1890

This page relates to the year 1890 Gregorian Calendrier.

Events

Europe

  • 60 000 Hungarian workmen celebrate on May 1st. The working party becomes the Hungarian social democrat Party.
  • June 24th: Against reform of the Zemstvo S in Russia. Modification of the electoral mode (increase in representation peerage-book, restriction of the country vote, administrative intensifying of the control).
  • November 23rd:
    • After death without descent of Guillaume III, sovereign king of the Netherlands and of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Luxembourg becomes independent of the Netherlands. The duke Adophe de Nassau, resulting from the elder branch of the royal family, Weilbourg, becomes large-duke of Luxembourg under the name of Adolphe I {{er}} of Luxembourg (1817 - 1905). The country had acquired its neutrality in 1867 thanks to the signature of the treated of London.
    • Beginning of the reign of Wilhelmine, queen of the Netherlands (fine in 1948) under the regency of his/her mother Emma de Waldeck-Pyrmont until in 1898.

  • nonwell informed or unknown Dates :

    • Zionism: the Comité of Odessa receives a legal recognition.
    • the United Kingdom: The Trades Union Congress account 1,5 million members with the arrival of the workers not qualified since 1880 (“new unionism”).
    • Portugal: The vague nationalist of revolt against monarchy, considered to be responsible for the abandonment of the connection Angola - Mozambique after the British ultimatum of the January 12th, benefits the Republican party.

Germany

  • February 20th: Retreat of the conservatives to legislative in Germany with the profit of the Zentrum and the democratic social party, which obtains 1  427  000 votes.
  • March 15th: The first International Conference of work, joined together with Berlin, lays down the creation of an international legislation of work.
  • March 20th: Bismarck is dislocated of its functions of chancellor of the German Empire, replaced by the general Caprivi (fine in 1894). The emperor Guillaume II will say according to his own expression which it was for him only one “accident”. Antagonism between the chancellor and Kaiser, latent since the great strikes of minors of 1889, did not survive their disagreements, that it is as a foreign policy (in favor of the status quo European, Bismarck was opposed to the Welkpolitic of the emperor, who refuses to renew his engagement towards the Russia) or as an interior policy (Guillaume II the laws antisocialists of 1878 will remove).
  • July 1st: Treaty of Héligoland enters Germany and Great Britain. Against concessions in Africa, Germany recovers the island of Héligoland, with the mouth of the Elba.

Spain

  • the Cortes are elected by the male vote for all.
  • PSOE chooses to take part in the elections.
  • the conservative party of Antonio Cánovas del Castillo control surface until in 1892.
  • Reduction of day's work at 10 a.m.

France

See also: 1890 in France

Italy

  • May: Various radical groups work out a program known under the name of “Pact of Rome” for better organizing their opposition to the authoritative government of Francesco Crispi.
  • November 23rd: Legislative election. To consolidate its capacity and to widen its electoral base, Crispi requires of the king the dissolution of the Room.
  • December 8th: Giovanni Giolitti, minister the Interior for 18 months has resigned not to give up its criteria of austerity and economy. It takes its distances to prepare with the succession of Crispi.

  • Shipwreck of the Italian banking system (1890 - 1894).

the United Kingdom

Swiss

  • May 1st: May 1st is celebrated for the first time in Switzerland.
  • September 11th: A Coup d'etat involves the fall of the Canton of Tessin.

  • nonwell informed or unknown Dates :

    • the Swiss unions of consumers gather in a ridge association.
    • Opening of the railway Klosters - Davos.

Africa

  • January 12th: A British ultimatum requires that the Portugal evacuate the territory of the Maloko and the Machona, with the Chiré, in the south of the Lac Nyassa. By fear of a conflict with the Great Britain, Portugal prefers to withdraw territories that it occupied in the south of the lake Nyassa. The British impose on it a protectorate (Nyassaland). Portugal and the United Kingdom arrive at a compromise at the end which Portugal gives up its ambitions transafricaines (pink chart) but receives important territorial compensations (treaty of London, 1891).

  • July 17th: Cecil Rhodos becomes the Prime Minister for the Colonie of the Cape in South Africa. Founder of the British Company of South Africa, it little by little will isolate the territories Boers between the British establishments from the coast and those of North. The African farmers become underground workers.

  • Cecil Rhodos makes occupy left bank of the Limpopo (Botswana, current Zimbabwe).

    • Invasion of the Rhodesia by 1  200 White soldiers and 1  600 Black auxiliaries. Lobengula and its best soldiers must emigrate in Rhodesia of North. 280  000 heads of cattle belonging to the Ndébélé are confiscated by the BSAC and 40  000 are redistributed with the colonists. 200 white colonists settle in Southern Rhodesia, framed by 500 men-at-arms.
  • Rising against the concessionary companies with the Mozambique (1890 - 1900).
  • Return of Tippou Tib to Zanzibar. Its Rachid nephew succeeds to him like wali ( governor ) of the district of Stanley Falls (Kisangani).

