This page relates to the year 1873 Gregorian Calendrier.

Events

Africa

  • January 22nd: The Ashanti cross the Pra river. Beginning of a war enter the Britanniques and the Ashanti in Côte of Gold (fine in 1874). The Fanti require the assistance of the British against the Ashanti.
  • February 9th: The armies Ashanti inflict a defeat with the British with Assin Nyankumasi (1874).
  • Mars: Beginning of the first East-West crossing of the African continent of Zanzibar with Benguela by the explorer Verney Lovett Cameron (fine in 1875).
  • April 1st: Died of Livingstone in the area of the lakes Nyassa (Malawi) and Bangouélo (Zambia) which he discovered. Its body will be related to 2000 km by its African servants until Bagamoyo, from where it will be embarked to be buried with Westminster. Stanley establishes that the river Loualaba (Lualaba) of which he recognized the course is in fact the Fleuve Congo.
  • June: John Kirk, consul of Great Britain to Zanzibar, threat to bombard the city. It obtains from the sultan Seyyid Barghash the signature of a treaty which makes the draft illegal in all its ports. The draft of the slaves continues however as well as the traffic of the ivory which is exchanged against firearms.
    • Rise in the price of the slaves, who are sold from 50 to 100 dollars per capita between 1873 and 1890. The draft develops in areas hitherto relatively saved, in particular in the west of the Lac Tanganyika. The day before colonization, Zanzibar is at the same time the largest importer and the largest distributer of slaves of the continent.

  • “the great depression” which affects the industrialized countries in the years 1873 - 1896 brutally makes fall the prices of the African products. This situation involves conflicts between the African suppliers and the European traders. The latter require the intervention of and the political authority naval officers of European stations.

The Maghreb

  • July: The general Chanzy is named general governor of the Algérie (fine in 1879). The Chanzy general increases considerably the civil territory in Algeria, which passes from 3 to more than 5 million hectares. He creates the mixed communes directed by an administrator.

  • July 26th: Law Warnier aiming francizing the Moslem ground in Algeria and at delivering with the natives of the documents of title. This law gives place to various abuses and a new law will supplement it in 1887. Its application will be suspended in 1890.

  • September 25th: Beginning of the reign of Hassan Ier, sultan of the Morocco (fine in 1894).

    • the end of the reign of Sidi-Mohammed is marked by a Net weakening of the central capacity to the profit of large the caïds who becomes very powerful in their zone of influence. Great policy, Hassan Ier must compose with the concurrent ambitions of the powers European. On the internal plan, it will pacify the tribes Zaër and Zaïan.

Americas

Canada

See also: 1873 in Canada

The United States

  • February 12th: Law on the currency. The money is démonétisé, only gold is recognized. This law intervenes in full economic depression, which worries the mediums of business and overpowers the workmen. The Coinage Act will be baptized later the “crime of 1873”.
  • March 3rd: The law Timber Culture supplements the Homestead Act of 1862. It increases the batches allotted in exchange of the commitment to plant trees. The goal is to support the conquest of the West, not very wooded.
  • September 18th: The closing of the bank of Jay Cooke with Philadelphia causes the closing of 5000 companies which put their employees at unemployment.
  • December 11th: Meeting with the Cooper Institute of New York on the initiative of the trade unions and the American section of the First International. It attracts a crowd of people in the streets and claims the approval of the laws by a public vote, prohibition to have more 30  000 dollars and the application of the eight hours day. Twenty thousand people ravel with Chicago by claiming bread, clothing and residences for the needy ones.

  • the Panique of 1873 involves five years of economic crisis to the the United States.
  • Isabella Bird explores the Rocheuses with the the United States.
  • the Université of Boston to the the United States is the first to open all its sections with the women.

Latin America

  • February 20th: Antonio Guzmán Blanco, with the capacity since 1870, is constitutionally elected president of the Venezuela where he exerts a dictatorial power until in 1877; then of 1879 with 1884 and 1886 with 1888. It provides the foundations of modern Venezuela and accumulates an enormous personal fortune. It tries to promote a laicized company: policy anticlerical and embryonic organization of the public school.
  • September 25th, Mexico: The liberals obtain incorporation with the Constitution of the laws of reform of 1857 which devote a situation of extreme weakness of the Catholic church.
  • October 9th: The caudillo Gabriel García Moreno dedicates the Ecuador with the Sacré-coeur.
  • November 25th February 1st: Dominican Republic: Buenaventura Báez is reversed by a coup d'etat. The general Gonzales seizes the power in a country devastated by the civil war since 1865.

