1865

This page relates to the year 1865 Gregorian Calendrier.

Events

May 17th: Realization in Paris of the international telegraphic Union.

Africa

July: Faidherbe is not any more governor of the Senegal.

the coast of the Dahomey is blocked by the British navy. The trade of the slaves ceases definitively.
Following the conflicts with the Ashanti, the British formulate a “policy of not-extension” in West Africa.

Epidemic of Typhus to the Meeting.

Forwarding of Karl Mauch with the Matabélé (fine in 1866).
Discovered of gold to the Matabélé (Zimbabwe). Cecil Rhodos makes sign a concession of all the mineral rights to the king Lobengula in 1888.

Execution of the traditional chiefs of Unyanyembe (Nyamwezi) by the Arabs. The chiefs nyamwezi Mirambo and Nyungu ya Mawe enter in policy.
the king Mutesa of the Bouganda converts with the Islam under the influence of the Swahili (1865 - 1867).

the khedive Isma' it Pasha takes again the Turkish possessions of Souakim and Massaoua in Erythrée. It tries an expansion policy on the African shores of the Red Sea.
Werner Münzinger extends his authority towards Kérén, in Ethiopia.
Ethiopia: Ménélik, wire of the king of Choa Haïlé-Malakot, prisoner for ten years, has fled Magdala and finds the paternal throne. The Striped and the Godjam also make secession.

The Maghreb

May 3rd: Beginning of a long visit of Napoleon III in Algeria, its second voyage, in front of the dissatisfaction with the colonists (until June). It does not support the revival of colonization as Mac-Mahon had hoped for it.
July 14th: Senatus consult leaving “ the free choice of the French citizenship to the Algerians all in their ensuring without condition the civil laws of the French ”. This text is regarded as most liberal of the French colonial legislation. The Juifs of Algeria can obtain their French naturalization if they ask it.

Accounting scandal with Tunis. The Prime Minister, Mustapha Khaznadar, is implied in the diversion of important sums borrowed abroad. Material out of use was also bought at ransom price, whereas the cases of the State are empty.
the Algerian border is opened with the Moroccan trade (1865 - 1867).

Americas

North America

January 13rd: Slavery is abolished with the the United States by the thirteenth amendment with the constitution (ratified the December 6th). Four million slaves is freed. The United States will be the country which will have imported Blacks after Brazil.
January 16th: The general Sherman publishes the “special decree n°15 on the Earth” which intends the totality of the southern part up to 50 km inside the grounds for the exclusive intention of the Blacks. Freed can settle there, by occupying only 16 ha maximum by families. In June, 40 000 freed are on the spot, but in August, the president Johnson returns these grounds to their confederated owners and freed are expelled.
February 18th: The federate troops of Sherman occupy Charleston.
March 2nd: The States of the South, whose military defeat is not any more a doubt, promise freedom with the slaves who would engage in the confederated army.
March 10th: Adoption of the project of confederation in Canada by 91 votes against 33. The Prime Minister Etienne-Paschal Stained, holding the majority with the Parliament, makes sure of his adoption.
April 2nd: Lee has given up Richmond and Petersburg, besieged for nine months; Grant and Sheridan continues it towards Appomattox where it capitulates on April 9th.
April 9th: The defeat of the general Southerner Robert Edward Lee mark end of the American Civil War (beginning in 1861).
April 26th: Johnston goes to Durham.
April 14th: Assassination of Lincoln.
April 15th: Beginning of the republican presidency of Andrew Johnson with the the United States (fine in 1869).
April 18th: Rendering of Johnston in North Carolina. End of the American Civil War.
July: Battle of Platte Bridge in answer to the Massacre of Sand Creek.
December: All the “rebellious” States are renewed in the Union. The Congress, hardly entered in session, refuses this “policy of the accomplished fact” (December 4th), indicates a board of inquiry and firm its door with the elected officials of the South. The Commission Report concluded that the South is always with the hands of the leaders of the Confederation and that the Black Codes restore the old constraint there.
December 24th: Foundation of the Ku Klux Klan. Its members devote themselves to raids, lynchings, physical aggressions and fires (116 acts of violence recorded in only Kentucky between 1867 and 1871).

the the United States denounce the treaty of reciprocity with the Canada.
Revolt of the Sioux to prevent a track of pioneers from crossing their territories of hunting.
the border ( frontier ) exceeds the meridian 100°.