Eastern Africa

  • January 1st: In Italy, a royal decree announces the constitution of the colony of Erythrée.
  • July 1st: Agreements of Héligoland. Germany signs a treaty with the the United Kingdom which grants to him the assumption of responsibility of the territories of the Deutsche Ostafrikanische Gesellschaft .

  • November 4th: The sultan of Zanzibar accepts British protectorate n the other hand annual rent of 11  000 pounds.

  • Frederick Lugard, named military administrator the December 26th, imposes a British protectorate on the Bouganda (Uganda) following the German-English agreements of Héligoland. With the beginning of the year, catholics and Protestants linked themselves to drive out kingdom the king Kalema and the Arabs and to restore Mwanga, in exile since 1888.

  • Frederick Lugard, agent of the Imperial British East Africa Company , constitutes the Uganda Rifles, troops made up as a majority of Khartoum iens.
  • Resistance of the Bounyoro to the British authorities (1890 - 1898). The army of Bounyoro occupies for three months the capital of Bouganda.
  • the Ethiopia occupies the Ogaden, Basle, the Sidamo and the Cambata (1890 - 1893).
  • Beginning of the reign of Seyyid Ahmed ibn Thoeïn, sultan of Zanzibar (fine in 1896)
  • Bombardment and taken Kuwa by the Germans.

Western Africa

  • April 6th: Catch of Ségou, defended by Madani, wire of Ahmadou Tall, by the colonel Louis Archinard; the France conquers the basin of the Niger. Ahmadou, which was folded up on Nioro, response by attacking the lines of communication of the French troops with Kayes. It continues resistance until its death in 1895.
  • August 18th: French Sudan obtains its autonomy compared to the Senegal. Kayes, on high Senegal, is selected like capital until in 1907.

  • practical Samori Touré the scorched earth policy following an insurrection Animist which sets ablaze its States.

  • France tries a takeover by force against the Dahomey. The navy bombards Cotonou and massacres part of its population. The king Béhanzin must grant to France a “right of indefinite occupation” to Cotonou. He preserves on the other hand his sovereignty on the city.
  • Rabah occupies and plunders the Dar-Rounga which it joins together with the Dar el-Kouti. He entrusts the command of it to the sultan Mohammed are-Senoussi whose girl marries Fadel Allah, wire of Rabah.
  • First Franco-English agreement on the Chad.
  • Samuel Ajayi Crowther, devoted bishop of the Church Anglican in 1864, must give up its load under the pressure of the English tradesmen.
  • Forwarding of Foureau to the the Sahara and the Tademaït.
  • Forwarding of Crampel to the Chad (1890 - 1891).
  • Forwardings of Frederik Lugard in Uganda and with the Nigeria (1890 - 1895).
  • Strike of the railwaymen of the Dakar - Saint-Louis.

Americas

North America

  • July 2nd: Vote Loi Sherman antitrust. Concession with regard to the opinion, the law Sherman makes illegal the trust. Actually Sherman Act will remain without much effect because of its inaccuracies and its interpretation by the Supreme court, which will use it to limit the activity of the trade unions.

  • 3 and July 10th: The Idaho and the Wyoming become the forty-third and States forty-fourth of the American Union.

  • Fine official of the “Border” (frontier), sanctioned by the inspector of the census to the the United States. It actually remains of many unoccupied grounds, but the advertisement has a considerable psychological effect.

Latin America

  • January 25th: Traité of Montevideo fixing the border enters the Argentine and the Brésil

  • March 1st: Julio Herrera Obes is constitutionally elected there president of the Republic of Uruguay. Its accession with the capacity marks the return of the civil capacity and puts an end to one long period during which the political life was almost non-existent. Spheres will attempt to restore political freedoms.

  • May 8th: The elections carry the conservatives to the capacity to the Costa Rica. The chief of the government, gift Jose Joaquim Rodriguez, will suspend the constitutional guarantees on several occasions to fight against a press of particularly active opposition.

  • April 13rd: Foundation of the party radical civic Union (UCR) of Hipólito Yrigoyen in Argentinian, supported by the middle-classes, which claim a fuller participation in the political system. The UCR vainly tries to seize the power by the armed struggle (1890, 1893 and 1905).

  • August 10th: Remigio Morales Bermúdez is elected president of the Republic of the Peru (fine in 1894).

  • November 15th: The Constitution is submitted to the Parliament with the Brésil.

  • the decision of the president of Chile Jose Manuel Balmaceda to control without the deputies after the liberal majority of the Parliament divided on the choice of its successor starts a revolt carried out by members of Parliament supported by the navy. Balmaceda is deposited (August 29th 1891). The presidential regime is replaced by one period of parliamentarism marked by corruption and the electoral fraud which makes it possible oligarchy to preserve the capacity.

