1877

This page relates to the year 1877 Gregorian Calendrier.

Events

Africa

May 11th: Decree of the Portugal organizing the exploration of the zone enters the Angola and the Mozambique.
March 31st: Sir Henry Bartle Frere is named governor of the Cape (fine in 1880).
April 12th: The Transvaal in South Africa is annexed by the the United Kingdom (Disraeli). Moved by the discovery of new diamond layer, this decision will run up against the resistance of the Boers.
May: The British general Gordon Pasha (1833 - 1885) becomes governor (hikimdar) of the equatorial province of Egypt (1877 - 1879). He subjects the Eastern Sudan, fight against the draft and stops the revolt of the Darfur.

Gordon entrusts to the Italian Romolo Gessi, who was useful under his orders, the care to eliminate the merchants from Arab slaves of the Bahr el-Ghazal. Gessi the pack, carries out their Souleiman chief and delivers 10.000 prisoners (1879). Another Italian, Messedaglia, are charged to manage the Darfur.

June 20th: Emancipation of the “mozambic” slaves (imported of Africa) with Madagascar.
June 30th: Installation of the Church Missionary Society (Anglicans) with the Bouganda.
July 7th: Departure of Lisbon of the forwarding of Serpa Pinto.
August 9th: The forwarding of Stanley, started from Zanzibar in 1874 through the area the lakes and the basin of the Congo reaches the Atlantique coast.
November, Benguela: Beginning of the exploration of the Angola by the Portuguese explorers Serpa Pinto, Hermenegildo Capelo and Roberto Ivens (fine in 1879). They undertake several forwardings in order to take speed Great Britain. The Portugal imposes its authority on the populations living between Angola and the Mozambique.

Reorganization of the army zanzibarite by the British to fight the interior draft of the slaves. Creation of a modern administration.
Sudan: The promotion of not-Moslems in the Sudanese administration causes the hostility of the population and the civils servant already in place. The stop of the draft ruins the trade of Sudan.

Americas

The United States

March 2nd: Compromise Beam-Tilden. After month of dispute, it is republican Rutherford B. Beam, which is declared President of the United States (election of 1876) against democrat Samuel Tilden by commission of Congress which sliced in its favor after the cancellation of the elections of 1876, which gave victorious Tilden, due to electoral fraud in the South.
April 1st: The last federal troops leave the South. By leaving the New-Orleans, they put officially fine at the period known as of Reconstruction . As of the beginning of the year 1870, the majority of the States Southerners were again represented with the Congress goods which they had very implemented to deprive the Blacks of their constitutional laws. The withdrawal of the federal troops belonged to the electoral program of Beam.
May 6th: Rendering of the Lakĥota and the Tsitsista, overpowered by the famine, which are parked in current the Oklahoma.
June 2nd: Beginning of terrible the Continuation of the Pierced-nose Indians, who refuse to be parked in a reserve, by the army states-unienne during the be (see at August 9th and October 5th below).
July: General strike with the the United States for the 8 hours day's work.

July 17th: Burden with the railwaymen with “Baltimore & Ohio” against the wage cuts. It extends and paralyzes most of the traffic of the Atlantique coast in the West of the the Mississippi. Beam sends federal troops to Martinsburg, in Virginia of the West, to repress it. With Pittsburgh, in Pennsylvania, it is the militia of the State which undertakes some.
July 24th: The party of the Workers gathers 6.000 people with Chicago, who claim the nationalization of the railroads. The following days, of the riots burst and a score of people are killed by the police force.

August 9th: The rebels nimi' ipuu of the chiefs Allalimya Takanin and Hinmatón-Yalaktit are encircled and must take again the escape towards Canada.

has Saint Louis, the party of the Workers calls with the general strike which paralyzes the city.
has New York, a peaceful gathering is charged by the police force.
the repression of the strikes, in which 100.000 workers took part, makes a hundred dead and a thousand of prisoners.