Latin America

February:

Forwarding of Mexico: Sit of Oaxaca, directed by the marshal Bazaine, and by whom it obtains the rendering of the Mexican chief Porfirio Diaz.
the Spain gives up the decree of 1861 which annexed the territory of the Dominican Republic to the crown of Madrid. The civil war bursts.

February 20th: The chief of the Uruguyan revolutionists, the caudillo Colorado Venancio Flores seizes the capacity with Montevideo with the assistance of Argentina, which starts again the war of Chaco. He will be assassinated three years later.
March 14th, War of Triple Alliance: The Paraguay declares the war with the Argentine, which refused the passage of the Paraguayan troops on its ground. The president Francisco Solano López decides to invade Argentina.
April 11th: Victoire juarist with the Battle of Tacambaro to the Mexico.
May 1st: Alliance enters the Argentine, the Brésil and the Uruguay against the Paraguay. The president of Paraguay, López, is shown to want to create an empire including/understanding Paraguay, Uruguay and the Argentinas provinces of Between Ríos and Corrientes. Paraguay initially victorious is united.
October 3rd: The marshal Bazaine makes endorse by the archduke Maximilien Ier of Mexico a decree condemning to the capital punishment, in the 24 hours, the defenders of the Republic and their accomplices.
October: Battle of Baghdad (Mexico) (end in January 1866).
November 26th: naval Action of Papudo at the time of the hispano-south-American War.

Asia & Indian world

Japan: The stronghold of Chôshù decides to entirely equip its troops on the Western model and to create an army of conscripts. It will be at the origin of the future Japanese army. Beginning of the civil war of the clan of Chôshù where the partisans triumph over the emperor.
Famine in the state of Orissa in India (fine in 1867).
Beginning of the popular insurrection directed by Po Kombo with the Kampuchea. The king Norodom Ier must call upon the French forces come from Cochinchine which contribute to repress the insurrection (1867).
Treated between the the United States and the Brunei. The sultan concedes with the American Trading Compagny the rights of exploitation on invaluable wood.
Creation of a ministry for the state education with Ceylon.

Central Asia

Revolt of the Chinese Turkestan which is declared independent (1865 - 1877) under the authority of Yaqub Beg.
the Russian general Mikhaïl Tcherniaïev takes Turkestan, Tachkent (June 27th) and Tchiambest.
the Russians occupy the area of Kouldja (1865 - 1881).

the British undertake the clandestine cartography of the Tibet (fine in 1890). They form Indian agents, disguised as pilgrims, to make land surveys (Dwarf Singh, Kishen Singh, Kintup, etc).

Oceania & the Pacific

20 - July 21st: Battle of Weraroa Pa during the second Taranaki war in New Zealand (campaigns on the Western coast, 1865 - 1866).
19 - July 30th: Sit of Pipiriki in New Zealand.
November 19th: Jules Garnier discovers Nickel in New Caledonia.

New Zealand: The Maoris are associated with the life of the island: whereas the tribes of North are always in war, the governor George Grey legalizes the agrarian habits of Maoris. Territorial courts anglo-maoris are created and of the subsidized schools. Four chiefs elected by the tribes will sit at the colonial Parliament.

the Middle East & Arab World

a commission britanno-Russian is charged to study the delimitation of the borders between the Ottoman Empire and the Perse. A neutral zone is created, of the Ararat to the Persian Gulf.
Lebanon: Second mandate of Da' ud Pasha, marked by a political agitation. The opponent Maronite Joseph Karam returns of his exile to Smyrna. The governor tries to negotiate with the clerical party, which awaits much of supports France. This party claims the departure of Da' ud and the nomination of Lebanese for unified Lebanon.

