1868

This page relates to the year 1868 Gregorian Calendrier.

Events

Africa

  • January 2nd, Ethiopia: The forwarding of Sir Robert Napier walk towards the Amhara.
  • March 12th: The kingdom Sotho of Moschech to the Basuto (Lesotho) is placed under British protectorate. The country is closed with European colonization.
  • April 9th: Beginning of the battle of Magdala.
  • April 13rd: Magdala is taken by storm. The Négus Théodoros II commits suicide of a ball of a gun offered by the queen Victoria. The city is burnt. By leaving Ethiopia, Napier leaves weapons and ammunition to the short-nap cloth of the Striped one, which can thus impose its authority.
  • May 19th: With the Dahomey, transfer of the territory of Cotonou in France by the king Glèlè.
  • June 6th: Creation of the apostolic province of the the Sahara and the Sudan.
  • July: Died of the chief Mouazi (Mswati II), founder of the State of the Swaziland, which preserves its independence until in 1902.
  • September 9th: Died of Mzilikazi, king of the Matabélé. It leaves with his son Lobengula a prosperous and dreaded kingdom.
  • December 2nd: Massacre of 5 people by the army with Saint-Denis of the Réunion. Riot and state of siege with for six months.

  • the Asante invades the Krepi.
  • Samory Touré, originating in current the Guinea, founds the kingdom of Ouassalou.
  • With the Bouganda, the king Moutesa establishes a true autocracy by centralizing all the capacities. With the most powerful report heading of the zone of the Big lakes, the king seeks to get rifles which will enable him to launch raids against its neighbors. He lets come to him the Arab merchants and Swahili S from the Eastern coast. He is distinguished by negotiating with them weapons against ivory or slaves, while limiting their influence on the plan of conversions to Islam.
  • France acquires by treaty Fernan Vaz with the Gabon.
  • the explorer Schweinfurth penetrates in central Africa (1868 - 1871) with merchants of slaves of the Eastern Sudan and estimates at 25  000 the number of slaves drawn by the Arabs from the countries from the current RCA.
  • Forwarding of Erskine on the Limpopo.
  • Abolition of slavery in the colonies Portuguese.

Madagascar

  • Mars: Raharo tries to take again the capacity, but Rainilaiarivony stops entreated. The next month, the queen Rasoherina dies. To consolidate its capacity, Rainilaiarivony wife Cleaned, cousin of the queen, who goes up on the throne by taking the name of Ranavalona II.
  • April 1st: Beginning of the reign of Ranavalona II, queen of Madagascar (fine in 1883).
    • Rainilaiarivony and the queen Ranavalona II converts with Protestantism, under the influence of the British (1869). The Prime Minister undertakes several reforms then, in particular that of the army.
  • August 2nd: Promulgation of the Code of the 101 articles, first printed legal text with Madagascar. Primarily penal, it institutes the equality in front of the law and justice, the individual responsibility and a precise list of the offenses and sorrows, limiting the capital punishment to the only cases of homicide and attack to the state security. The habits are codified and have from now on the force of law.

  • the France agrees to sign a treaty of friendship with Madagascar (accepted in 1865 by England and in 1867 by the the United States). She claims 120  as a preliminary; 000 francs of allowance in compensation of the Charter Lambert.
  • Forwarding of Grandidier in Madagascar (1868 - 1870).

The Maghreb

  • October 19th: M {{gr.}} Lavigerie, archbishop of Algiers, founds the Missionaries of Africa (the “white Pères”).

  • the Alliance universal Jew takes foot with the Morocco. Founded with Paris in 1860, it creates a school network. The schools of Tétouan, Tangier, Es-Sawira and Safi gather, in 1868,108 teachers and 1400 pupils. The fate of the Jewish community in Morocco improved with the intervention in its favor of Moses Montefiore near the sultan in 1864. Though very related to the European interests, it forms integral part of the Moroccan company.

America

See also: 1868 in Canada

the United States

  • April 6th: Treaty of Strong Laramie with the Indians, who preserve nothing any more but the Dakota. End of the first war of the Sioux which fight to defend their grounds crowned in the Black Hills. The US government commits itself providing vivres to the Indians provided that they do not leave their reserve. The Navajos are authorized to join a reserve on their old territories.

  • May 30th: Memorial Day created by the northerner States to celebrate the Americans died for their fatherland, it is celebrated in the South another day.

