This page relates to the year 1870 Gregorian Calendrier.

Events

Africa

  • Lobengula (v. 1833 - 1894) seizes the capacity to the Matabélé after two years of civil war after the death of his/her father Mosélékatsé, king of the Ndébélé (Zimbabwe).
  • the Rhenish Missions of the South-western African create a business firm charged theoretically to ensure the regular provisioning of the Namas and Hereros, people wandering, often in war and permanently threatened by the dryness and the famine. Many resources (ivory, guano, copper, feathers of ostrich, cattle) attract the merchants of Bremen and Hamburg. Towards 1875, the shopping malls of Windhoek and Grootfontein, are presented in the form of prosperous German small towns.

  • Henry Morton Stanley share to find David Livingstone in central Africa.

  • the chief Swahili Tippou Tib, merchant of slave, after having accumulated the military victories since 1867, proclaims sovereign western area of the Lac Tanganyika. In the twenty years space, they cuts an empire of approximately 500  000 km ². It organizes it in the political arena, while naming or by confirming in their functions the chiefs; economic, by developing large commercial cities (Nyangwe, Kasongo, Kisangani), by building roads and by encouraging slave plantations; monk, by spreading the Islam. Towards the west, its caravans go beyond the Lualaba, border theoretical of its States.
    • Tippou Tib and the other Arab merchants use to serve their economic interests and policies the group of the Wangwana (“free people”, called “arabized” by Europeans), volunteer or slaves, who practice the language Swahili and the Islam. One entrusts the collection of the Ivoire, the purchase and the capture of slaves, the management of the rural fields and the transport of the goods to them towards Ujiji, Tabora or Zanzibar. Other social groups related to the trade develop: the carriers ( pagazi ), recruited mainly among the Nyamwezi; ivory hunters; finally the slaves ( washenzi , “barbarians”), who provide for the subsistence with the hunters, the traffickers or the carriers.
  • the Egyptians of Raouf Pasha occupy the coast Somalia of Zeilah to the Cape Guardafui.

Western Africa

  • Great “famine of the water-bottles” and epidemics in all the the Sahel.

  • Revolt of the Baguirmi, vassal of the Ouadaï (Chad). The capital Massenya is destroyed and 35  000 Baguirminéens are taken along like slaves. The mbang Mohammed abou-Dekkine succeeds in fleeing. During four years, one of his/her cousins directs Baguirmi, but with died of Ali, sultan of Ouadaï, Mohammed the capacity (1874 - 1884) will begin again.

  • Of the stations of coal mining is installed with Freetown, in Sierra Leone. The production is sent in Great Britain on steamers which reduce considerably the time of transport between Africa and Europe.

Algeria

  • April: A forwarding led in the South-Oranian by the Général of Wimpffen carries a serious blow to the rebellion.
  • August 15th: The Algérie is proclaimed in state of siege.
  • September 4th: After the introduction of the Republic to Paris, a committee-council is constituted with Algiers, revokes the general governor and the prefect and takes several revolutionary measurements. The government of Turn succeeds in limiting the overflows.
  • October 24th: Decrees of in particular fine Provisional government putting at the military government in Algeria, to replace it by a civil administration, and granting French nationality to the Jewish of Algeria, under the name of Decree Crémieux. The very old Jewish community of Algeria is separate Moslems and exposed soon to the anti-semitism which gains the colonists. The Crémieux decree allows the promotion of a community as a poor majority and increases the French population of Algeria of 37  000 new citizens.

  • New tensions between natives and colonists in Algeria. Notable Algerian, Mohamed El Mokrani, is retrogressed under bachaga to have supported the revolt of the Sheik Bouaquaz, a close relation of his father, in 1864 - 1865. He will start the most important in March 1871 insurrection and the large last revolts Algérie during the French occupation.
  • In metropolis, of the regiments of Spahis refuses to fight at the sides of the French against the Prussians.
  • 36 schools free-Arabic in Algeria.