Europe

January: The assembly of the nobility of Moscow claims the meeting of an assembly of the Russian Earth. The tsar refuses.
January 26th: The prince Alexandre Jean Cuza of Romania returns Mihail Kogalniceanu. The liberal parties and conservatives approach to drive out it (monstrous coalition). They send Ion Bratianu to Paris to seek a foreign prince having the approval of the powers.
Mars: The government Italy N signs a commercial treaty with the German Zollverein. The economic bringing together will be supplemented soon by a military alliance against the Austria.
April 16th: “Article of Passover” of Ferenc Deák, which proposes a dualistic compromise with joint Austro-Hungarian administration for the common businesses, external and soldiers in Hungary.
April 18th: New statute of the censure in Russia, relatively liberal.
May 22nd: Commercial treaty between the Belgium and the Prussia, which acts in the name of the Zollverein.
June 26th: The chief of the Austrian government, Anton von Schmerling, is replaced by Richard Graf Belcredi. Double monarchy undergoes an institutional crisis. The reform of Reichrat of February 1861 remained without effects, the representatives of the Hungarians and the Czechs boycotting it. The new Prime Minister dissolves Reichrat in September and decides to control in an absolute way.
August 14th: Convention of Gastein negotiated by Bismarck and the count Blome. The Prussia appendix the Saxony-Lauenbourg, Kiel, and manages the Schleswig. The Austria deals with the administration of the Holstein. It lets develop the movements in favor of the injured duke, Frederic d' Augustenburg.
September 20th: François-Joseph Ier of Austria suspends the centralizing license of February 1861. The imperial government ratifies the outline of a new constitution for the Magyar nation. Gyula Andrássy is elected vice-president of the Hungarian diet. He negotiates with Ferenc Deák with the government of Vienna.
Of the 4 to the October 11th: Interview of Biarritz between the chancellor Bismarck and Napoleon III which will support the anti-Austrian policy of the Prussia. In exchange of French neutrality in the German businesses, Bismarck proposes in Napoleon III an agreement italo-Prussian which would stipulate, in the event of defeat of François-Joseph Ier of Austria, the transfer of the Venezia to the kingdom of Italy.
October 29th: Beginning of the liberal ministry Lord John Russell, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, (end in 1866). The death of Palmerston the October 18th involves the abandonment of interventionism to the profit of a wait and see foreign politics, the “splendid isolation”, centered on the colonial businesses.
December 7th: Act on the Parliament in Sweden: Charles XV of Sweden, king liberal and popular, institutes a Constitution which transforms the Riksdag, the Swedish legislative body, in a bicameral Parliament elected by the vote censitaire: a Upper House whose not remunerated members lay out of more than 4000 crowns of incomes, a Lower House with the members remunerated in their function.
December 10th: Beginning of the reign of Léopold II, king of the Belgians (fine in 1909).
December 23rd: Signature of the Convention of Paris, known as of " the Union latine" between France, Switzerland, Belgium, Luxembourg and Italy.

the town of Florence becomes the capital of the kingdom of Italy, until the integration of Rome in the kingdom in 1870.
Customs union enters the France and the principality of Monaco.
New code of military justice in Russia.

France

Chronologies sets of themes

Art & culture

September 29th: With Úbeda (Spain, Province of Jaén), alternate of Rafael Molina Sánchez known as “Lagartijo”, Spanish Matador.
funeral Convoy , painting of Vasily Perov.
Transformation of the Richelieu College of Odessa into university.