  • July 9th: Ratification of the 14th amendment, restricting the rights of the States: civic right to the Blacks, prohibition of any political role to the former rebels. The debts of the Confederation are not recognized.

  • October 20th: The republican Union of French language, is founded with Saint-Louis. This organization, which defends the aspirations of the workmen and the Blacks, receives the support of Victor Hugo, Jules Ferry, etc

  • the exclusion of the electoral rolls of a certain number of Confederated and the refusal of many others to appear to approve the action of the Congress while being made there register ensures the Blacks of the South the majority (703  000 on 1  363  000 registered voters). The opinion is spread that they make from now on the law and that, little informed, they are the instruments of one clicks corrupted republican politicians and business men come from north (the carpetbaggers ) and “collaborators” ( scalawags , black sheep).

  • Boom of the farmers on the Dakota (1868 - 1873).
  • the employees of the federal government from now on will profit from the 8 hours day.

Latin America

  • , Mexico: Foundation of the preparatory National school ( Escuela Nacional Preparatoria ) by Gabino Barreda, which followed the lesson of Auguste Count. It will form the elites controlling Mexican.
  • March 1st: Lorenzo Battle is indicated with the capacity by the Assembled general one of the Uruguay (1868-1872).
  • August 2nd: Jose Balta is elected president with the Peru (fine in 1872).
  • August: Catch of Humaita to the Paraguay by the Brazil.
  • October 10th: Beginning of the first war of independence with Cuba. A rising of slaves is transformed into nationalist revolt (end in 1878). Proclamation of the cuban Republic in the province of Directs.
  • October 12th: Domingo Sarmiento is elected president in Argentine (fine in 1874).

  • Brazil: Fall of the liberal government of Zacharias de Goes E Vasconcelos. The dissolution of the assembly by the emperor and the victory of the conservatives to the elections appear to the liberals like a true coup d'etat.
  • 68% of the population of the Uruguay was born abroad.

Oceania

Asia

  • May 2nd: Catch of Samarkand by Russia.
  • June: The Uzbek khanats of Bukhara, Khiva (Khorezm) and of Kokand become vassal Russia. The Uzbeks protest against the transformation of their agrarian structures and the shortage of food products, consequence of the policy of the Russian central capacity to replace the traditional extensive farmings by that of the Coton.
  • October 1st: Chulalongkorn succeeds his/her father Mongkut (Rama IV) on the throne of the Siam (Thailand) under the name of Rama V. It continues the efforts of modernization of his father and manages to preserve the independence of the country at the price of heavy territorial concessions. It reforms justice, creates railroads, stations and telegraphs and abolishes slavery in 1905.

  • In China, the rebels Nian invade the Zhili.
  • Rising of the Naikada. Belonging to the ethnos group Gujarati of the North-West of the India, Naikada fail in their attempt at insurrection against the British who repress the revolt hard.
  • the islands Nicobar, in the gulf of the Bengal, are yielded to the British by the Danes who occupied them since 1849.

Japan

  • January 3rd: The troops of the Daimyô S of Choshu and Satsuma settle authoritatively in the imperial palace of Kyôto. The imperial authority is restored with the emperor Meiji (Mutsuhito).
  • January 27th: Beginning of the War of Boshin.
  • January 31st: The ex- Shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu is reversed after its defeat with the battle of Toba - Fushimi. It loses its grounds and is retrogressed with the row of simple Daimyô.
  • April 6th: The young emperor lends a “Oath in five articles” laying down the new orientations of the mode: opening of the country and modernization of the structures.
  • May: The partisans of the shogun are beaten by Saigô Takamori with Edo which takes the name of Tōkyō, “the Eastern capital”, the next month.
  • September 12th: Crowning of the emperor Meiji.
  • October 23rd: Official beginning of the Era Meiji.
  • November 6th:
    • the last partisans of the Tokugawa, led by the Shogun Yoshinobu, are demolished with Wakamatsu.
    • Transfer of the capital of Kyōto to Tōkyō which becomes the new capital.
  • December 25th: Foundation of the Republic independent of Ezo by the partisans of the shogun.

  • Creation of the press. The country counts hundred periodicals later five years.

the Middle East

  • Lebanon: resignation of the general governor Da' ud Pasha. The candidate of the patriarch Maronite Nasri Free Cousa Pasha and his nomination, for a five years mandate, is well accommodated in the country and by the European powers.

