4th: Election of the pope Black and white X (fine in 1914).
August 23rd: Congress of London of the Left social democrat Russian, scission between Blocheviks (left majority directed by Lénine) and Mecheviks.
September: Beginning of the series production of cars. It is the automobile manufacturer Swedish Scania which introduces this industrial new approach.
September 9th, the United Kingdom: Resignation of Joseph Chamberlain, Secretary of State to the Colonies. It inaugurates a protectionist campaign.
October 10th, the United Kingdom: Foundation of the political and social Union of the women (Suffragette S) by Emmeline Pankhurst.
November 3rd: Government István the Tisza in Hungary (fine in 1905).
December 3rd: The Norwegian Parliament unanimously pushes back the right to vote for the women.

Election in Germany: The social democrats obtain 31,7% of the votes. The conservatives obtain 54 seats. The party of the empire 21.
Crise enters the king Oscar II and the Norwegian Parliament about the veto (1903 - 1905). The Storting inlassablement proposes the same solution with the “consular question”, and is opposed to the veto of the king. The cabinet Christian Michelsen refuses “to contresign the refusal of sanction” then proposes its resignation with the king who rejects it. Michelsen then informs Storting that all the ministers and itself give up their functions (1905).

Balkans

May 4th: martial law in Macedonia following attacks made by the Steering Committees revolutionary interior Macedonian ( Comitadjis ).
June 11th: coup d'etat in Serbia, assassination of the king Alexandre Ier Obrenovitch, of its wife and her principal ministers by nationalist officers. Pierre I {{er}} Karageorgévitch succeeds to him.
July 20th: revolt nationalist in Macedonia against the Turkish administration. Special administration of the Macedonia under control of the European powers.
October 2nd: meet between François-Joseph of Austria and Nicolas II of Russia to Mürzsteg. zccord on the Macedonia.

Worsen Russian

Dates of the Calendar Julien

February 26th: Imperial proclamation proclaiming the immutability of the communal batch, but also the right of the peasants to create external tenures.
6 - April 8th: Pogrom of Kichinev in Bessarabia with the complicity of the local authorities (Plehwe). Forty-nine died and 500 wounded. Two thousand families lose their hearth.
June: Confiscation of the goods of the Armenian clergy. Russianization of the Arménie.
June 2nd: Law on the responsibility for the employer in the industrial accidents.
July 17th - August 10th: Second congress of POSDR to Brussels, then with London. Division between Bolsheviks (Lénine) and Menchevik (Julius Martov) on the design of the party. Withdrawal of the Bund to which one refuses autonomy.
August: Disgrace of Serge Witte, countered to give up the ministry for finances.
September: Trotski gives an opinion against Lénine and adheres to the fraction Menchevik.

Degradation of the relations with the Japan, partly related to the action of certain Russian mediums directing: intrigue Korean “lobby” of Bezobrazov, nomination of the admiral Alexeïev like viceroy of the Far East, maintains troops of Russian occupation in Mandchourie.
Foundation in Schaffhausen of the Union of Release by the various liberal components gathered around the review Release .
Increase in the movements of Strike (200 000 strikers).
Creation of a workers' delegate (Staroste) in the factories.

France

Italy

June: Giovanni Giolitti resigns of the government to prepare the succession of Giuseppe Zanardelli.
July 20th: died of the pope Leon XIII with Rome.
August 4th: under the pressure of the Austria-Hungary, the conservative Giuseppe Melchior Sarto is elected pope under the name of Pie X. He will reconsider the policy of opening of his predecessor, denouncing the modernism and the democracy. He is hostile with the movements Christian-Democrats (Filippo Meda and gift Romolo Murri) which are increasing successes in Italy.
October 14th: official trip of the king of the queen in Paris. The visit sanctions the bringing together between the two countries.
October 20th: Zanardelli, patient, resign.
November 3rd: the king points out Giovanni Giolitti which will keep the capacity with some short interruptions until in 1914.
December 26th: died of Giuseppe Zanardelli.

Giolitti decides to convert the national debt.
Regno , nationalist newspaper of Enrico Corradini.

Chronologies sets of themes

Aeronautics

Railroads

Arts & culture

Painting

March 20th: Henri Matisse, Andre Derain and Maurice de Vlaminck exposes their fabrics to the Salon of independent the, in Paris.
October 31st: Opening to Paris, in the suckers of the Petit Palais, on the initiative of the Belgian architect Frantz the Jordan (1847 - 1935), large art lover and president of the trade union of the art critic, the 1st Living room of autumn: Bonnard, Matisse, Picabia, Gauguin…
nonwell informed or unknown Dates :

Creation with Dresden of the movement German expressionnist Die Brücke (the Bridge), with in particular the painters Kirchner and Nolde.
the French painter Claude Monet painted the Nymphea .