Economy & company

Use of the first accounts - checks in France.
Beginning of the construction of the Subway of London (five lines in 1900).
Vast campaign of public works in Italy. The railway network reached 4 500 km.
fast Rise of exports of Cotton in Egypt. The Egyptian production, specialized in long fibers, is essential by its quality and profits five years of rise of the prices caused by the American Civil War.
the production of money in Bolivia passes from 90 tons in 1865 to 220 in 1875.
Indonesia: The Cultuurstelsel is abandoned for the cultures of Indigo, of cochineal, The and of grooves. 14 million inhabitants with Java.

Germany

Creation of the chemical industrial firm Badische Anilin Gesellschaft with Ludwigshafen.
Since 1850, the production of coal is multiplied by four, that of iron by three. The triple cotton consumption. The railway network passes from 5500 km to 14000 km. Powerful companies were constituted: Phoenix, Gute Hoffnung, the Factory of the dyes of Mannheim. Large banks appear: Diskontogesellschaft and Darmstädterbank. The the Ruhr, the Silesia and the the Saar are the great areas industrial: the Prussia ensures the 4/5 of the German production.

The United States

Plow of steel, revolvers with six blows and barbed iron wire allows the conquest of the West.
the American Civil War will have made 618 222 victims, is more than 21% of committed manpower. The demobilization leaves thousands of people to unemployment.
From 12 to 15 million bisons in the United States.
3,5 to 5 million bovines ( long horns ) in the south of San Antonio (Texas). Of a value from 3 to 4 dollars on the spot, they are sold 30 to 40 dollars on the markets of Kansas City or Saint Louis.
the production of Pétrole has quintuplet since 1860 (of 500 000 with 2 500 000 barrels).
Production of 20 000 tons of steel.
Measurement discouraging the emissions of the banks and aiming at founding a national currency (in 1860, 1600 State Banks enjoyed the right to emit a fiduciary currency, the federal government being satisfied to strike coins).

Births in 1865

January 18th: El Espartero (Manual García Cuesta), Spanish Matador († May 27th 1894).
May 5th: George-Albert Aurier, writer, Critic art French poet and . († October 5th 1892).
May 31st: István Chernel, ornithologist Hungarian († 1922).
June 3rd: George V of the United Kingdom
June 13rd: William Butler Yeats, Irish poet
June 14th: Bernard Lazare, writer, journalist
July 10th: John Gilbert, American actor
August 27th: James Henry Breasted, archeologist
September 1st: Georges Charpy, chemist, French metallurgist († 1945)
September 23rd: Suzanne Valadon, model and painter Frenchwoman
November 2nd: Warren G. Harding, future President of the United States
December 8th: Jean Sibelius, Finnish type-setter
December 30th: Rudyard Kipling, British writer
October 1st: Paul Dukas, French type-setter

Death in 1865

January 19th: Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (56 years), socialist theorist, father of the Anarchism, in Paris.
March 10th: Charles de Morny, half-brother of Napoleon III and chair legislative body, in Paris.
March 25th: Feliks Paweł Jarocki, zoologist Polish (° January 14th 1790)
April 13rd: Achilles Valencian, French zoologist specialist in the fish (° 1704).
April 14th: Rafael Will square: president of Guatemala?
April 15th: Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States.
April 18th: Jean-Marie Leon Dufour, Doctor and Naturalist French (° 1780).
May 25th: Madeleine-Sophie Barat (86 years), founder of the Sisters of the Sacred Heart in 1800, in Paris.
May 29th: Bernard Pierre Magnan (74 years), Marshal of France. (° December 7th 1791).
September 2nd: William Rowan Hamilton, mathematician, physicist and astronomer Irish.
October 25th: Christophe-Alexis-Adrien de Jussieu, French politician (° 1802).
November 1st: John Lindley, British botanist († February 8th 1799)
December 10th: Léopold Ier of Belgium.

Beats-smg: 1865 Be-X-old: 1865 Map-bms: 1865 Simple: 1865 Zh-yue: 1865 年

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