America

See also: 1870 in Canada

  • Three new States secessionists are reinstated in the Union.
  • the annexation of Saint-Domingue proposed by Grant is rejected by the Sénat of the United States.
  • Laws against the Ku Klux Klan with the the United States (1870 - 1871).

Latin America

  • February 14th - April 27th: Revolución de Abril in Venezuela. The president of the party of restoration Antonio Guzmán Blanco (1829 - 1899) seizes the government to the Venezuela, thanks to the support of the liberals directed by the aristocracy of Caracas. Supported by the country world to be itself publicly marked against oligarchy, it will end up controlling in favor of oligarchy during nineteen years of dictatorship (end in 1888).
  • March 1st: End of the War of Triple Alliance. Final defeat of the Paraguayan army with Cerro Cora against the united armies of the Uruguay, the Argentinian and the Brazil. President Lopez, captive fact, are carried out. The war reduced to two thirds the population of the Paraguay, which bloodless, survives thanks to the division as of its winners. It loses a third of its territory to the profit of Argentina and Brazil. The allies impose a new Constitution to him which reduces attributions of the president.
  • March 5th: Civil war in Uruguay. The president Colorado Lorenzo Batlle, by completely maintaining with the variation political life the Left Blanco, causes a rising directed by the general Timoteo Aparicio (Révolution of the lances). The civil war ends only in 1872.
  • April 11th: Assassination of Justo Jose de Urquiza, meaning the disappearance of the federal opposition in Argentinian. Beginning of a chaotic process of national unification (end in 1880).
  • April 27th: Coup d'etat to the Costa Rica. Tomás Guardia seizes the power (1870 - 1882).
  • June 13rd: Creation of the teacher training school of Paraná in Argentinian to train the schoolmasters. She will reconvert herself in fish pond for the controlling futures.
  • November: Opening of a republican club with Rio de Janeiro. It publishes a proclamation in December.

Asia

  • June 21st: Massacre Europeans with You IEN-Tsin (Tianjin) in China.
    • From abroad whose twenty French is massacred and mutilated by Chinese crowd. The development of the missionaries activities, in particular catholic, creates tensions. France threatens to enter in war. The massacre of You IEN-tsin marks the end of the policy of co-operation between the Westerners and the empire Qing.
  • November: Creation of the Yen to the Japan.

  • a mission Japan ease comes to announce with Taiwon the birth of the new imperial capacity. The regent of Korea, favorable to the order Shogun Al, refuses to receive the Japanese delegates and to establish diplomatic relations with the new mode.
  • the Shintô becomes religion of State to the Japan.
  • Famine in the Bihar (India).
  • telegraphic Connection between India and England.

  • Indonesia: A campaign of the Dutch liberals against the farming system forced (Cultuurstelsel) succeeds in making some disappear the most unjust aspects. An agrarian law prohibited the natives from alienating their hereditary grounds, protecting them from the famine in their ensuring the essential ground the food crops. All the waste lands are the property of the government and can be given to emphyteutic lease for the 75 years maximum duration, which allows the establishment of colonists and companies.

    • the law on sugar envisages the progressive disappearance of this culture of State between 1878 and 1891.
    • the coffee and sugar represent the three quarters of the full value of exports.

Oceania & the Pacific

The Middle East

  • Midhat Passed place the Iraq under direct Othoman administration. This decision relates to also the Holy Cities of the Iraqi south. Midhat Pasa imposes a Turkish governor on Mosul, to which he entrusts the Kurdistan, driving out the last Jalili. Finally the Yazidis, dynastes autonomous of Sinjar, also concern from now on them its authority.
    • Midhat Pasa founds a newspaper, creates a hospital and schools, establishes safety on the principal tracks and organizes a postal service.

  • the brothers Siemens are established in Perse. The company Indo-European Telegraph Company relays from now on Odessa, Tiflis, Tabriz and Teheran. The development of the means of communication benefits the shah to control his country, but exposes Persia to the European ambitions.

  • Foundation of the first agricultural school depending on the Alliance Jew, “Mikvé-Israel”, in the back country of Jaffa.