Sciences & technology

Sports

Nobel Prize

Nobel Prize of physics: Antoine Henri Becquerel, Pierre Curie and Marie Curie
Nobel Prize of chemistry: Svante August Arrhenius
Nobel Prize of physiology or medicine: Niels Ryberg Finsen
Nobel Prize of literature: Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson
Nobel Prize of peace: William Randal To cream

Births in 1903

January

January 10th: Barbara Hepworth, British sculptor
January 11th: Alan Lump, South-African writer

February

February 10th: Nikolaï Podgorny, Soviet politician
February 13rd: Georges Simenon, Belgian writer
February 17th: Cagancho (Joaquín Rodríguez Ortega), Spanish Matador († January 1st 1984).
February 21st

Anaïs Nin, Franco-American auteure († 1977).
Raymond Queneau, writer and poet French

February 22nd: Morley Edward Callaghan, novelist, short story writer and radio presenter and of television Canadian († 1990)
February 26th: Giulio Natta, Italian chemist

March

March 7th: Maryse Hilsz, French aviatrice
March 9th: Adrien Legros, singer of opera

April

April 9th: Ward Jump, American Actor († 1960, 57 years)

May

May 3rd: Bing Crosby, American singer
May 8th: Fernandel (Fernand Joseph Desired Contandin), actor
May 29th: Bob Hope, actor, American actor

June

June 3rd: Luciano Will counter, Mexican Matador († February 3rd 1991).
June 8th: Marguerite Yourcenar, woman of letters, first woman elected with the French Academy
June 18th: Raymond Radiguet, novelist and poet French
June 25th: George Orwell, British writer

July

July 1st: Amy Johnson, British aviatrice
July 2nd: Olaf V, king de Norvège
July 26th: Charles Marx, Resistant future, Military Cross and star of vermeil of the FFI, Officer of the Legion of Honor, médailler of honor to the military health service, medal-holder of French Resistance, minister Luxembourg of health, Cross about Resistance on a purely posthumous basis.

August

August 3rd:

Habib Bourguiba, leader of the fight for independence and first president of the republic Tunisia.
Aimee de Heeren, in Castro in the State of Parana to the Brazil. Egery of several politicians, member of the fashion hall off famed , it was the quintessence of the glamor and l´elegance († September 14th 2006)

August 31st: Vladimir Jankélévitch, French Philosopher

September

September 17th: George Koltanowski, player of failures and Belgian journalist échiquéen († February 5th 2000).
September 20th: Marcial Lalanda, Spanish Matador († September 25th 1990).
September 23rd: Gitanillo de Triana (Francisco Vega of los Reyes), Spanish Matador († August 14th 1931).

October

October 11th: Kazimierz Kordylewski, astronomer Polish (+ March 11th 1981)

November

November 7th: Konrad Lorenz, biologist and Austrian zoologist († 1989), father of the ethology

December

December 6th: Sherman Kent, historian of the American information
December 12th: Yasujiro Ozu, Japanese realizer
December 28th: John von Neumann, American mathematician († February 8th 1957)
December 31st: Nathan Milstein, American violonist

== Death in 1903 ==

January 28th: Robert Planquette, type-setter of Operetta French (° 1848).
January 31st: Thomas McIlwraith, businessman and Canadian Ornithologist of Scottish origin (° 1824).
February 22nd: Hugo Wolf, Austrian type-setter (° 1860).
March 2nd: Gustav Radde, explorer and German naturalist (° November 27th 1831)
April 11th: Gemmated Galgani, Saint E catholic Italy (° March 12th 1878).
May 9th: Paul Gauguin, French painter, with the Marquesas Islands (° June 7th 1848).
May 24th: Marcel Renault, racing driver.
June 11th: Alexandre I {{er}} Obrénovitch, king of Serbia, assassinated with Belgrade (° August 14th 1876).
June 14th: Karl Gegenbaur, German anatomist.
July 17th: James Abbott McNeill Whistler, American painter.
July 20th: Leon XIII, pope, born Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci (° March 2nd 1810).
August 1st: Calamity Jane (Martha Jane Canary, known as), adventurous (° May 1st 1852).
September 1st: Bernard Lazare, writer, journalist.
September 13rd: Antonio Reverte, Spanish Matador (° April 28th 1870).
November 1st: Theodor Mommsen, German historian.
November 13rd: Camille Pissarro, Impressionist painter then neo-impressionist French (° July 10th 1830).

December 8th: Herbert Spencer, British philosopher .

Beats-smg: 1903 Be-X-old: 1903 Map-bms: 1903 Simple: 1903 Zh-yue: 1903 年

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