  • In the Sertão (Brazil), the “beato” Antônio Conselheiro founds a sect (1890), built a holy city, Canudos, and cannot be reduced by the police force sent against him. It is only in 1897 that an army of 5000 men, penetrating in the interior of the State of Bahia could take Canudos, to destroy it and disperse the sect.

  • Etasuniens support the cuban insurrectionists.

Oceania

  • Establishment of a government in Western Australia.
  • 2/3 of Australian lives downtown.
  • the liberal workers party beats the conservatives with the general elections in New Zealand. During more than twenty years, the elements progressists will control the New Zealand political life.
  • Creation of the Alliance Fran1caise of Melbourne

Asia & Indian world

  • July 1st: Creation of a bicameral Parliament to the Japan. Many candidates of the parties of the liberal opposition are elected. They denounce the government of the clans and amend the project of the budget by cutting down it by 11%.

  • October 30th: Imperial Rescrit on the education of philosophy néo-Confucianist to the Japan.

  • the explorer Sven Hedin goes to Bukhara, Samarkand and the Turkestan Chinese.

  • Exploration of the prince Henri of Orleans and Gabriel Bonvalot with the Tibet on the traces of Huc and Gabet. They are stopped not far from Lhassa.
  • Convention of Sikkim - Tibet: two years after its aggression against Tibet, the Great Britain is opened up a way through the south-western border of the China.
  • Beginning of the movement for independence in Mongolia.
  • a current extremist appears with the Indian National congress under the direction of Bal Gangadhar Tilak during the Années 1890.
  • Protest movement with Java.

The Middle East & world arabo-Moslem

  • Palestine: Beginning of the second vagueness of immigration ( aliya or alyah ) of Jewish coming from Russia.

  • a new Othoman decree prohibited Jewish and European immigration in Palestine. However notable Arabic complains about the favoritism expressed with regard to the Jewish settlers by the governor of Jerusalem.
  • Foundation of the biblical School of Jerusalem.

  • Signature of a trade agreement germano-Turkish. Berlin is forwarded to a monopoly of the military formation and supply of weapons in the Ottoman Empire.

  • Foundation with Tiflis of the revolutionary Federation Arménie (Dachnak). At the same time, the Hintchak invites the Armenian nationalists of Istanbul to express their support in the streets of the capital for the central cause of the Armenians of Anatolia.

Chronologies sets of themes

Railroads

  • the the United States count 267  000 km of railroads, including five transcontinental lines.
  • 9  397 kilometers of railways in Argentinian.
  • the railway network doubles in Hungary between 1890 and 1914 to reach close to 22  000 km.
  • Creation of the Union of the railroads.

Sports

Arts and cultures

See also: 1890 in music, 1890 in literature, 1890 with the theater

  • Literature
    • the English writer Oscar Wilde written the portrait of Dorian Gray .
    • the Norwegian writer Knut Hamsun writes its novel the hunger .
    • Publication of Cyrano of Bergerac , Edmond Rostand.
    • the Indian poet Rabindranath Tagore publishes Manasi .
  • Musique
  • Painting & graphic arts
    • May: Van Gogh settles with Auvers-sur-Oise, close to the house of Doctor Gachet.
    • the Dutch painter Vincent Van Gogh painted the road with the cypresses . The July 27th, with Auvers-sur-Oise, it draws a ball in full chest and dies two days later. The widow of its Théo brother will yield to the secondhand trade, at the beginning 1891, most of the tables.
    • With the the United Kingdom, the graphic designer Aubrey Beardsley proposes with Isolde an aspect of the Art nouveau British.
    • Exposure of Japanese prints to Paris.
    • Maurice Denis publishes proclamation of the style nabi, Définition of Néo-traditionnisme.
    • the French painter Paul Cézanne painted card players .
    • the French painter Edgar Degas paints the fabrics the bath of the morning and the blue dancers .
    • the French painter Paul Gauguin painted the farm in Pouldu .
    • the Swiss painter Ferdinand Hodler painted the night .
    • the Uproar , fabric of Seurat.
    • the Granting, of the Douanier Rousseau.
    • sitted Demon , fabric of Mikhail Vroubel.
  • Bullfighting

Sciences & technology

  • June 1st: The Bureau of the census of the United States uses an electric calculator developped at the point by Hermann Hollerith.
  • October 9th: First flight of the plane Éole of the French engineer Clement Ader, which for the first time succeeds in making steal “a machine heavier than the air”. It rises with 20 centimetres of the ground and traverses 50 meters.
  • Peugeot leaves the first French Automobile.
  • Opening of the first electrified line of the subway of London, Northen Line.
  • Invention of the coherer by Edouard Branly.
  • the Astronome Irish of Dutch origin John Dreyer publishes his Nouveau General Catalog of nebulas and stellar clusters .
  • the doctor and German microbiologist Robert Koch discovers tuberculin.
  • Work of Charles-Edouard Brown-Séquard on endocrine glands.
  • Von Behring, after Japanese Kunamoto isolated the bacillus from the Tétanos (1889), develops a tetanus vaccine and the Diphtérie. It introduces the concepts of passive immunization and antitoxin.

