1898

This page relates to the year 1898 Gregorian Calendrier.

Events

Europe

March 28th: Naval laws of the Secretary of State to the navy Alfred von Tirpitz adopted by the Reichstag in Germany. They envisage the operational startup of 17 battleships of line, 8 coastal battleships, 35 cruisers and 2 ship of the lines. This program does not claim by competing with the British fleet but is with the height of the colonial and commercial ambitions of Germany.
May 13rd, the United Kingdom: The Secretary of State to the colonies critical Joseph Chamberlain British isolationism. It evokes a bringing together with the Germany, considering inevitable a confrontation with the Russians in the Far East and with the France in Africa
September 9th: Assassination of the empress Elisabeth of Austria to Geneva by the Italian anarchist Luigi Luccheni.
December: Independence of the Crete (fine in 1908). The prince Georges of Greece is named by the powers High-Commissioner in Crete.
December 10th: After the treated of Paris and the loss of its last colonies, the Spain pay its weakening on the internal plan. The Basque Catalonia and provinces assert their autonomy, while the anarchistic movement gains in influence while resting on the poverty of the population.

Assembled social democracy in Germany, which occupies 56 seats with the Reichstag with 27,2% of the votes. The conservatives obtain 56 seats. The Zentrum guard a hundred seats.
Otto von Bismarck publishes Souvenirs and thought .
Abolition of the military replacement to the Netherlands.
the Vote for all is introduced in Norway. The right to vote is granted to the women in the local elections in Norway.
Union of the socialist parties and republicans to the Portugal. The Socialists obtain their first deputies.
Swiss: 2nd Congress Zionist with Basle.
Prohibition of the strikes of the Hungarian farm laborers.
Austria: Birth of the Subway of Vienna, two years before that of Paris, 35 years after London.
a printer of Dublin, Arthur Griffith, lance the Irish nationalist movement Sinn Féin (foundation in 1905).
Launching of the Daily Mail , which inaugurates the era of the large press to the the United Kingdom.

France

Russia

1 {{er}} - March 3rd: Foundation with Minsk of the Russian social democrat party (POSDR), by Marxists and the Bund.
the Russia takes the control of the totality of the Turkestan.
Rising of Andijan in Central Asia.
Reform of the taxes on the trade and industry.

Swiss

the Confederation repurchases a certain number of railway lines and founds the CF.
an anarchist assassinates the empress of Austria to Geneva (September 10th).
Eduard Spelterini crosses the Alps in balloon.
the first section of the line of Jungfrau is brought into service.
June 25th: Opening of the Swiss National museum with Zurich.

Italy

Riots in all the Italy against the rise of the prices to the Spring. Italy seems at the edge of the social explosion. Disorders burst in the Pouilles, in the Marches, in Toscane, Romagna and Lombardy. Agitation reached Milan.
May: White terror. The general Luigi Pelloux crushes a revolt in the South and half of the kingdom is placed under the martial law. In Milan, the troop of the general Dribbled Beccaris car on crowd, leaving more than one hundred killed. Repression of the demonstrations, arrests, lawsuit, dissolution of socialist, catholic or simply democratic organizations, prohibition of 110 newspapers.
June: The events involve the fall of the government Di Rudini. The king calls the Pelloux general, who enjoys a liberal reputation.
November:

a great exposure to Turin celebrates the 50e birthday of the Constitution and the first war of independence.
Commercial treaty with the France.

Balance of the budget of the State.

Africa

Forwarding of Grandidier to Madagascar (1898 - 1899).