Europe

  • April 12th: Liberal cabinet Potocki in Austria.
  • May, Bulgaria: foundation of the interior revolutionary Organization. Created by a Bulgarian officer, Vasil Levski, it fights for a Balkan federation on democratic bases.
  • July 18th: the Council the Vatican I (December 1869 in October 1870) defines the doctrines of the pontifical Infaillibilité “. It is stopped by the entry of the Italian troops in Rome. End of the temporal power of the popes.
  • September 20th: Bataille of Carried Pia. The troops of the king Victor-Emmanuel II return in Rome: annexation of the city to the Italy, completing the Risorgimento.
  • October 31st: Russia denounces the neutralization of the Black Sea.
  • November 16th: Beginning of the reign of Amédée of Savoy, king of Spain (fine in 1873).
    • the candidature of Léopold de Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen for the throne of Spain (July 3rd) is at the origin of the war free-Prussian. Prince Amédée of Aoste, wire of king d' Italie ends up receiving the crown of the Cortes, but Juan Prim is assassinated the very same day its arrival in Spain.
  • November: After the military victory of the Prussia, the Grand Duchy of Bade and the Hesse (November 15th), the Bavaria (November 23rd) and the Wurtemberg (November 25th) adhere to the Confédération of Germany North. Only Hamburg and Bremen preserves their own tariff mode apart from the Zollverein.
  • December 13rd: Creation of the catholic party (Zentrum) in Germany to defend the catholic interests vis-a-vis in Protestant Prussia.

  • Abolition of the legal settlement in Austria. The workers' associations of Cisleithanie obtain the right of coalition and the right to strike following a big demonstration. The cardinal Schwarzenberg, archbishop of Prague, takes the head of the catholic opposition.
  • Netherlands: law Van Hall, which authorizes the land utilization uncultivated in Indonesia by private individuals.
  • the king Carol Ier of Romania proclamation its sympathies to Berlin at the time of the war free-Prussian whereas the liberals mobilize the public opinion in favor of the France. The public demonstrations take a antidynastic turning and the prince thinks of abdicating, then entrusts the government to the conservative Lazar Catargiu, who remains five years with the capacity.

France

.

See also: 1870 in France

  • January 2nd: Formation of the ministry Olivier, in favor of the liberal reforms.
  • April 20th: Senatus consult modifying the mode in a parliamentary direction.
  • May 8th: Plebiscite approving the liberal reforms.
  • July 13rd: Dispatch of Ems, sent by Bismarck, Prussian Prime Minister, with Napoleon III, to incite the France to declare the war, and to thus make play the defensive alliance which binds the German States of the South to those of North.
  • July 19th: France declares the war in Prussia.
  • August: French defeats vis-a-vis the Prussians with Wissembourg, Forbach-Spicheren and Frœschwiller-Wœrth.
  • September 2nd: Napoleon III, encircled with Sedan, capitulates.
  • September 4th: The Parliament proclaims the forfeiture of Napoleon III and the establishment of the République. Formation of a provisional government.
  • September 18th: Beginning of the head office of Paris by the Germans.
  • September 28th: Capitulation of Strasbourg besieged by the Germans since August 9th. Failure of an insurrection bakouninist in Lyon
  • October 7th: Leon Gambetta, Minister of Interior Department leaves Paris in balloon and lands with Montdidier in the Sum; it tries to create new armies
  • October 27th: The marshal Bazaine capitulates with Metz.
  • November 6th: Evacuation of Rheims by the Prussian troops.

Chronologies sets of themes

See also: 1870 in science, 1870 in the railroads, 1870 in sport

Arts & culture

See also: 1870 in music, 1870 in literature, 1870 with the theater

  • Russia: Company of the travelling exposures (Ivan Kramskoï), with for mission of bringing painting closer to the people.

  • the patron Savva Mamontov, buys the property of Abramtsevo close to Moscow where meet artists and intellectuals (style néo-nationalist).

Births in 1870

Death in 1870

Beats-smg: 1870 Be-X-old: 1870 Map-bms: 1870 Simple: 1870 Zh-yue: 1870 年

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