  • Traité La Paz fixing the border enters the Chile and the Argentine along the watershed of the Andes cordillera.
  • the adoption of the gold standard by the majority of the European countries between 1873 and 1878 stimulates the request and benefits the Mexico.

Oceania

  • the government Australia N makes adopt a law on the security of the employment of the women and the children in the factories.

Asia

  • January, China: Taken Dali and bloody repression of the Moslem rebellion to the Yunnan which had lasted for more than fifteen years.
  • March 26th, War of Aceh: the Dutch government declares officially the war with the sultanate of Atjeh, which resists the colonial capacity of the Netherlands (fine in 1908). The Netherlanders manage to control only the coastal regions.
  • May 15th: The British government dissolves the English Compagnie of the Eastern Indies. Since the end of its monopoly, the Company of the Indies had seen its importance little by little declining.
  • May 28th: The Russian general Skobelev takes Khiva.
  • August 12th: The Khanat de Khiva sign a treaty of protectorate with Russia.
  • November 20th: Francis Garnier seizes Hanoï with a small armed troop. The emperor of the Vietnam You Duke is constrained to accept French protectorate on the Annam and the Tonkin.
  • December 6th: Yaqub Beg accepts the title of khan of Kachgarie (Xinjiang) on invitation of the Othoman sultan.
  • December 21st: Francis Garnier finds death in a combat against the black Pavillons.

  • Korea: The regent Taiwon, in favor of the continuation of the policy of closing of the country and alliance with the China, is évincé by hostile factions gathered around the queen Min.
  • the Russians take Kouldja and penetrate in the Chinese Turkestan.
  • the whole of the Kazakh people is definitively included in the empire of the tsars.
  • the countries turkmenes of the south of the Désert of Karakoum (Merv) are occupied by the Russians (1873 - 1884).
  • the China account 329  560  000 inhabitants.
  • Introduction of the Tea plant of Assam to Java which allows rise due the culture of the in the mounts Pranger.

Japan

  • January 1st: The Gregorian Calendrier is adopted.
  • March 1st: World Fair of Vienna. On this occasion, after the vexations of Paris in 1867, the Japanese launched out in an extraordinary inventory of the national wealths, while wondering what means Japanese being. Thus born the “speech on the Japanese” ( Nihonjinron ).
  • October:
    • Debate on the Seikanron . A governmental debate begins on opportunity of a military invasion of the Korea. Iwakura Tomoni and the members of its mission are in favor to give up the project and to accelerate the policy of modernization.
    • Resignation of the ministers interventionists, of which Takamori Saigō, which will form the crucible of the future political opposition.

  • the the United States return to the Japan board the islands Ogasawara annexed in 1853 under the pretext that of Hawaïens were installed there since 1830.
  • Yamagata Aritomo, the father of the modern Japanese army, is charged to form a national army while taking as a starting point the English methods for the marine and Frenchwomen for the Army. The class of the Samurai S disappears officially.
    • the privileges of the Samurai S are abolished and the founded conscription, which causes country revolts.

  • Tax reform of the mode of the ground. The government fixes the annual amount of the tax on land at 3  % of the value of the grounds. The estimate of the properties will cause disorders and the recording will be final only in 1880.

  • Abolition of the edicts against the Christian ( Kirishitan ) with the Japan.

  • the Japan thirty-five account million inhabitants.

The Middle East

  • Palestine: The territories going of Ramallah-Jaffa, in north, to Egypt, in the south, concern from now on directly the authorities of Constantinople. Until there, the Judaea and the Samarie concerned the administration of Damas, whereas the Galileo concerned Beirut.

Europe

  • March 1st: World Fair of Vienna. A wind of speculative madness causes the tripling of the prices in a few months. Following the liquidation of two Austrian large banks, the purse crumbles the May 9th, involving the ruin of the speculators and the small savers and the beginning of the Grande depression.

  • July 10th: Marco Minghetti succeeds Giovanni Lanza like president of the Council in Italy. This last had adopted very firm measures with regard to the pope: suppression of the religious orders in Rome and obligation with the priests to make the military service. Minghetti continues its policy of financial cleansing. The government adopts new laws against the ecclesiastical properties.