September: Thousands of Blacks flee towards the Kansas. Known under the name of Exodusters , they hope to found a colony in which discrimination will be banished.
October 5th: To save the few survivors of the Continuation of the Pierced-nose Indians, the Chef Hinmatón-Yalaktit prefers to go to the Blue Tuniques. At the same time, his/her companion of misfortune Allalimya Takanin is killed by the army federal, right before the Canadian border , whereas it tried to join the chief Lakĥota Tĥatĥanka Iyotĥanka.

Redemption : the majority of the States of the South is controlled from now on by conservatives (Democratic Bourbons). They are for the majority of the business men, decided to industrialize their area and support the federal legislation suggested by the Republicans.
the black populations of the South encounter serious difficulties with the disappearance of the radical governments. Arrived in mass in the urban areas, they are often private employment which they could exert before the war. The majority remained in the campaigns knows a miserable fate sharecroppers.

Installation of fences of barbed Wire on the meadow. The stockbreeders move back in the west of Abilene (Ellsworth, Dodge City, Ogallala, Cheyenne) to the profit of the farmers.
an agreement (pool) between the four large railroad companies puts an end to the tariff-war.

Latin America

February 17th: Porfirio Díaz becomes president of the republic Mexico (1877 - 1880 and 1884 - 1911). It imposes a dictatorship. Progressist and authoritative, it undertakes to modernize the Mexico in the name of the Positivisme thanks to the cientificos , a group of intellectuals who unceasingly will advise it.

Mexico experiences an important economic development and commercial (construction of factories and railways, improvement of the ports, urban development, etc). Many of these companies are financed and directed by foreigners, which causes the dissatisfaction with the Mexicans.
the great property makes considerable progresses while the foreign land companies accumulate million hectares. At the end of the dictatorship, 97% of the cultivable grounds will belong to 1% of the population and 80% of the peasants will not have any more grounds. They will become farm laborers in immense haciendas or will form a miserable urban proletariat whose revolts with one will be crushed.

Shift in population towards the Acre.

Oceania

August 20th: Contrary to his predecessor, the new governor of the Queensland (Australia) decides the dead halt of Chinese immigration.

Asia

January 1st: Victoria of the United Kingdom is solemnly proclaimed empress of the Indies by the assembly ( darbar ) of Delhi chaired by Lord Lytton. The Indian princes become vassal crown. The administration of India is absolutely centralized, because the governors of province are only the delegates of the viceroy who names them and who directs the empire since Calcutta. This centralization gradually took the shape of a bureaucratic and preserving machine.
April 12th: Foundation in India of the National Muhammadan Association by Syed Ameer Ali, to guarantee the interests of the Moslems.
May 29th: Assassination of Yakub khan (Ya' qoûb-beg), Master of the Tarim (Kachgarie). The Chinese decide to start the reconquest of the area (1877 - 1878).
September 10th: War of south-west in Japan. The Samurai S, disappointed by the new mode, are raised with Kagoshima, on the island of Kyushu. The imperial government sends its new army of conscripts to fight forty the thousand insurgent ones. The engagements last several months, and the imperial army is victorious. The chief of the revolt, Takamori Saigō, commits suicide. The caste of the samurais is dissolved.
December 28th: The Kachgarie is reinstated in China.

Fixing of the border sino-Russian in Central Asia.

The Middle East

March 17th, Ottoman Empire: The deputies meet for the opening of the first parliamentary session who takes place herself within the framework of the new Constitution.

the tax reforms undertaken under the pressure of the creditors allow an increase in the incomes of the Treasury. The dîme on the harvest augment of 50% of 1862 at 1878. The tariffs of the bebel (exempting tax of the military service) are raised. The cost of the war in the Balkans however prevents the durable cleansing of Othoman finances.

the chief of the staff of the Egyptian army is the American general Stone, originating in the Massachusetts.