Eastern Africa

June 15th: The Ruanda passes under German protectorate. Musinga, king of the Lounda, accepts protectorate to finish some with its internal opposition. Until 1919, Ruanda will be regarded as district 13 of the German Eastern Africa.
July 10th: Beginning of the business of Fachoda British , tensions free on the Sudan (July-November). the French of the mission Marchand arrive at Fachoda on the White Nile. French forwarding illustrates the methods of colonizations which prevail in central Sudan: this unit of a hundred alive man on the country is not intended to carry out the effective occupation, but to install a network of small garrisons able to guarantee the British territories of covetousness.
July 22nd: Djibouti becomes a French colony and takes the name of “French Coast of Somalis”.
September 2nd, Sudan: Kitchener crushes the Ansar (soldiers of the Mahdi or dervishes) with Omdurman. It occupies Khartoum and makes disperse ashes of Mahdi in the Nile. Kitchener is named Lord off Khartoum. While its assistant Wingate launches out to the continuation of the caliph who is killed during a battle with the Kordofan, Kitchener goes up the the Nile until Fachoda.
September 15th: Lord Kitchener arrives with 20 000 men in front of Fachoda. Marchand refuses to evacuate the city. London and Paris exchanges ultimata. A war between the France and the Great Britain is considered, then the French government inclines itself.
the November 7th, the Capitaine Marchand must evacuate Fachoda: the France yields to the requirements the United Kingdom and receives in compensation the Ouadaï and some territories of Chadian Sudan (1899).
Famine Mugudya (to wander in the search of vivres) with the Busoga (current Uganda, end in 1901). Caused by the mutinies of 1897 and their repression, it makes between 40 000 and 60 000 dead.

Western Africa

September 29th: Difficult victory of the French troops against Samory Touré, finally made captive by the captain Gouraud with Guélémou with the Liberia. He will die in exile with the Gabon (June 2nd 1900). Its defeat puts an end to thirteen years fights against France. The French take Sikasso. All the Western Sudan passes under French control except the Nigeria to the hands of the British.
Beginning of the reign of Ibrahim, sultan of the Ouadaï (fine in 1901). The interior situation worsens in Ouadaï.
Rabah devastation again the Baguirmi.
Bataille enters the British and the forces of Bai Bureh in Sierra Leone.
Forwarding of Monteil in Ivory Coast.
Forwarding of Nice on the Oubangui and the Chad (1898 - 1900).

Central Africa

Appearance of the Disease of the sleep (Trypanosomiasis), related to the Tsetse fly, in the Niari (Congo), between Brazzaville and the ocean, started by the repeated passage of the carriers Loango. It is spread with the Gabon, goes up the river Congo to reach in 1901 the neighborhoods of the Lake Victoria, in Uganda (250 000 died in 1900 - 1905). The Belgian future Congo is reached simultaneously.
In front of the benefit carried out by the Belgian companies with the Congo, the French want to imitate them. The ministry for the Colonies receives 119 requests for concessions, definite like “companies of colonization”. In one year, forty companies divide 70% of the territory: for example, the Company of the sultanates of Haut-Oubangui receives a concession of 140 900 km ².
Company of the Secondary lines of the Mayumbe.

The Maghreb

January: Anti-Jewish riots, in particular with Algiers. They end only after the departure of the general governor Louis Lépine in July.
July 26th: Edouard Laferrières is named general governor of Algeria (fine in 1900)
Laferrière obtains French government the decrees of the August 23rd which are to some extent a Constitution of the Algérie: creation of the financial delegations, reorganization of the Superior council, increase in economic and social autonomy.
Franco-German Competition with the Morocco: Paris obtains Great Britain the recognition of its authority on the hinterland of North Africa. But Berlin, which intends to take a lead in the ground, sends a new representative to Morocco. This last joined its station in the warship, accompanied traders, industrialists and of a staff of officers.
October 12th: Installation of the first municipal council with Mateur.

The Middle East

October: Travel of Guillaume II of Germany to Constantinople and Jerusalem. It ensures the Othoman sultan of support of Germany.

Theodor Herzl meets Kaiser Guillaume II with Jerusalem. The Germany obtains the construction of the railroad of Baghdad.

the Crise of Fachoda reinforces Franco-British antagonism in Egypt. France blocks the action of London while making pass under its consular protection of many nationalist persons in charge by the system of the capitulations.