  • September: Victor-Emmanuel II of Italy visit officially Vienna and Berlin.

  • stock exchange Crash in Germany in Fall. The crisis is prolonged until about 1878-1879 and reaches the Central European countries: industrial overproduction worsened by English competition, price collapse of the cereals which accelerates the rural migration. Two million Germans emigrates towards the the United States.

  • October 22nd: system of alliance “bismarckien” known as of the “three emperors” between the Austria, the Germany and the Russia, the purpose of which is to insulate France. The prince of Romania approaches the Alliance of the Three Emperors

  • November 17th: The cities of Buda, Óbuda and Pest meet to form Budapest (270  000 inhabitants).

  • December: With London, the United Kingdom, the smog , word forged starting from smoke (smoked) and fog (fog) keep silent in one week 700 people reached of problems of breathing.

Spain

  • February 7th: The Prime Minister Zorilla obtains from the Cortes the dissolution of the army corps of Catalogne in a state of insubordination.
  • February 11th: Abdication of Amédée of Savoy, king d' Espagne. The first Republic is proclaimed by the two Rooms after the abdication of the king. The partisans of the son of Isabelle II, Alphonsins throw themselves in the fray.
  • February 12th: Estanislao Figueras is elected president of the Republic.
  • February 25th: The provisional government pushes back an coup attempt of State of the soldiers.
  • April 23rd: The provisional government pushes back an coup attempt of State of the radicals.
  • May 10th: The republicans of federalistic tendency rather than centralist obtain the majority in the Cortes.
  • June 8th: The proclamation with Madrid of the Federal republic, causes the resignation of the first president of the Republic, Estanislao Figueras and its replacement by Francisco pi I Margall the June 11th.
  • July: The federalists are exceeded by the movements “federalists”, who inspired by the Commune of Paris, multiply the autonomous capacities by the constitution of local juntas. The Catalan federalistic president pi Margall resigns there. After Nicolás Salmerón Alonso (July 18th - September 7th), the president Emilio Castelar returns to a centralist and unit, private mode of any real support except for the army which restores the order.

France

See also: 1873 in France

Chronologies sets of themes

See also: 1873 in science, 1873 in the railroads, 1873 in sport

Arts & cultures

See also: 1873 in music, 1873 in literature, 1873 with the theater

  • Gustave Courbet is accused of complicity in the inversion of the Colonne Vendôme. Imprisoned, condemned to pay its rebuilding, it is exiled with Vevey (Suisse) where it paints until its death.
  • the cotton Office with New-Orleans , fabric of Degas.
  • Spring , fabric of Millet.
  • Portrait of Tolstoï by Kramskoï.

Economy & Company

  • Great Depression in Europe and with the the United States (fine in 1896). The Russia is touched by the European economic crisis.
  • the “Great Depression” strikes hard Portuguese textile industry (60% of the working population, 40% of the industrial production) and the trade of the wine.
  • the United States: Recession and beginning of a phase of fall of the prices (1873 - 1877). The income of the farmers, strongly involved in debt, erodes. Many railroad companies, weakened by the tariff-war, are driven back with the bankruptcy.
  • Iron-foundry of Briansk (Russia).
  • Andrew Carnegie adopts the process Bessemer which gives a decisive impulse to the production of steel in the United States.
  • the Netherlands have 1815 steam engines. Their number will increase by 160 per annum until 1883.
  • Création of the Holland-Amerika lijn.

British Isles

  • Crisis of the agriculture marked by the fall of a third of the price of cereals vis-a-vis foreign competition. The wholesale prices are directed with the fall (- 32% over the period), decreasing the profits of the industrialists and obliging them to reduce their working manpower. Industrial production slowed down in several sectors (iron and steel industry, textile, coal), like the growth of the manpower productivity.
  • the cadastral census ( New Domesday Book ) indicates a persistent concentration of the land and buildings: 7000 people have the four fifths of them, and the greatest fields remain in the hands of the aristocrats (400 families with more) and of the gentry (1000 to 2000 families).
  • Joseph Chamberlain, mayor radical of Birmingham, organizes between 1873 and 1876 an urban vast project, combining municipalization of the water supply and gas, drainage, demolition of slum, boring of large avenues and installation of green areas ( gas-and-toilets socialism ). This municipal socialism makes school and in 1914 the distribution of gas will be municipalisée in more than 200 cities and that of water in 500.

Births in 1873

Death in 1873

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