Europe

January 10th: Retreat of the national-liberals to legislative in Germany. The party in power pays a tribe with the economic crisis which invalidated the liberal speech with the profit of the protectionists. The German social democrat party obtains 12 seats with the Reichstag.
January 15th: Agreement between the Russia and the Austria signed with Budapest, envisaging a division of Balkans on the basis of interview of Reichstadt (1876).
February 20th (Calendar Julien): Great lawsuits of the Fifty populist ones of Moscow (fine in 1878). It will show many deportations, of which the number is in increase (19 000 between 1875 and 1878).
April, Italy: The Minister of Interior Department dissolves republican associations and internationalist.
April 16th: The government of Bucharest authorizes the passage of Russian troops on its territory.
April 19th: Alexandre II of Russia declares the war with the sultan Abdülhamid II. The Romania gives its support for Russia. The Russia takes the Ottoman Empire out of clipper, in the west in Balkans, the east by the Caucasus.
April 24th: Russo-Turkish War in connection with the Balkans (fine in 1878). The armies of the tsar enter in Moldavie.
the May 8th, the Othomans bombard Brăila and the Rumanian cities of the the Danube.
the May 11th, the House of Commons of Bucharest declares the war with the Porte then takes note of “the absolute independence of the Romania”.
May 31st: Creation of the liberal National federation with Birmingham with the the United Kingdom.
July 19th: Taken master key of Chipka in Balkans by the Russians.
July 20th - December 10th: Failure Russian in front of the fortress of Plevna (Pleven). The Rumanian army takes part in the engagements.
October 18th: The Russian troops seize Kars in the the Caucasus.
November 3rd: Victoire of the liberal Kappeyne van of Copello to the elections with the Netherlands.
December 11th: Plevna capitulates. The Russian troops continue their advance and force resistance to the collar of Chipka. Bucharest claims the immediate recognition of independence by the powers and the delta of the the Danube and the Dobroudja like war indemnity.
December 26th: Second government Agostino Depretis in Italy. After a short cabinet crisis, the left with the capacity continues its programme of laicization of the institutions. Within the framework of the law Coppino, religious teaching remains optional and subordinate at the request of the parents. For the remainder, the elementary instruction is laic, free and obligatory pout all the children from six to nine years.

Failure of a country insurrection prepared by populist I. Stefanovitch with Tchuiguirine, in Ukraine, using a false proclamation of the supposed tsar to order with his faithful peasants to revolt against the landowners. It fails like the majority of the actions tried by the populist ones in direction of the peasants.

France

Swiss

a federal law introduces the metric system; the meter, the liter and the kilogram from now on are applied like measuring units in the worldwide.
has Lugano, of the gendarmes the young people armed with sabers and revolvers stop which sing revolutionary songs in the street. Assessment: several casualties, as well as a death on the side of the gendarmes.
the first federal law on the factories founds the eleven hours day and interdict to make work children. The committee of initiative publishes an article in the newspaper of Geneva on October 20th, 1877 concerning their oppositon against this law

Chronologies sets of themes

Arts & cultures

the ballet the Lake of the swans of the Russian type-setter Piotr Ilitch Tchaïkovski is represented by the ballet of the Bolchoï to Moscow.
Creation of the University of Tōkyō.
Arrived at the Japan of Josiah Conder, professor of Western architecture.
the French sculptor Auguste Rodin carves the bronze Age.
Women with the terrace of a coffee , fabric of Degas.

Economy & company

Asia

a famine in the north of the China makes at least ten million victims (1877 - 1879).
Famine in India. Mysore, Maharashtra, Penjab, Madhya Pradesh and Utta is touched hard. It lasts until in 1878 and makes several thousands of victims.
Opening of a Japanese commercial counter with New York.
the sultans of Brunei and Sulu had rented grounds with foreign merchants in the east of Borneo (future Sabah). The lease is repurchased by a trade union of British interests ( British North Borneo Company in 1881).
Introduction of the hévéa in Indonesia.

Europe

August 23rd, the United Kingdom: The House of Commons adopts the Merchandize Marks Act which constrained exporters to mention the place of manufacture of all their products.
72% of illiterates in Spain.
school Law of Kappeyne van of Copello to the Netherlands recording the level of the Masters and the school installations.
London: Annie Besant delivers a legal combat to impose the right to the Contraception.
the doctor Aletta Jacobs founds the first private clinic of family planning to Amsterdam.

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