Asia & Indian world

Southeast Asia

May 1st, War Spanish-American: Victoire of the admiral George Dewey on the Spanish fleet in bay of Manila. The Americans occupy the Filipino but run up against the resistance of the nationalist forces ordered by Emilio Aguinaldo.
May 19th: Emilio Aguinaldo, taken refuge with HongKong since 1897, unloads in Philippines.
June 12th: Emilio Aguinaldo proclaims the independence of Philippines with Manolos, but the Americans prohibit the entry of the city to the nationalists.
August 12th: The Americans enter Manila.
December 10th: Spain yields Philippines to the the United States with the treaty of Paris.
India: Foundation of the town of Lyallpur in plan out of star (today Faisalabad with the Pakistan).
Indonesia: The Dutchmen impose the “brief treaties” making of the princes of the “indigenous States” of simple executants on the orders of the colonial capacity.
Indo-China: Installation of a consortium under the crook of the Bank of Indo-China. It gathers all the French large banks (General society, national Comptoir of Discount, etc) as well as the Company of Batignolles, the general Control of the Railroads.
Tibet : Fine tragedy of the forwarding of the Canadian missionary Petrus Rijnhart, accompanied by its Suzie wife and their Charlie baby. Only Suzie Rijnhart survives.

Far East

April 25th: Agreement Nishi-Rozen between the Japan and the Russian Empire. Japan admits the influence of Russia in the north of the Great wall and obtains the recognition of its economic interests in the zone China - Mandchourie.
Of European military bases is installed in China:

March 27th: Russia is made yield Port-Arthur (today Lüshun) and the peninsula of Liaodong to lease for twenty-five years.
July 1st: The United Kingdom occupies the port of Weihai Wei with the Shandong and obtains a right of pre-emption on the basin of the Yangzi Jiang. It rents HongKong in China for ninety years.
the France acquires in hiring bay of Guangzhou Wan and the right to build a railroad of Lao Kay (Tonkin) with Yunnanfu completed in 1910.
Following the convention of 1898, the Germany cuts a zone of influence in China.

Failure of the “Reform the hundred days”:

June 10th: The emperor of China Guangxu undertakes a vast program of reforms with the assistance of a group of intellectuals reformists directed by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao to raise the country.
September 15th: His/her aunt Cixi, pressed by noble the Manchu, nap the emperor to return the reformists. Guangxu charges the military chief Yuan Shikai making carry out the general Ronglu (man of Cixi) and with stopping Cixi. However Yuan Shikai announces project of the emperor with Ronglu which warns the empress.
September 20th: Cixi fact of supervising the doors of the palate by Ronglu and makes carry out the reformists (Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao succeed in fleeing in Japan). The emperor, declared weak of spirit, is sequestered until his death in the palate.

The failure of the reform involves the creation of new a sect, xenophobe and mystic: the movement of the Boxers.

Beginning of the Revolt of the Boxers in China (end in 1900).
the Westerners force Japan to evacuate Taiwan.
Following the annexation of Hawaii by the the United States, the the United Kingdom approaches Japan.
Japan: Adoption of a civil code inspired of the German code preferably to a first project prepared by French lawyers.

Oceania

June 21st: The the United States take the island of Guam.
July 4th: Proclamation of the Republic with Hawaii. Standford B. Pares becomes president of the Republic of Hawaii.

Americas

Latin America

February 8th: Coup d'etat to the Guatemala. The president Jose María Reina Barrios is assassinated by Oscar Zollinger, a German. Its successor, Manuel Estrada Will pull up, succeed in of election in election maintaining himself with the capacity for twenty-two years. Caudillism until in 1940.
October 12th: Julio Argentino Roca is elected president of the Republic Argentine for the second time (end in 1904). The conservatives dominate in Argentina until in 1916. Man of experiment (president of 1880 to 1886), Roca tries to give of the order in finances of Argentina. He will fail, like his predecessors, impotent to face the consequences of inflation in a country or cohabit two courses different from the peso.
November 15th: Manuel Ferraz de Campos Sales is elected president of the Brésil (fine in 1902).
Hegemony of the Left Colorado in Uruguay until in 1904.