Economy & company

Africa

  • Epizooty with the Ruanda and the Burundi (1890 - 1892). Famine and epizooty of cattle plague in East Africa (1890-1891). From 90 to 95% of the cattle is destroyed.
  • Beginning of the massive exploitation of the Okoumé with the Gabon.
  • Prohibition of the trade of the weapons with fast shooting in Africa.
  • Creation of a mixed commercial commission in Tunisia: the general resident works with collaboration between Tunisians and Europeans within a government council for the commercial businesses.

The United States

  • 3 700  000 immigrants between 1890 and 1899.
  • 33% of the inhabitants lives in cities.
  • Production of 4 million tons of steel.
  • Fifteen trusts were constituted since 1882 (whiskey, sugar, linseed oil, lead, etc)
  • James Duke gathers the four larger manufacturers of cigarettes to constitute the American Tobacco Company .
  • the number of patent deposited has more than quintuplet since 1860 (of less than 5000 with more 25  000).

  • the tariff McKinley raises the customs duties while reducing the budget surplus. It founds for the first time of the rights on the agricultural produce and strikes ata prohibitory rate the goods likely to compete with local industry (several European industrialists choose to settle with the the United States). The fall of the imports involves the disappearance of the receipts. The former reserves are wasted in pensions and subsidies.

    • In exchange of their consent to the McKinley tariff, the farmers and the owners of money mines obtain the Sherman Silver Purchase Act according to which the Treasury must buy with refundable goods in one of two metals of its choice, 4  500  000 ounces of money monthly.
  • Movement of Alliances of farmers: the Southern Alliance joins together three million members around the “ subtreasury plan” (creation of governmental warehouses charged to store the nonperishable productions and to lend until the 4/5 of their value to 1% of interest to the farmers); the Northwestern Alliance account two million militants.
  • the the Mississippi sets up a constitution to prevent the Blacks from voting and to maintain the segregation. These laws (elective taxes, test of alphabetism and vote censitaire), which extends in all the States from the South, also draw aside the poorest White of the polling stations.

Latin America

  • Trade agreement between the Great Britain and the Peru, which founds the Peruvian Corporation , in charge of the exploitation of the Peruvian railroads during 66 years in exchange of the extinction of the foreign debt.
  • Fall of the courses of the money. The production declines in Bolivia. Tin takes the place of the money in the foreign trade of the country after the discovery of the layers of the mountain of Catavi.
  • the Republic of Brazil supports industry. The ministry for agriculture becomes ministry for industry. A new customs tariff increases by 60% the rights out of 300 articles different of importation and lowers the import duties on certain raw materials.
  • the Café accounts for 70% of exports Colombia.

Asia

  • Development of the culture of cotton by the Russians with the Turkestan.
  • the production of Hévéa develops in Indonesia.
  • Inauguration of the modern steelworks of the Hanyang in China.
  • Modernization of textile industry to the Japan. Progression of the foreign trade towards the China (cotton fabrics) and the United States (Silk).

Europe

  • the Portugal account 4  660  000 inhabitants. Since 1864, the populations of Lisbon and Oporto increased respectively by 139% and 69%.
  • the Hungary (without autonomous Croatia) account 15,2 million inhabitants.
  • Law of industrialization in Austria-Hungary.
  • the production of oil of the area of Cîpina-Ploieşti in Romania passes from 50  000 tons in 1890 with 1  885  000 tons in 1913. Romania becomes the fourth world producer.

Germany
  • Caprivi makes close the German borders with Russian cereals and hopes to consolidate alliance with the Austria by opening the market of Reich to Hungarian cereals.
  • Guillaume II of Germany imposes courts of arbitration, the weekly rest, better work conditions in the mines and the protection of the women and the children (1890-1892).
  • the industrial production in Germany increased approximately 60% since 1879: the production of coal passes from 59 to 89 million tons, that of steel from 0,7 to 2,3 million tons. The agricultural production also increases but is not able to nourish the population which with strongly increased (49,5 million inhabitants for 41,5 in 1871). The importation of raw materials and foodstuffs causes a trade deficit.
  • Foundation with Carnstatt in Germany of the company Daimler Motoren Geselschaft.

Births in 1890

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Death in 1890

Beats-smg: 1890 Be-X-old: 1890 Map-bms: 1890 Simple: 1890 Zh-yue: 1890 年

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