Europe

  • January 14th, Italy: The Minister for the Instruction Emilio Broglio names a commission to which he entrusts the mandate “to seek and to put forward all the measures and all the means by which one can support and make more universal in the people the diffusion of the worthy folk and the good pronunciation”.
  • January: Liberal cabinet Karl Auersperg in Austria. The Austrian liberals abolish the provisions of the Concordat of 1855. The control of the civil statue passes between the hands of the State. Primary school education becomes obligatory and laic. The Hungarian Parliament votes similar laws. The pope Pie IX condemns these “abominable laws”.
  • April 27th: Inauguration of the German customs Parliament with Berlin. It is resulting from the trade agreements between the Confédération of Germany of North and the German States of the South. The Austria is not concerned.
    • the States of Germany of the South oppose a motion of unit suggested in Zollparlament.
  • June 29th, Serbia: Michel III Obrenović is assassinated under mysterious conditions. The government joins together the Skouptchina which indicates Milan Obrenovic and names a council of regency.
  • June: The emperor François-Joseph Ier of Austria grants an organic statute to the Rumanian orthodoxe Église, proclaimed autocéphale.
  • July 7th: Tax on the flour in Italy. The fight against the “armed robbery”, the war with the Austria and important public works created budgetary big problems. The Minister for Finance Quintino Sella follows a severe austerity policy to reach balance. He introduces a tax on the flour ( macinato ), easily perceived, which strikes the least favoured classes, in particular in the south (coming into effect on January 1st 1869).
  • August 22nd: The Czechs withdraw themselves from Reichsrat of Cisleithanie to protest against their setting with the variation of the Austro-Hungarian compromise of 1867.
  • September 20th: Compromise hungaro-Croatian. The Croatia - Slavonie becomes an independent kingdom with its own diet sitting at Zagreb. The Croats can send to the Parliament Budapest 29 deputies chosen by their diet ( Sabor ). A round of applause represents the government of Large Hungary.
  • October 8th: The Greece adheres to the Latin Monetary Union created in 1865. It joined the France, the Italy, the Suisse and the Belgium.
  • December 6th: Law of nationalities in Hungary. It envisages and guarantees the free use of the Rumanian language but affirms that in the kingdom there is only one Hungarian “nation”.

  • Organization of “tabors”, gatherings which popularize the Slovenien national idea (1868 - 1871).
  • Strikes in Romania in the ports of the Black Sea and the workshops of Temesvar and Bucharest.
  • Austria-Hungary: Reorganization of the imperial and royal army on the Prussian model. Adoption of the conscription.
  • the Council of State, the Administrative counsel and the Budget of the kingdom of Poland are incorporated in the Russian empire.
  • Foundation of a Slavic Committee with Saint-Pétersbourg (with Kiev and Odessa in 1869 - 1870).
  • Law on the obligatory state education in Hungary, work of the liberal minister József Eötvös. Illiteracy moves back, the number of the primary education schools passes from 13  000 in 1867 with 30  000 in 1905.
  • Customs tariff moderated in Russia.
  • Repurchase by engineer Poulitov of the foundry of State created in 1801 with Saint-Pétersbourg.

Spain

  • September 19th: Revolution of September in Spain, the Gloriosa .
  • September 30th: The liberals and the democrats drive out the queen Isabella II (Isabelle II of Spain), deposited by the general Juan Prim.
  • October 3rd: Beginning of the regency of the general Serrano in Spain (fine in 1870). Juan Prim is named chief of the government, and the Cortes, after having dissolves the revolutionary juntas, try to found a constitutional monarchy with English.
  • October: Arrived at Barcelona of Giuseppe Fanelli, which introduces the ideas of Bakounine.

  • Right of meeting and association.
  • Foundation of the Spanish regional Federation, connects Internationale.
  • Spain counts 5000 km of railways.

the United Kingdom

  • Public School Act , stopping the list of new the secondary schools most prestigious (Winchester, Eton, St Paul' S, Shrewsbury, Westminster, Merchant Taylors, Rugby, Harrow, Charterhouse). There exist 200 other public schools intended for the middle-class.
  • Foundation of the colonial Company.
  • the the United Kingdom stops the deportation of the prisoners in Australia.

France

See also: 1868 in France

Chronologies sets of themes

See also: 1868 in science, 1868 in the railroads, 1868 in sport

Art & culture

See also: 1868 in music, 1868 in literature, 1868 with the theater

Births in 1868

Death in 1868

Be-X-old: 1868 Map-bms: 1868 Roa-rup: 1868 Simple: 1868 Zh-yue: 1868 年

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