War Spanish-American

February 15th: Mysterious explosion of the Armoured American US Maine in roads of Havana. Although it is about an accident, Washington shows the Spaniards of them. the the United States start the hostilities to the Spain.
March 27th: The government of the United States requests from the Spain an immediate armistice with Cuba, to remove the policy of the concentration camps and to accept an American mediation so that Cuba obtained its independence.
April 9th: Spain declares the cease-fire in its war against Cuba.
April 10th: Madrid practically accepted all the conditions imposed by William McKinley except the promise of independence.
April 11th: Pushed by the opinion, the president McKinley request with the Congress the authorization to intervene with Cuba.
April 20th: The government of the United States launches an ultimatum to Spain in the Cuban crisis.
April 25th: The American Congress declares the war in Spain, asserting that “the people of Cuba must be free and independent”
April 27th: On instruction of Theodore Roosevelt, the admiral George Derey leaves Hong-Kong with seven vessels.
May 1st: The admiral George Dewey destroys without the least loss the ten ships of the Spanish fleet blocked in the port of Manila.
May 27th: Blockade of the Spanish fleet by the fleet of the United States in the roads of Havana.
July 1st: Battle of the hill of San Juan, with Santiago.
July 15th: Capitulation of the Spanish troops in Cuba.
the July 16th, Cuba is delivered. Santiago falls to the hands from the Americans. The Spaniards engage of the preliminaries of peace.
August 12th: The Americans enter Manila.
December 10th: Treaty of Paris: End of the war Spanish-American, the United States annexes Guam and Puerto Rico as allowance and buys the Filipino in Spain for 20 million dollars. Cuba becomes independent under American protectorate (1903 - 1934).

At the end of the war, the saving in Cuba falls to the hands from the American interests (railroad, mines, exploitations sugar).

North America

May 1st: Prohibition of the demonstration against the organized war with New York by the working Socialist party.
May 10th: Foundation with Salt Lake City of the Western Labor Union .
June 13rd: Creation of the territory of the Yukon (capital: Whitehorse) under the terms of the Act of the Yukon Territory.
July 7th: The annexation of Hawaii and the island of Wake by the United States is approved by the Congress.
August 21st: The United States takes the island of Puerto Rico.
Conferences with Quebec (August 24th - October 11th) and Washington (November 7th - February 21st 1899) to regulate the dispute which opposes the Canada and the United States in connection with the Alaska. In front of the dead end of the talks, one decides to ask Great Britain to be used as referee. It gives reason to the United States.
an anti-impérialiste league is constituted in the United States, gathering various personalities (Grover Cleveland, Gompers, Mark Twain, Carnegie, William James).
Return of prosperity to the United States. Increase of the farm prices until in 1920.
the Standard Oil control the domestic network of pipelines and refines 83,7% of the production of oil of which it ensures a good third.
the war Spanish-American reveals the weaknesses of the US Army, hastily carried 26 000 with 60 000 men and inflated 200 000 volunteers, as regards equipment, of logistics and department of health. On 5462 died, 379 are killed with the engagements, the others are victims of the Yellow fever or the Dysenterie and food poisonings caused by rotting meat.
the Louisiana sets up the first “clause of the grandfather”: limitation of the right to vote except if your grandfather voted before 1865: means of excluding the blacks and the immigrants.

Chronologies sets of themes

Railroads

Sports

Arts & Culture

October 28th: With Madrid (Spain), alternate of Domingo Del Campo there Álvarez known as “Dominguín”, Spanish Matador.
December 28th: First of Cyrano from Bergerac in Paris.
Balzac , sculpture of Rodin.
After the bath, woman essuyant the neck , fabric of Degas.
the Holy-Victoire Mountain, sight of Bibémus (1898-1900), fabric of Cézanne.
Le Monde of Art , re-examined artistic Russian (1898 - 1904).
Bogatyrs , of the painter Vasnetsov.
Theater of Art of Moscow founded by Stanislavski and Nemirovitch.
Literature:

August 12th: The Belgian poet Symbolist Georges Rodenbach (1855 -1898) publishes, in Le Figaro, an article on Arthur Rimbaud. See the text of the article
nonwell informed or unknown Dates :

Otto von Bismarck publishes Souvenirs and thought .
the British writer H.G. Wells publishes the war of the worlds .
the Italian writer Gabriele D' Annunzio publishes the Mona Lisa .

Sciences & technology

Births in 1898

January

January 21st: Rudolph Subdued, realizer Polish († October 27th 1964)
January 23rd: Sergueï Eisenstein, Soviet realizer

February

February 3rd: Alvar Aalto, architect and designer Finnish († May 11th 1976)
February 10th :

Bertolt Brecht, German playwright
Joseph Kessel, French writer

February 14th: Fritz Zwicky, Swiss astrophysicist
February 15th: Totò, movie actor and Italian singer († 1967, 69 years)
February 18th: Enzo Ferrari, commendatore

March

March 4th: Georges Dumézil, Philologist, French academician (armchair 40)
March 13rd: Henry Hathaway, American scenario writer

April

May

May 3rd :

Antoine Balpêtré, French actor
Golda Meir Israeli political woman, former Prime Minister of Israel

May 8th: Henri Adeline, Brigadier general and resistant French. († April 30th 1971).
May 16th: Kenji Mizoguchi, Japanese realizer
May 19th: Julius Evola, Italian thinker

June

June 17th :

Maurits Cornelis Escher, Dutch engraver
Carl Hermann, German crystallographer

June 21st: Avery Claflin, American Type-setter. († January 9th 1979).

July

July 17th: Berenice Abbott, American photographer
July 30th: Henry Moore, British sculptor

August

August 13rd: Jean Borotra, tennis player

September

September 26th: George Gershwin, American type-setter

October

November

November 11th: Clear Rene, French realizer
November 21st: Rene Magritte, Belgian painter
November 23rd: Mikhail Artamonov, Historian and Russian Archeologist . († July 31st 1972).
Rene Simon, professor of dramatic art French
Tamara de Lempicka, American painter of Polish origin

December

to also see: : Category: Birth in 1898

Death in 1898

January 14th: Lewis Carroll, writer and British photographer .
March 15th: Aubrey Beardsley, engraver and British draftsman .
April 18th: Gustave Moreau, French painter.
June 17th: Edward Ball-Jones, British painter .
July 30th: Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck, German chancellor.
August 3rd: Charles Garnier, French architect.
August 8th: Eugene Boudin, French painter.
August 23rd: Félicien Rops, Belgian painter.
September 9th: Stephan Mallarmé, French poet.
September 10th: Sissi , alias Elisabeth de Wittelsbach, empress of Austria-Hungary.
September 25th: Gabriel de Mortillet, French prehistorian (° August 29th 1821)
October 24th: Pierre Puvis de Chavannes, painter, engraver and draftsman French Symbolist. He bequeaths to the State his workshop and all works which he contains (Musée Gustave Moreau).
December 25th: Georges Rodenbach (43 years), Belgian poet Symbolist. (° July 16th 1855).
December 28th: Martin Nadaud, French politician.
Ivan Ivanovitch Chichkine, Russian painter.

to also see: : Category: Death in 1898

Beats-smg: 1898 Be-X-old: 1898 Map-bms: 1898 Simple: 1898 Zh-yue: 1898 年

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